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Q(
a
)
exp [2-
b
ab
] .
Q(2-
ab
)
Pmin -Prx(R) b
10 .U .loBl0
(
e)
Where U
- -
qB
qB
(3)
Note that a=O; when the taget minimum received power
equals the average power at the cell bounday, P min =PriR);
and PriR) = PIX !U . IOgIO - !U. a . IOgIO (Rro) is the
received power at the cell bounday (distance R from the BS)
due to path loss alone. ___ is the standad deviation of
shadow fading. The outage probability of the cell is defined
as the percentage of aea within the cell that does not meet its
mnimum power requirement P min; that is, P 0"'= p( P ri r) <
Pmin) =
l-
C [5].
According to (3), the coverage aea of a cell is a function
of receiver sensitivity Pmim carrier frequency f, transmitted
power P,x, path losses exponent a and shadowing standad
deviation '
!
_j- i.e. C=f(a,b)=f(PmimP
w a, '
!
_j)
= f(Pmim Ptx ,
/
a, '
!
_j)-
In this paper, the efect of each parameter on coverage can
be obtained by fixing the other parameters. Optimal cell
radius and the corresponding transmitted power that achieve
the required coverage with minimum power consumption is
investigated. Also the effect of carier frequency and the
receiver sensitivity on coverage is investigated.
L Power Models
Conventional macro sites are designed to provide larger
areas with a certain minimum coverage. A site's power
consumption thereby depends on the size of the covered area
as well as the degree of coverage required. The relation
between average radiated power PI
X
and a site's power
consumption is linearly modeled for macro sites by [6, 7]
Where ^;ec
and ^_ denote the macrocell's number of
sectors and the number of antennas per sector, respectively.
The coeficient Ama accounts for the power consumption that
scales with the average radiated power. The transmit power
independent power ofsets Bma is mainly impacted by the
power spent for signal processing [7]. Paameter Ama and Bma
are based on measurements and specs and can be found in [8-
10]. Using (4) the total area power consumption of the
macrocell network can be written as:
mu
(5) C
c
Where Pma is the average power consumed by macro sites.
Here Ac is the reference cell size and can be written as [3, 4]
A
v0
(6) C
Z
III. SIMULATION PROCEDURE AND RESULTS
In this section, the effecting factors on the coverage area
are investigated. The impact of these parameters on
coverage is shown for a certain cell area and for diferent
scenarios. First of all, the methods and procedures are
explained in detail and the relation between these factors is
3
studied and illustated with simulations. Then, we suggest a
simple approach to determine optimal cell radius of BS
based on the area power consumption with and without the
effect of shadowing.
A. Simulation Procedure
In this section the simulation procedure is described. We
assume a circula cell of a radius R which is ranged from 1 to
5000m need to be serviced. A BS covers a hexagonal shaped
area is considered to be located in the center of this circular
cell to determine the percentage coverage aea that the BS
can cover. In this work we focus our investigations on the
paameters that afecting the coverage aea i.e. the effect of
Ptx, P mim f, path loss and shadowing on the coverage aea. It
is worth to mention that carier frequency is adopted from [4,
10] and is calculated based on fee space path loss model
assuming the use of omnidirectional antenna. The aim is to
only investigate the effect of each paameter on the cell
coverage size. Directional antenna which provides higher
gain and capacity multiplication due to sectorization will be
addressed in the future.
Then the power consumption and the total aea power
consumption of a BS are demonstrated. Without shadowing,
the transmitted power for diferent inter site distance is
calculated using (2). With the efect of shadowing, the
minimum transmitted power is determined by specifying a
required coverage, a BS's cell radius and minimum power
requirement Pmin using (3) i.e. for a given inter site distance
and Pmim we increase the transmitted power until the
required degree of coverage is achieved. Power
consumption and area power consumption ae determned
based on (4) and (5), and then the optimal cell radius that
achieves the minimum power consumption for different
values of tansmitted power is calculated.
*
9
=
W
C
1
.5
W
c
<
9
=
c
9
=
| -
M
_ | |
0
~,_ | |
..1.*~@| |
-
_ |
90
|
_ _
_
___
___
___
|
____
,
80
| |
70
60
50
40
30
20
-a=4.4
|
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Cell Reference Area (km )
Fig.2. Cell Coverage Area versus Cell Reference Area with P,= 43dBm,
Pmin = -120dBm, a=4dB andf2.4GHz
20
B. Simulation Results
a) Cell Coverage Area:
If the received power is more than the receiver
sensitivity then the cell coverage area C depends only on the
ratio O__. It is a little more confusion that for a fixed yd
the coverage aea increases as a increases, since a lager a
implies that received signal power falls off more quickly.
But recall that it has been set Pmin = Prx(R), so the faster
power fallof is already taken into account (i.e., it is needed
to transmit at much higher power with a = 4 than with a = 2
for this equality to hold). The reason coverage aea increases
with path loss exponent under this assumption is that, as a
increases, the transmit power must increase to satisfy Pmin =
Prx(R). This results in higher average power throughout the
cell, yielding a higher coverage area. However, if we fix the
transmitted power then for low path loss exponent, the
percentage coverage area is higher than those for larger path
loss exponent as shown in Fig. 2, the percentage of covered
area of a certain area decreases as path loss increases.
While the coverage area decreases as
P
__ increases this
is because a smaller
]
__ means less variation about the
mean path loss. Without shadowing we have 100% coverage
(since P __ " PrxCR)) and so we expect that, as
]
__ decreases
to zero, coverage area increases to 100%. Thus, shadowing
has a decisive efect on cell coverage area as depicted in
Fig. 3. Shadowing effect wiII investigated further in the later
sections. Each radio receiver can only detect and decode
signals with strength lager than its sensitivity. Since the
signal strength falls with distance, the coverage can be
calculated using the transmitter power, the path-loss model,
and the sensitivity of the receiver. Improving receiver
sensitivity increases the allowable path loss, therefore
increasing the cell coverage aea as iIIustrated in Fig. 4.
80
"
70
-z
"
60
c
<
*
'
_
' ' ' | |
V
y
: : : +
---,=4
... ,=8
,=12
1 ' ' | |
' ' | | |
..JlLLL
1 ' ' | | |
V
\
:
:
30 - -
:
70
=
c
60
.z
" 50
c
<
=
40
30
a
20
10
0
0 4 8 10 12 14
Cell Reference Area (km')
-Pmin=-120dBm
-Pmin= 1 10dBm
-Pmin=100dBm
16 18 20
Fig. 4. Cell Coverage Area versus Cell Reference Area with P,x 43dBm,
Pmin = -120dBm, (=4, r=4 andf2.4GHz
For example, if the receiver sensitivity is Pmin = I 00
dBm, the coverage degree wiII be less than 60% of 2 K
cell area which would be a very low coverage value for an
operational cellular system. Considering the less stringent
received power requirement Pmin = I 10 dBm yields a much
more acceptable value for coverage area.
Fig. 5 shows the efect of the transmitted power on the
coverage area of a radio transmitter. It is obvious that the
covered area becomes lager when the transmitted power
increases, but it is known that increasing transmission power
may cause interference with neighbor cells. It should be
noted that the cell aea is calculated according to (6).
As the new generation network works on much higher
frequencies with corresponding greater signal attenuation
therefore the coverage area of the proposed network must be
redefined.
90
80
=
5
70
60
.z
"
c
< 50
=
c
=
40
30
20
10
0 8 10 12 14 16 18
Cell Reference Area (km
'
)
Fig. 5. Cell Coverage Area versus Cell Reference Area with
Pmin = -120dBm, (=4, a=4 andf2.4GHz
20
100
90
C
80
m
O
70
O
60
*
m
50
C
C
40
30
20
0
--'r=900!HHz
+ _
--r=1800!\ 'lz
___ .$_
_
_
. . .|. -r=2400I'lHz
* |
_ "
. . :. . . .: . . . ._.
g
. . . . .: . . . .: - - - - . .
\
%
%
:
* : g : : :
.
|
. ._
. . . . ._. . . . . . . .
@
. ..
|
. . . .
|
. . .
% ^_
@
g
___.___
_
________
______
_
____ | ____
_ .___
^
+ "
"
- - - - : : . .
.
, - - - ..,;.
- - - - - - - - - - - :
. . . .. . . . . .
|
. . . ._. .. . , . . . . . a
t
. . . .
|
. . . .
. . .
| |
"
*@
'._
. . .
_
_
' ,
|
g
1
10 12 14
Cell Rererence Area ,n(
Fig. 6. Cell Coverage Area versus Cell Reference Area with
Ptx= 43dBm, Imin =-120dBm, opJ=4, 0=4and opJ=4
20
However, path loss at these higher frequencies is larger,
thereby limiting range as well as coverage area as shown in
Fig. 6. It is clear that coverage area for higher fequency is
smaller than the coverage area for lower frequency. In other
word, at the higher carrier frequencies, the signal path loss
in wireless medium is stronger which requires either
transmission power or network density to be increased.
Furthermore, while additional cariers and extended
bandwidths lead to an easily predictable increase in energy
consumption, the effect of higher carrier fequency can be
predicted only when propagation modeling is accurate. From
above discussion, it is obvious that each paameter has its
own efect on coverage aea; and these efects change
according to the geographical area as well as environmental
conditions. Another factor afecting the coverage aea is the
antenna heights on both BS and user terminal. Coverage aea
is strongly afected by the location of the transmitter antenna
and its heights which is taken into account due to path loss
model. Anyway, some of these paameters can be optimized
by using hadware equipments developments or deploy
advanced sofware to enhance the coverage degree for a
certain aea.
b) Power Consumption and Optimal Cell Radius :
Since increasing cell sizes require increasing power for
fixed coverage, there exists a fundamental tradeof between
an increase of the covered aea and an increase in power
consumption. The transmitted power can be calculated
according to (1) to achieve the required degree of coverage
given in (3) and for simulative investigations, we employ the
propagation parameter values specified in [11] for urban
macrocell. Furthermore, we consider the values of and Pmin
from [9].
For a 95% coverage degree, the minimum transmitted
power that achieves minimum area power consumption is
considered. We also try to find the minimum transmit power
5
500
4500
4000
NS
3500
. 3000
=
c
2500
G
8
2000
=
- i500
4
i000
500
. -
Without Shadowing
( . | ~ | "With Shadowi ng
| _ ( . J .-| | . .
____ ___ ___ ._____ ___ ___ ___
| ( . l . | . i
250 500 150 i000 |250 |500 i150 2000 2250 2500
Inter Site Distance (m)
Fig.7. Relationship between Area Power consumption and Inter Site
Distance
80
0
10
G
.z
60
C
50
=
N
40
60
50
.
.
.
40
.
.
30
.
20
<.
500
-
i000
~
|500
2500
2000
Transmitted power in dBm
i0 0
Inter Site Distanc in meters
-z
- 10
=
c
60
O
O0
=
N
c 40
60
50
|
~
.
~
.
\
40
.
~1
30
20
(a) Without Shadowing
2500
500
Transmitted )ower in dUm
|0 0
Inter Site Distanc in meters
(b) With Shadowing
Fig.S. Area power consumption as a fnction of transmit power and
inter site distance
for a certain cell radius that achieves the required degree of
coverage and apply the latter in power consumption and
area power consumption formulas. The area power
consumption as a function of the transmit power and inter
site distance for macro BS is calculated with and without
shadowing effect as shown in Fig. 7. For both cases, there
exists an absolute cell radius R, which minimizes the area
power consumption of the network. Neglecting the impact of
shadowing, the optimal cell radius as well as optimal inter
site distance that achieve minimum area power consumption
are determined for macro BS with f2.4 GHz, = 4 and
minimum receiver sensitivity of P min= -70dBm, to be equal
about 721.7 m and the corresponding inter site distance
D= 250 m with minimum area power consumption of 526
W /
2
, while for same paameters above and with standard
deviation of shadow fading of 4 dB, the optimal cell radius,
optimal inter site distance and mInImum area power
consumption ae 606.2 m, 1050 m and 778.7 W/km
2
respectively.
In fact, there ae different values for the transmitted
power and inter site distance which minimize the total aea
power consumption of the network and according to the
required degree of coverage as well as environmental
conditions. Fig. 8 shows the area power consumption as a
function of transmit power and inter site distance with log
plot in order to express both very large and very small
values of area power consumption in a short form with and
without the impact of shadow fading. It can be shown that
there exists certain value for both transmit power and inter
site distance, which minimize the total area power
consumption of the network e.g. without the impact of
shadowing P,x=16.66W and D=1250m, while with
shadowing efect P,x=18.14W and D=1050m . In addition, it
is clear that the network without shadowing is more energy
eficient than the network with shadowing.
IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper we investigate the energy efficiency of
macrocell network and consider it as a key performance
indicator of a network. The paameters afecting the cell
coverage aea were investigated. Cell size and transmit
power of different scenarios were calculated according to
combined path loss and shadowing to achieve the required
coverage degree. Optimal transmit power and cell radius as
well as inter site distance that achieve minimum area power
consumption of the network with and without the impact of
shadowing were investigated. It is obvious that there is a
strongly infuence of shadowing on cell coverage aea,
energy efficiency and aea power consumption of macrocell
networks and it is expected that further improvements can be
achieved through optimization among macro, micro and pico
stations to form a heterogeneous network to find optimum
energy efficiency and reduce the efect of shadowing during
the optimization and for determining potentially good
network designs.
6
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was partially supported by MIMOS Berhad.
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