What is Cloud Computing?

Cloud computing is the emerging technology of delivering many kinds of resources as services, mainly over the internet. Delivering party is referred to as the service providers, while the users are known as the subscribers. Subscribers pay subscription fees typically on a per-use basis. Cloud computing is broken down in to few different categories based on the type of service provided. SaaS (Software as a Service) is the category of cloud computing in which the main resources available as a service are software applications. PaaS (Platform as a Service) is the category/application of cloud computing in which the service providers deliver a computing platform or a solution stack to their subscribers over the internet. IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) is the category of cloud computing in which the main resources available as a service are hardware infrastructure. DaaS (Desktop as a Service), which is an emerging aaS service deals with providing a whole desktop experience over the internet. This is sometimes referred to as desktop virtualization/virtual desktop or hosted desktop

WCDMA WCDMA is the European standard that fulfils the 3G specifications published by IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunication). WCDMA was developed to achieve data rates up to 2Mbps in the stationary environments, while 384kbps in the mobile environment. WCDMA uses pseudo random signal to modulate the original signal into a higher bandwidth, where original signal sink in the noise. Each user will get a unique pseudo random code to separate the original signal from the air interface. WCDMA uses Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) as modulation scheme, while using Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) as duplexing method. WCDMA architecture consists of separate Circuit Switched (CS) core network and Packet Switched (PS) core network. CS core consists of Media Gateway (MGw) and MSC-S (Mobile Switching Centre-Server), while PS core consist of Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN). Radio access network of WCDMA consists of Radio Network Controller (RNC) and Node-B. In here, RNC integrates with MGw and SGSN for CS data and for PS data respectively. LTE LTE was introduced in 3GPP release 8 in December 2008. LTE uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for downlink, and Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for uplink access. LTE Category 3 user equipment should support up to 100Mbps in downlink, and 50Mbps in uplink. LTE has a more flat architecture with eNode-B, System Architecture Evolution Gateway (SAE-GW), and Mobile Management Entity (MME). eNode-B connects with both MME and with SAE-GW for control plane data transfer (Signalling), and for user plane data transfer (user data) respectively. LTE was able to achieve high spectral efficiency with OFDM, while providing robustness for multipath fading. LTE supports services like VoIP, Multicasting, and Broadcasting more efficiently than the previous 3GPP specifications.

What is the difference between WCDMA and LTE? WCDMA was specified in the 3GPP release 99 and 4 of the specification, while LTE was specified in the 3GPP release 8 and 9. Unlike WCDMA, LTE supports variable bandwidth from 1.25MHz to 20MHz. When the data rates are compared, LTE provides massive downlink and uplink speeds than WCDMA. Also, the spectral efficiency is much higher in LTE than that of the WCDMA. LTE provides much simpler and flat network architecture than that of the WCDMA. CS core network part of WCDMA, which includes MGW and MSC Server is completely replaced by PS core in LTE using the SAE-GW and MME. Also, the PS core nodes of WCDMA that consists of GGSN and SGSN are replaced by the same SAE-GW and MME respectively. RNC and Node-B nodes in WCDMA architecture are completely replaced by more flat architecture with only eNode-B in LTE. New interface between eNode-Bs are introduced in LTE, which is not available under WCDMA. LTE is more optimized for IP packet based services; there is no circuit switch core with the WCDMA. LTE provides more flexibility than that of WCDMA when comes to network topology and scalability. In general, WCDMA is considered as 3G technology while LTE is considered as 4G technology. LTE provides higher data rates than WCDMA by achieving higher spectral efficiency. Also, LTE technology provide more flat architecture that is mainly focused on IP packet based services than that of the WCDMA. LTE topology is much more flexible and scalable than of the WCDMA due to the flat nature of architecture

HSDPA vs HSUPA HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) and HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access) are 3GPP specifications published to provide recommendations for downlink and uplink of the mobile broadband services. Networks that support both HSDPA and HSUPA are called as HSPA or HSPA+ networks. Both specifications introduced enhancements to the UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) by introducing new channels and modulation methods, so that, more efficient and high speed data communication can be achieved in the air interface. HSDPA HSDPA was introduced in year 2002 in 3GPP release 5. The key feature of HSDPA is the concept of AM (Amplitude Modulation), where the modulation format (QPSK or 16-QAM) and effective code rate are changed by the network according to system load and channel conditions. HSDPA was developed to support up to 14.4 Mbps in a single cell per user. Introduction of new transport channel known as HS-DSCH (High Speed-Downlink Shared Channel), uplink control channel and downlink control channel are the major enhancements to UTRAN as per the HSDPA standard. HSDPA selects coding rate and modulation method based on the channel conditions reported by user equipment and Node-B, which is also known as AMC (Adaptive Modulation and Coding) scheme. Other than the QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) used by WCDMA networks, HSDPA supports 16QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) for data transmission under good channel conditions. HSUPA

HSUPA was introduced with the 3GPP release 6 in year 2004, where Enhanced Dedicated Channel (E-DCH) is used to improve the uplink of the radio interface. Maximum theoretical uplink data rate that can be supported by a single cell as per the HSUPA specification is 5.76Mbps. HSUPA relies on QPSK modulation scheme, which is already specified for WCDMA. It also uses HARQ with incremental redundancy to make retransmissions more effective. HSUPA uses uplink scheduler to control the transmit power to the individual E-DCH users to mitigate the power overload at Node-B. HSUPA also allows self-initiated transmission mode that is called as non-scheduled transmission from UE to support services such as VoIP that need reduced Transmission Time Interval (TTI) and constant bandwidth. E-DCH support both 2ms and 10ms TTI. Introduction of E-DCH in HSUPA standard introduced new five physical layer channels. What is the difference between HSDPA and HSUPA? Both HSDPA and HSUPA introduced new functions to the 3G radio access network, which was also known as UTRAN. Some vendors supported the upgrade of WCDMA network into a HSDPA or HSUPA network by software upgrade to the Node-B and to the RNC, while some vendor implementations required hardware changes as well. Both HSDPA and HSUPA use Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) protocol with incremental redundancy to handle re-transmission, and to handle error free data transfer over the air interface. HSDPA enhances the Downlink of the radio channel, while HSUPA enhances the uplink of the radio channel. HSUPA does not use 16QAM modulation and ARQ protocol for uplink which, is used by HSDPA for downlink. TTI for HSDPA is 2ms in other words re-transmissions as well as changes in modulation method and coding rate will take place every 2ms for HSDPA, whereas with HSUPA TTI is 10ms, also with the option of setting it as 2ms. Unlike HSDPA, HSUPA does not implement AMC. Goal of packet scheduling is completely different between HSDPA and HSUPA. In HSDPA aim of scheduler is to allocate HS-DSCH resources such as time slots and codes between multiple users, while with HSUPA aim of scheduler is to control the overloading of transmit power at Node-B. Both HSDPA and HSUPA are 3GPP releases that aimed to enhance the downlink and uplink of the radio interface in mobile networks. Even though HSDPA and HSUPA aim at enhancing the opposite sides of the radio link, user experience of speed is inter-dependent on the both links due to request and response behaviour of data communication.

Wireless Broadband vs Mobile Broadband Wireless and mobile broadband provide fast methods to access the internet. In general broadband is a transmission facility that has the bandwidth to carry data, voice, and video channels at the same time. Different technologies are developed, in order to access the internet at bandwidths starting from few hundreds of kbps to few hundreds of Mbps, using either mobile or wireless broadband. Broadband can be categorized into mobile or wireless broadband, depending on the location restrictions to access the internet and access method. Wireless Broadband Wireless broadband means, wires are not used to access the internet. Here, air interface is used as the transmission medium with different radio access technologies. Wireless broadband access is a huge step in the communications world, which allows users to access the internet from a variety of points around a given location, where end user needs little flexibility to move. For an example, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax) can be considered as wireless broadband access methods. Also, Wireless local loop falls into the wireless broadband category. Some of the mobile broadband technologies such as, 3G and 4G can also be considered as wireless broadband access methods because of the unavailability of wired connection. Mobile Broadband When it comes to mobile broadband, it should be noted that this refers to both cable and wireless access. In general, mobile means that it can be accessed from more than one location, and users have to pay the service provider for this privilege. At present, people refers to wireless mobile broadband access also as mobile broadband. Wireless mobile broadband technologies are optimized to have faster internet access when access units are moving at a higher speed. For example, 3G technologies like Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), and High Speed Packet Access (HSPA+) can be considered as wireless mobile broadband technologies. Also, 4G technologies like Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE advanced fall in to the same category because of the high mobility nature, while providing high data speeds. Satellite broadband can be also considered as mobile broadband technology due to the lack of restriction in the access location. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) can be considered as a mobile broadband technology if service provider allows the end users to access the internet without restricting them to a specific location such as home or office etc. What is the difference between Wireless Broadband and Mobile Broadband? Both mobile and wireless broadband offer high speed internet access to the end user. The difference between simple wireless broadband and mobile broadband is in where you can access the internet. Wireless broadband only requires air interface to provide high speed internet access to a given location, and it does not consider the end users ability to move while having the broadband connectivity. In general, there is little or limited flexibility to move with the wireless broadband, which may be imposed by the technology or by the regulator. These limitations are available with Wi-Fi and WiMax technologies , but when it comes to mobile broadband it allows the users to access the internet, while on the move, or from different locations such as from home and office etc. This mobility or the ability to access the high speed internet from different locations can be due to the ability of the technology (e.g. 3G and 4G), or due to the regulations imposed by the regulator (e.g. DSL). Some of the mobile broadband technologies can also be considered as wireless broadband access methods (e.g. 3G and 4G). It can be seen that wireless broadband and mobile broadband are fast internet access methods. Wireless broadband allows internet access without wires, while mobile broadband allows internet access from different locations without restrictions. Some of the mobile broadband technologies fall under wireless broadband access methods as well, due to the unavailability of wired connectivity.

CDMA vs WCDMA Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) are multiple access technologies used in telecommunication networks for users to access the network resources and services. Since the spectrum is a scarce resource, which is directly related to capacity, efficient use of the spectrum is a major concern in most theoretical proposals for air interface. Other than CDMA, different multiple access methods are used around the world in radio network. Even though, these access methods are developed in different time periods, combinations of these technologies are used for efficient use of spectrum. When comes to CDMA, North American version of third generation technology is called cdma2000, which is an extension of TIA/EIA-95B based CDMA, while European version of third generation CDMA is called WCDMA. CDMA In general, CDMA is a multiple access technology that was introduced after the TDMA and FDMA. CDMA serves the different users with separate code sequences, while there are other multiple access technologies that use time, frequency, space, and polarisation for user access separation. When we consider the CDMA system design, multiple access and interference handling are totally different from the narrowband systems. In CDMA, each user spread his signal over the entire bandwidth using the direct sequence spread spectrum, whereas for other users, it is shown as pseudo white noise. WCDMA WCDMA was selected as the Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS) terrestrialair interface scheme for the Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) frequency bands by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) in 1998. WCDMA uses 5MHz, 10MHz or 20MHz channel bandwidth to send the data signals over the air interface. WCDMA mixes original signal with a pseudo random noise code, which is also known as Direct Sequence WCDMA. Therefore, each user ends up with a unique code, where only users with correct code can decode the message. Using the pseudo signal, original signal is modulated into a higher bandwidth, where original signals spectral components sink in the noise. Therefore, without the code, jammers can only see the signal as noise. WCDMA uses the Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) as the modulation scheme as per the original standard specified by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) for 3G networks, which can support, 384 kbps in the mobile environment and 2Mbps in the stationary environment. What is the difference between CDMA and WCDMA? WCDMA is a 3G UTRAN proposed solution, while CDMA is an access technology. WCDMA uses direct spread (DS) as Forward link RF channel structure, while CDMA uses DS or multicarrier. Different versions of CDMA technologies are evolved from different continents, while WCDMA was the European evolved version of CDMA technology. Both technologies use spreading modulation as balanced QPSK in the forward link, and dual channel QPSK in the reverse link. Uniqueness of CDMA based access method is the universal frequency reuse where all the users in the same cell, and across different cells can transmit and receive on the same frequency. CDMA technology introduces core advantages, such as selective addressing capability for each user separately, message security and interference rejection. Proper selection of the codes with low cross correlation leads to minimum interference between users, where we can achieve higher spectral effectiveness in CDMA based technologies. When compare the CDMA evolution in different European, US, and Japanese based systems, most of them have similar principle, while differ in the chip rate, and in channel structure. WCDMA is considered as a European evolution of CDMA technology for 3rd generation ITU specification.

GSM vs 3G Network Technology GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) and 3G (3rd Generation mobile technology) are both mobile communication technologies that have been evolved over the time. GSM was introduced as a standard in 1989 while 3G was proposed by 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) in year 2000.GSM and 3G uses different multiple access technologies for mobile stations to access the network, which also introduced architectural changes in the network as well. GSM In general, GSM, considered as a (2G) 2nd Generation mobile technology is based on the digital cellular technology. GSM was the most popular 2G technology when compared with other 2G technologies introduced in the same decade, like IS-95 in North America and PDC (Personal Digital Communication) in Japan. After founding of the ETSI (European Telecommunication Standard Institute) in 1989, GSM became the popular technical standard in most countries. GSM air interface uses separate time slots in separate frequency channels for each user, so that, there will be less interference between two separate users accessing the network. GSM reuses same frequency channels in non-concentric cells so that inter cell interference is mitigated between neighbour cells. Circuit switched data rate supported in GSM is 14.4 kbps. 3G 3G is based on the IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunication) specifications published by International Telecommunication Union. Different 3G technologies evolved from different continents and European standard was called as W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access), North American one is called as cdma2000 while TD-SCDMA (Time Division Synchronous CDMA) standard was used by China. Currently, 3GPP released different versions of 3G standardisations with the release numbers R99, R4, R5, R6 and R7. 3GPP release 8 and 9 are considered as 4th Generation Technologies which leads to LTE (Long Term Evolution). 3G technologies such as WCDMA and cdma2000 use Frequency Division Duplexing while TDSCDMA uses Time Division Duplexing. Telecommunication systems should deliver peak data rates of up to 200kbps to comply with the IMT-2000 standard whereas as per the 3GPP R99 standard peak data rates should be 384kbps.

GSM vs 3G When comparing GSM and 3G technologies, 3G allows much higher data rates (bandwidth) to the end user than the GSM. Also, 3G technologies uses packet switched technology for data while GSM uses circuit switched data. Multiple access method used in GSM is TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) and FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access), whereas, in 3G it is WCDMA. Therefore in 3G each user spread its signal in entire bandwidth, so that, other users see it as pseudo white noise (WCDMA) whereas, in GSM, each user select separate frequency channel and separate time slot in that channel to communicate. GSM is considered as a 2nd Generation technology while 3G is the 3rd Generation latest technologies standardized by 3GPP. When comparing the architecture, 3G introduced new nodes called Node-B and RNC (Radio Network Controller) to replace the existing BTS (Base Transceiver Station) and BSC (Base Station Controller) respectively. These architectural changes forced most of the mobile operators to invest again (less opportunities to upgrade) in 3G technology on top of the existing GSM network, because of the incompatibility of technologies. Also, mobile devices are evolved to support both technologies simply because of above reason. One of the most important goals of evolving from GSM to 3G, is the powerful and efficient mobile access to the internet. 3G offers higher data rates when compared with GSM by the efficient use of the existing spectrum which is considered as a scares resource in most countries. Even though, 3G compelled higher investment from the mobile operators, it has given a considerably higher data rates which cannot be delivered with GSM.

ATM vs Frame Relay Data link layer of OSI model defines the ways of encapsulating data for transmission between two endpoints and the techniques of transferring the frames. Both Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and Frame relay are data link layer technologies and they have connection oriented protocols. Each technique has its own application dependent advantages and disadvantages. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM ) ATM is a network switching technology that uses a cell based methodology to quantize data. ATM data communication consists of fixed size cells of 53 bytes. An ATM cell contains a 5 byte header and 48 bytes of ATM payload. This smaller size, fixed-length cells are good for transmitting voice, image and video data as the delay is minimized. ATM is a connection oriented protocol and therefore a virtual circuit should be established between sending and receiving points. It establishes a fixed route between two points when the data transfer starts. Another important aspect of ATM is its asynchronous operation in time division multiplexing. Therefore cells are transmitted only when data is available to be sent unlike in conventional time division multiplexing where synchronization bytes are transferred if there data is not available to be sent. ATM is designed to be convenient for hardware implementation and therefore processing and switching have become faster. Bit rates on ATM networks can go up to 10 Gbps. ATM is a core protocol used over the SONET/SDH backbone of the ISDN. ATM provides a good quality of service in networks where different types of information such as data, voice, and are supported. With ATM, each of these information types can pass through a single network connection. Frame Relay Frame relay is a packet switching technology for connecting network points in Wide Area Networks (WAN). It is a connection oriented data service and establishes a virtual circuit between two end points. Data transfer is done in packets of data known as frames. These frames are variable in packet size and more efficient due to flexible transfers. Frame Relay was originally introduced for ISDN interfaces though it is currently used over a variety of other network interfaces as well. In frame relay, connections are called as Ports. All the points which need to connect to the frame relay network needs to have a port. Every port has a unique Address. A frame is made of two parts which can be called as actual data and the frame relay header. Frame architecture is same as defined for LAP-D (Link Access Procedures on the D channel) which has a variable length for information field. These frames are sent over Virtual Connections. Frame relay can create multiple redundant connections among various routers, without having multiple physical links. Since frame relay is not specific for media, and provides means to buffer speed variations, it has the possibility to create a good interconnect medium between different types of network points with different speeds. Difference between ATM and Frame Relay 1. Although both techniques are based on end to end delivery of quantized data, there are many differences in terms of sizes of the data quanta, application network types, controlling techniques etc. 2. Although ATM uses fixed size packets (53 bytes) for data communication, frame relay uses variable packet sizes depending on the type of information to be sent. Both information blocks have a header in addition to data block and transfer is connection oriented.

3. Frame Relay is used to connect Local Area Networks (LAN) and it is not implemented within a single area network contrast to ATM where data transfers are within a single LAN. 4. ATM is designed to be convenient for hardware implementation and therefore, cost is higher compared to frame relay, which is software controlled. Therefore frame relay is less expensive and upgrading is easier. 5. Frame relay has a variable packet size. Therefore it gives low overhead within the packet which results it an efficient method for transmitting data. Although fixed packet size in ATM, can be useful for handling video and image traffic at high speeds, it leaves a lot of overhead within the packet, particularly in short transactions.

LTE vs IMS

LTE (Long Term Evolution) and IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystems) are both technologies developed to cater the next generation of the broadband mobile services. LTE is actually a wireless broadband technology developed to support roaming Internet access using mobile phones. IMS is more of an architectural framework designed to support IP multimedia services and has been around for some time. LTE Technology Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a wireless broadband technology developed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), to achieve even higher peak throughputs than that is offered by the current generation of UMTS 3G technology. This technology was named as Long Term Evolution because it has become the obvious successor of the UMTS, the 3G technologies based upon GSM. Hence, it is considered as the 4G technology. LTE provides largely increased peak data rates, with average potential of providing 100 Mbps downstream and 30 Mbps upstream. Among the major improvements, scalable bandwidth capacity and reduced latency have helped to maintain a good Quality of Service. Furthermore, the backward compatibility with the existing GSM and UMTS technology provide a smooth migration chances to 4G technology. Future developments on LTE already have plans to improve peak throughput in the order of 300 Mbps. The transport layer protocol used by all the upper layers of LTE is based upon TCP/IP. LTE supports all type of mixed data, voice, video, and messaging traffic. The multiplexing technology used by LTE is OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) and, in much newer releases, MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) is introduced. LTE uses the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) as the air interface to upgrade the reachability for existing mobile networks. E-UTRAN is also a radio access network standard which is introduced to replace the UMTS, HSDPA and HSUPA technologies specified earlier in 3GPP releases. The simple IP based architecture used in LTE results in, lower operation and maintenance costs, and moreover, the capacity of an E-UTRAN cell is incredible. Generally, when considering the coverage single E-UTRAN cell supports as four times as the data and voice capacity supported by a single HSPA cell. IMS IMS was originally created specifically for mobile applications by the 3GPP and 3GPP2. However, nowadays it is very popular and widespread among the fixed line providers, since they are being forced to find ways of integrating mobile associated technologies into their networks. IMS mainly enables the convergence of data, speech, and mobile network technology over IP based infrastructure, and it provides the necessary IMS capabilities such as service control, security functions (e.g. authentication, authorization), routing, registration, charging, SIP compression, and QOS support. IMS can be analyzed with its layered architecture which includes many layers with different functionalities. This architecture has enabled the reusability of service enablers and many other common functions for multiple applications. The responsibility of the first layer is to translate the bearer and signaling channel from legacy circuit switch based networks to packet based streams and controls. The functionality of the second layer is to provide elementary level media functions to the higher level applications. Moreover, IMS has allowed for other third parties to take control of call sessions and access subscriber preferences by using higher level of application services and API gateways. The IMS architecture provides the opportunity for service providers to deliver new and better services, with reduced operating costs across wire line, wireless, and broadband networks. Most of the applications supported by the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) have been unified by IMS in order to ensure the proper interaction between legacy telephony services with other non telephony services such as, instant messaging, multimedia messaging, push-totalk and video streaming. What is the difference between IMS and LTE?

Both IMS and LTE have similar key components such as Home Subscriber Server (HSS) and Policy and Charging Rule Function (PCRF). Both IMS Domain, as well as LTE Domain, supports WCDMA networks. IMS Domain is very helpful in setting up the VoIP calls than the LTE Domain. LTE doesnt support Circuit Switching calls. Thus, IMS Domain is very helpful in setting up the voice calls in CS domain.

LTE provides reduced costs per megabyte and also reduces the network congestion frequency and severity by providing higher connectivity speeds for enhanced user experience than the IMS.

What is DiffServ? DiffServ is a model for providing QoS in the Internet by differentiating the traffic. The best effort method used in the internet tries to provide the best possible service depending on the varying traffic flow, rather than trying to differentiate the flow and provide higher level of service to some of the traffic. DiffServ tries to provide a improved level of service in the existing best effort environment by differentiating the traffic flow. For example, DiffServ will reduce the latency in traffic containing voice or streaming video, while providing best effort service to traffic containing file transfers. Packets are marked by the DiffServ devices at the boarders of the network with information about the level of service required by them. Other nodes in the network read this information and respond accordingly to provide the requested level of service. What is IntServ? IntServ is another model for providing QoS in networks. IntServ is based on building a virtual circuit in the internet using the bandwidth reservation technique. Requests for reserving the bandwidth come from the applications that require some kind of level of service. According to this model, each router in the network has to implement IntServ and each application that requires a service guarantee has to make a reservation. When bandwidth is reserved for a certain application, it cannot be reassigned for another application. Routers between the sender and the receiver determine whether they can support the reservation made by the application. If they cannot support it, they notify the receiver. Else they have to route the traffic to the receiver. Therefore, in this method, routers remember the properties of the traffic flow and also supervise it. The task of reserving paths would be very tedious in a busy network such as the Internet. What is the difference between DiffServ and IntServ? DiffServ is a model for providing QoS in the Internet by differentiating the traffic whereas IntServ is a model for providing QoS in networks by building a virtual circuit in the Internet using the bandwidth reservation technique. DiffServ does not require the nodes in the network to remember any state information about the flow as oppose to IntServ, which remembers state information in the routers. Furthermore, reserving paths and remembering state information in a busy network such as the Internet would be a tedious task. Therefore, implementing IntServ would be practically difficult in the Internet. Because of that, IntServ would be suitable for smaller private networks whereas DiffServ is much suitable for the Internet.