Computer Knowledge / Computer Awareness for Bank Exams

The Computer knowledge or Computer awareness section has become an integral part of Bank Probationary Officer & Bank Clerk Exams. As many people are thinking you shouldnt be a techie or a computer graduate to answer the computers section of the Bank Exams.In bank exams they are just checking whether you are familiar with computers or not... So its enough if you know the baswic details of the computer (like what is it and how it works etc). The best thing with computer section is neither you shouldnt bang your head or waste time to solve the questions (as you do with Aptitude and Reasoning sections) nor you should irritate your mind daily (as you do with General Awareness section) ... you can just find out the answer with a simple glance at the given question. So automatically you can get more marks in less time.... The second best thing is the syllabus will be same for all bank exams. With a little preparation & Hardwork, you can score full marks in this section. Here we are giving you the complete details of the computers from basics with previous and practice papers of previous bank exams. Just read on.......... All the Best and Happy Reading :) Read Computer Knowledge materials for IBPS Clerks Online Exam Here Computer Basics in Hindi Language - Pdf Download

Computer Knowledge Material for SBI Associate Clerical Exam Complete Reference - Pdf Version The COMPLETE list of Computer Abbriviations Computer Awareness for Bank Exams Test - 1 Basics of Computers Hardware & Software How does Computer Work? The Keyboard MS Word Shortcut Keys MS Excel Shortcut Keys Computers - Generations Compilers Computer Networks DBMS
Computer Awareness Practice Questions for SBI Associate Clerical Exam Set 1

COMPUTER KNOWLEDGE / COMPUTER AWARENESS MATERIAL FOR IBPS AND SBI BANK EXAMS

Computer Abbreviations - Part 1

Here is the Complete list of the Computer Abbreviations List. There are very useful in almost all competitive exams which are having computer knowledge section (espicially bank clerical exams). As the list is little lengthy we've divided the list into two parts. Check the link of the Part 2 after completion of reading this Part 1. Hope you will like this post. Happy Reading :) ACE ACL ADO ADSL AGP AI ALGOL ALU ANSI AOL API APIPA APT ARD ARP ARPA ARPANET ASCII ASF ASM ASP ATAPI ATM AUI AVI B2B B2C BASIC BCD BDPS BHTML BIOS BIU BLOG BMP BPS BS C DAC CAD CADD CAI CAM CAR CASE Access Control Entry Access Control List Active Data Objects Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line Accelerated Graphics Port Artificial Intelligence Algorithmic Language Arithmetic Logic Unit American National Standards Institute America Online Application Program Interface Automatic Private Internet Protocol Addressing Automatically Programmed Tooling Address Resolution Protocol Address Resolution Protocol Advanced Research Projects Agency Advanced Research Projects Agency Network American Standard Code For Information Interchange Advanced Streaming Format Association For Systems Management Active Server Pages Advanced Technology Attachment Packet Interface Asynchronous Transfer Mode Attachment Unit Interface Audio Video Interleave Business To Business Business To Commerce Beginner`s All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code Binary Coded Decimal Business Data Processing Systems Broadcast Hyper Text Markup Language Basic Input Output System Bus Interface Unit Binary Logic Object Bitmap Bytes Per Seconds Bulletin Board Service Centre For Development Of Advanced Computing Computer Aided Design Computer Added Drafting And Design Computer Aided Instructuion Computer Aided Manufacturing Control Address Register Computer Aided Software Engineering

CCIS CCNA CD CD RW CD WORM CDMA CDONTS CDROM CFG CGI CGM CIDR CIM CISC CIX CLR CMOS CMS CMYK COBOL COM CORBA CPI CPU CRC CRM CROM CRT CUI DAC DAO DARPANET DAT DBA DBMS DCA DCL DCOM DCP DDL DDOS DDP DFD DFS DHCP DHTML DLC DLL DMA DML DMTF DNA

Common Channel Interoffice Signaling Cisco Certified Network Associate Compact Disc Compact Disc Re-Writable Compact Disc- Write Once Read Many Code Division Multiple Access Collabaration On Data Objects For Windows Nt Server Compact Disc- Read Only Memory Control Flow Graph Common Gateway Interface Computer Graphics Metafile Classless Inter-Domain Routing Computer Integrated Manufacture Complex Instruction Set Computers Commercial Internet Exchange Common Language Runtime Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Content Management System Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Key (Black) Common Business Oriented Language Component Object Model Common Object Request Broker Architecture Clock Cycle Per Instruction Central Processing Unit Cyclic Redundancy Check Customer Relationship Management Control Read Only Memory Cathode Ray Tube Character User Interface Digital To Analog Converter Data Access Objects Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Network Digital Audio Tape Data Base Administrator Data Base Management System Defence Communication Agency Data Control Language Distributed Component Object Model Data Communication Processor Data Definition Language Distributed Denial Of Service Distributed Data Processing Data Flow Diagram Distributed File System Dynamic Host Control Protocol Dynamics Hyper Text Markup Language Data Link Control Dynamic Link Library Direct Memory Access Data Manipulation Language Distributed Management Test Force Distributed Internet Architecture

DNS DOD DOM DOS DPI DRAM DSL DSN DTD DVD E EAROM EBCDIC EDC EDCDIC EEPROM EFS EJB ENIAC EPROM EROM ERP EULA FAT FDD FDDI FDMA FIFO FLOPS FO FORTRAN FPS FRAM FTP GB GIF GIGO GML GNU GPL GUI HDD HFS HP HPC HPFS HSR HTML

Domain Name System (Server) Department Of Defense Document Object Model Disk Operating System, Denial Of Service Dots Per Inch Dynamic Random Access Memory Digital Subscriber Line Digital Subscriber Network Document Type Definition Digital Versatile Disc Electronic Electrically Alterable Read Only Memory Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code Electronic Digital Computer Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory Encrypted File System Enterprise Java Beans Electronics Numerical Integrator And Calculator Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory Erasable Read Only Memory Enterprise Resource Planning End User License Agreement File Allocation Table Floppy Disk Drive Fiber Distributed Data Interface Frequency Division Multiple Access First In First Out Floating Point Operations Per Second Fiber Optics Formula Translation Frames Per Second Ferro Electric Random Access Memory File Transfer Protocol Giga Bytes Graphic Interchange Format Garbage In Garbage Out General Markup Language Gnu`s Not Unix General Public License Graphical User Interface Hard Disk Drive Hierarchical File System Hewlett Packard High Performance Computing High Performance File System Horizontal Scan Rate Hyper Text Markup Language

Computer Abbreviations - Part 2

HTTP HW IO IBM IC ICMP ICS ICT IDE IE IGMP IIS IL IOP IP IPX IRAM IRC IRDA IRQ ISAPI ISDN ISO ISP ISR IT ITPL JCL JDBC Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Hardware Input Output International Business Machines Integrated Circuit Internet Control Message Protocol Reduce Instruction Set Computer Information And Communication Technology Integrated Development Environment Internet Explorer Internet Group Management Protocol Internet Information Service Intermediate Language Input-Output Processor Internet Protocol Internetworked Packet Exchange Integration Ram Internet Relay Chat Infrared Data Association Interrupt Request Internet Server Application Program Interface Integrated Services Digital Network International Standard Organization Internet Service Provider Interrupt Service Routine Information Technology Information Technology Park Limited (India) Job Control Language Java Data Base Connectivity

JHTML JPEG JSP KB KBPS L2TP LAN LCD LDAP LIFO LIPS LOC LSI LSP MAC MAN MAU MB MBONE MBPS MBR MCP MCS MCSA MCSD MCSE MDE MDI MDS MFC MFT MG MICR MIDI MIMD MIME MIPS MISD MODEM MP3 MPEG MS MSDN MSIIS MSIL MSMQ MSN MSRAP MSRPC MTS MTU

Java Within Hyper Text Markup Language Joint Photographic Experts Group Java Server Pages Kilo Bytes Kilo Bytes Per Second Layer Two Tunneling Protocol Local Area Network Liquid Crystal Display Light Weight Directory Access Control Last In First Out Logical Interfaces Per Second Lines Of Code Large Scale Integration Layered Service Provider Media Access Control Metropolitan Area Network Multi-Station Access Unit Mega Bytes Multicast Backbone Mega Bytes Per Second Master Boot Record Microsoft Certified Professional Multicast Server Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator Microsoft Certified Solution Developer Microsoft Certified System Engineer Microsoft Access Database Multiple Document Interface Microcomputer Development System Microsoft Foundation Classes Master File Table Mega Bytes Magnetic-Ink Characters Reader Musical Instrument Digital Interface Multiple Instruction Multiple Data Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions Millions Of Instructions Per Second Multiple Instruction Single Data Modulator And Demodulator Motion Pictures Experts Group Layer 3 Motion Pictures Experts Group Microsoft Microsoft Developer Network Microsoft Internet Information Server Microsoft Intermediate Language Microsoft Message Queue Microsoft Network Microsoft Remote Administration Protocol Microsoft Remote Procedure Call Microsoft Transaction Server Maximum Transmission Unit

MUDS NAS NASSCOM NCP NDIS NDRO NETBEUI NIC NIIT NNTP NOW NSFNET NT (WINDOWS) NTFS NTP OCP OCR ODBC OLE OMR ONE OOA OOAD OOP OOPS OPEN GL OS OSI PC PCI PCMCIA PDA PDF PDL PDU PHP PIC PILOT PLA PLC PNG PNP POP POST PPP PPTP PROM PS PSI PSN PSW

Multi-User Dungeons Network Attached Storage National Association Of Software & Service Companies Network Control Protocol Network Driver Interface Specification Nondestructive Read Out Netbios Enhanced User Interface National Informatics Centre, National Institute Of Information Technology Network News Transfer Protocol Network Of Workstations National Science Foundation Network New Technology New Technology File System Network Time Protocol Oracle Certified Professional Optical Character Readers Open Data Base Connectivity Object Linking And Embedding Optical Mark Reader Open Network Architecture Object Orient Analysis Object Oriented Analysis And Design Object Oriented Programming Object Oriented Programming System Open Graphics Library Operating System Open System Interconnection Personal Computer Peripheral Component Interconnect Personal Computer Memory Card International Association Personal Digital Assistant Portable Document Format Page Description Language Protocol Data Unit Php Hypertext Processor Programming Interrupt Control Programmed Inquiry Learning Or Teaching Programmable Logic Array Programmable Logic Controller Portable Network Graphics Plug And Play Post Office Protocol Power On Self Test Peer To Peer Protocol Point To Point Tunneling Protocol Programmable Read Only Memory Post Script Performance Systems International Processor Serial Number Program Status Word

QOS R DAT RADSL RAID RAM RAMDAC RAS RD RAM RDBMS RDO RDP RFC RGB RICS RIP RISC ROM RPC RTC RTF RTOS S DAT SACK SAM SAP SCMP SCSI SD RAM SDD SDK SDL SDN SDRAM SDSL SG RAM SGML SIM SIMD SISD SIU SMP SMS SMTP SNA SNAP SNMP SNOBOL SOAP SPX SQA SQL SRAM

Quality Of Service Rotating Digital Audio Tape Rate-Adaptive Digital Subscribes Line Redundant Array Of Independent Disks Random Access Memory Random Access Memory Digital To Analog Converter Remote Access Network Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory Relational Data Base Management System Remote Data Objects Remote Desktop Protocol Request For Comments Red Green Blue Reduced Instruction Set Computer Raster Image Processor Reduced Instruction Set Computer Read Only Memory Remote Procedure Call Real Time Clock Rich Text Format Real Time Operating System Stationary Digital Audio Tape Selective Acknowledgements Security Access Manager Service Access Point, Systems Applications Products Software Configuration Management Plan Small Computers Systems Interface Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory Software Design Description Software Development Kit Storage Definition Language Integrated Service Digital Network Static Dynamic Random Access Memory Symmetric Digital Subscribes Line Synchronous Graphics Random Access Memory Standard Generalized Markup Language Subscriber Identification Module Single Instruction Multiple Data Single Instruction Single Data Serial Interface Unit Symmetric Multi-Process Short Message Service Simple Mail Transfer Protocol System Network Architecture Sub Network Access Protocol Simple Network Management Protocol String Oriented Symbolic Language Simple Object Access Protocol Sequenced Packet Exchange Statistical Quality Assurance Structured Query Language Static Random Access Memory

SRS STP SVVP SW TAPI TB TCP TCP-IP TDI TDMA TPM TSR UDD UDP UI UML UNC UNIX URL USB USRT UTP VAN VAST VB VC++ VCD VDL VGA VHS VLIW VLSI VPN VRAM VRML VS VSNL VVR VXD W3C WAIS WAN WAP WBEM WDM WHQL WINDOWS ME WINDOWS NT WINDOWS XP WINS WMI WML

Software Requirements Specification Shielded Twisted Pair Software Verification And Validation Plan Software Telephony Application Program Interface Tera Bytes Transmission Control Protocol Transmission Control Protocol - Internet Protocol Transport Data Interface Time Division Multiple Access Transactions Processing Monitor Terminate And Stay Residents User Datagram Protocol User Datagram Protocol User Interface Unified Modelling Language Universal Naming Convention Uniplexed Information And Computer Systems Uniform Resource Locator Universal Serial Bus Universal Synchronous Receiver Transmitted Unshielded Twisted Pair Virtual Area Network Very Small Aperture Terminal Visual Basic Visual C++ Video Compact Disc View Definition Language Video Graphics Array Video Home System Very Long Instruction Words Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits Virtual Private Network Video Random Access Memory Virtual Reality Modelling Language Visual Studio Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited Software Validation And Validation Report Virtual Device Driver World Wide Web Consortium Wide Area Information Servers Wide Area Network Wireless Application Protocol Web-Base Enterprise Management Wave Division Multiplexing Windows Hardware Quality Lab Windows Millennium Edition Windows New Technology Windows Experienced Windows Internet Name Service Windows Management Instrumentation Wireless Markup Language

WORM WSH WWW WYSIWYG XHTML XML XSL Y2K ZIF

Write Once Read Many Windows Script Host World Wide Web What You See Is What You Get Extensible Hyper Text Markup Language Extensible Markup Language Extensible Style Sheet Language Year 2000 Zero Insertion Force

Compilers
Assume that you visited china to meet China's Prime minister. The meeting was arranged in a big auditorium. But now the problem is, you don't know Chinese and he too don't know your Language (say Hindi). Then what to Do? Now you have 3 solutions.

To learn Chinese To make him learn your Language Or you both should learn some other language (Like English) so that you can communicate in that language... Now what if HE is not ready to learn your language or English??? and what if you too are Lazy enough to learn Chinese or English??? Isn't there any other solution for this problem??? There is...... If you have enough money, You can hire a person who knows your language as well as Chinese and he will work as a MEDIATOR for both of you people.. :) Now come to our Subjects...... As we know, computer cant understand our Hais and hellos.... And we too cant understand Computer's 0's and 1's... So how to talk to the computer and make it works according to your orders? Can you teach English to computer? Its impossible, because its a machine. It cant understand anything except LOW VOLTAGE (0) and HIGH VOLTAGE (1)... On and Off in simple words... We too are TALLENTED enough to use CTRL+C and CTRL+V so we are not ready to write big codes which looks like 00011 01001 110100 1001001 01001 11001 11111 0111010 101010 10101011 01111 1101010 11101 1010101 01010 n bla bla........

So what can we do now? we write a Software Code which acts as a TRANSLATOR and converts your instructions into 0's and 1's and gives them to computer and vice versa.. We call this SOFTWARE CODE as COMPILER.. Thats it :) What exactly is the Compiler? is it a for Translating or for Debugging? Lets go back to our Chinese Man, assume that you are communicating with him with the help of a Translator. And you have some problem with your TONGUE... (assume)..... So, what will happn if you use some adjectives like "Poker face and ######## (censored :P) " . Now say, what if the Mediator translates that POKER FACE stuff as it is in Chinese??? Your relationship with the Chinese man, will collapsed and you will get some injuries if he is expert in those Chinese martial arts... So, before going to translate your words in Chinese, your mediator (or Translator) warns you about the outcomes of your words (may be you will get kicked or killed, depends upon the intensity of your words :P) and confirms whether to translate them as they are or not... Heare also same... Some programmer (like me) writes a program with so many errors. If the compiler translates as it is, the computer may collapse (as it cant hit you for your errors)... So the compiler warns you about your errors so that you can correct them and resubmit your program. So, the main task of the compiler is to TRANSLATE, in-order to translate an Error free program, it warns you about your errors :) The Technical Definition : So, technically you can say that "The compiler is a software program which converts the program written in High level language / Programming Language / User Language into the Machine Language / Binary Language to make an Executable Program.

Computer Networks (Basics)

suppose you want to chat with your friend, or want to share your printer with your friend's system. Then you should connect your computer to his/her computer. In simple words, you are just forming a NETWORK by connecting two or more computers. These connections or arrangements are called Computer Networks. These computers in the Computer Network may attached with cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites or infrared light beams. There are two aspects in computer networks.

Hard Ware : It includes physical connection (using adaptor, cable, router, bridge etc) Soft Ware : It includes set of protocols (nothing but a set of rules)

Basic types of Computer Networks :

Local Area Networks (LANs) : These are the simple networks. A set of computers (2 or more) connected within a single building or college campus ( a few kilometres range)

Metropolitan Area Networks(MANs) : These are the larger networks than LANs, these are limited to city or group of Nearby Offices. Simply we can say that a group of LANs are called a MAN (but guys, this is not a standard definition, its jst for your understanding purpose).

Wide Area Networks (WANs) : These type of networks provides long distance transmission of data and voice. (A city, state , country and ofcourse the world). it contains HOST and collection of machines.

Now lets have a look at some basic differences between these three...

Area :
o o o

LAN : Covers small area. WAN : Covers large geographical area MAN : Covers larger than LAN but smaller than WAN

Error Rates : o LAN : Lowest o WAN : Highest o MAN : Moderate Transmission speed : o LAN : High Speed o WAn : Low Speed o MAN : Moderate speed Cost : o LAN : Uses inexpensive equipment (i mean, if you have two systems, its hardly costs nothing (almost) to connect them with each other) o WAN : Uses most expensive equipment (Connecting systems via internet) o MAN : Uses moderately expensive equipment ( Connecting two systems in different buildings)

Till now we have discussed about the types of Networks. Now we shall discuss about HOW should we connect them.

Network Topology : A network Topology is the method or process which tells us about how to connect the Systems. There are several types of Topologies are there.

Assume that the above green dots are computers. Line Topology : If we connect several computers in a line then it is called as the LINE TOPOLOGY Treee Topology : If we connect several systems in a hierarchical order, then it is called as the TREE TOPOLOGY Bus Topology : If we connect several computers to a back bone (A wire) then it is called as the BUS TOPOLOGY.

Star Topology : If we connect several computers to a central hub (system) then it is called as the STAR TOPOLOGY. Ring Topology : In line topology if we connected the last system to the starting system, then it is called as the Ring topology. Mesh Topology : If we connect several systems with each other (There is no necessity that one system should connect with all the remaining systems in the network, see the diagram) then it is called as the Mesh Topology. Fully Connected : In a Network if everysystem is connected with all the remaining systems then it is called as the Fully Connected topology.

Computers - Generations
The development of computer technology is generally divided into the following phases :

First Generation (1942 - 1956) - Vacuum Tubes

Vacuum tubes is the only electronic components available during those days.

These computers were the fastest calculating devices of that time. They could perform calculations in Milli-Seconds but there were many disadvantages in them. They were too big in size, Not portable, Air-Conditioning was required for their commercial use and production was also difficult. The UNIVAC (UNIVersal Automic Computer) and ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) are the examples of First Generation Computers.

UNIVAC was the first Commercial Computer to a business client the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951 (till then, all computers were for research purpose). ENIAC was the world's first Operational Electornic Digital COmputer.

Second Generation (1956-1963) - Transistors

The Transistor, a smaller and more r eliable source than the vacuum tube was invented in 1947 at Bell Labs. This Transistor is a device made by semiconductor material that amplifies the signal or opens or closes a circuit. However computer that used transistors was not produced in quantity. The second generation emerged with transistors being the brain of Computer. It was smaller in size as compared to first generation computers and more reliable. The disadvantages of it were the

requirement of air-conditional room, frequent maintenance that it required, commercial production.

Third Generation (1964-1971) - Integrated Circuits (ICs)

A new technology called Integrated Circuit was invented in 1963. This technology made a big change in Computer world. The third Generation computers were developed by using this IC technology. In this technology Transistors were miniaturized and placed on Silicon Chips. These Silicon Chips are also called as Semiconductors. These Semiconductors helped to increase the speed and efficiency of Computers.

Fourth Generation (1971 - Present) - Microprocessors

Microprocessors brought the Fourth Generation computers. The Microprocessor is a Single Silicon Chip which contains some thousands of Integrated Circuits. Simply we can say that it is the heart of Personal Computers. Personal computers were started in Third Generation. With the invention of Microprocessors, They've got a new life. The Microprocessor controls the logic of almost all devices from small clocks to big automobiles. There are 3 basic characteristics for Microprocessors. They are..... 1. Instruction Set : The set of Instructions Given to it and it can execute.

2. Bandwidth : The number of bits it can process in a single Instruction. 3. Clock Speed : The number of Instructions per second the processor can execute. These can be measured in MHZs (Megahertz)

Fifth Generation (Present - Future) - Artificial Intelligence

The fifth Generation Computers are based on Artificial Intelligence. Simply Machine Brains. These systems works with the help of Neural Networks. The target of this is to make computers which can think like human. Currently there is no computer in the world which can exibit full artificial intelligence (i mean, to simulate COMPLETE human behavior). Scientists are stilly working on these type of systems. So, we put them in Fifth Generation.

Computers Basics
Once upon a time, there was a sooper hero named Khan Kapoor Kumar. He was very inteligent (He thinks so). Hez proud of his name. But unfortunately people dont call him with his name. They call him Politician instead.. As days passed by, our sooper hero came to know that the reason behind the villagers treating him like a Politician is because, he lacks of a small organ called BRAIN. So he made an Ironbox and gave some electricity to it.

When he turned on the switch, it said YES, he marked it as 1 When he turned off the switch, it said NO, he marked it as 0 He became famous with this YES/NO Device. He added some circuits to it, so that it could perform some calculations. So he called it as Calculator. In-order to make his Ironbox remember calculations, he added some memory to it. And named it as Computer.

He added some Input Devices (Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Touch pad, Light-pen, Joystick) to it so that he can talk to it. He added some Output Devices (Monitor, Speaker, Printer) to it so that the Ironbox can talk to him. He felt happy because he developed a semi brain called Computer. So, he wanted to communicate with it. He said "Hi" It said "1011" He said "How are you?" It said "0110 1010 0101" Then he realized that his Computer only can understand 1's and 0's. So he tried to talk in 1's and 0's language. Later he realized that its really hard to do that. So he attached a compiler to his Computer. The compiler converts his words into 1's and 0's and gives to the computer. And later converts the computer's response into our sooper hero's language. Our hero felt that he almost Did it. But even our Compiler also cant understand our sooper Hero's language. So he developed some languages (C, C++, Java etc) to talk to the compiler. So our sooper hero finally managed to build a Computer and Proved that hez a Brainless Brilliant.

Hardware & Software

Hardware refers to the physical components of the computer. Monitor, Keybord, Cpu, The parts inside the CPU etc.

Computer Hardware
Software refers to the INSTRUCTIONS that makes the computer works. The software should be stored either in computer Hard disk, CD-ROM, Dvd or on a Floppy Disk and it should be loaded into the RAM (Random Access Memory) of the computer, when we needed.

How does Computer Work?

In this post we shall see some basic computer terminology which helps computer to work. Input : Data / Information entered into the computer using various input devices.

Input Devices : o Keybord : To type the data o Mouse : To point and click the objects o Tracker Ball : Works similar to mouse, used by Graphic Designers o Scanners : Converts the Hardcopy into Softcopy (Simply scans paper documents and stores them in system) o Touchpad : The desktop which responds according to the Touch. o Light pens : Used to point the areas on the screen. o Joy Sticks : Used for Playing Videogames.

Input Devices

Output : Data / Information given by the computer. It displays on Monitor (Screen) / Prints via Printer / Generates sounds via Sound boxes and ofcourse stores the information in Disks. o Output Devices : VDU : Video Display Unit. Also known as Monitor. Which displays output Printers : There are many types of printers. These are used for converting the Soft-copy into Hard-copy (Printing the data on Paper)

Plotter : It is also similar to printer, but it can draw continuous pointto-point lines directly from vector graphics files or commands. So you can expect more clarity than printers. Speakers : Gives the output in the Sound Signal form

OutPut Devices

Processing : The Processor/Central Processing Unit/CPU performs the operations with the help of ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit - which performs Mathematical and Logical Operations) Storage : The Random Access Memory (RAM) or Memory temporarily stores your date while you are working with that. o Storage Devices : Hard Disk : Internal Drive of High capacity which stores larger and important files including your Operating System. The speed of the Hard disk is measured in milliseconds, The capacity of the Hard Disk is measured in Giga Bytes (GB). You can get harddisks of 40-80GB now a days.

A Giga Byte is equalent to 1024 Mega Bytes (MB) Floppy Disk : Its helps you to store smaller amount of data and take It's speed is Very Very low. Capacity normally 1.44 Mega Bytes (hardly you can store 6 or 7 wallpapers :P) CD/CD ROM : Slower than Hard Disks and Faster than Floppy Disks Capacity 650+MB DVD : Slower than HardDisks but faster than CDs Capacity upto 17Giga Bytes

Various Storage Devices

MS Excel Shortcut Keys

In our last post we have shared the shortcut keys for Microsoft Word. We've got really good response for that post. Some people asked us to post the shortcut keys of Microsoft Excel too as now a days banks are Now here we are posting the list of shortcut keys for Microsoft Excel too as now a days bank exams are asking more questions from that area. So, in this post we are posting the shortcut keys for MS Excel. Prepare well and please don't be confused among the shortcut keys of MS Word and MS Excel. Happy Reading :)
Shortcut Keys F2 F5 F7 F11 Ctrl + Shift + ; Ctrl + ; Alt + Shift + F1 Shift + F3 Shift + F5 Ctrl + A Ctrl + B Ctrl + I Ctrl + K Ctrl + U Ctrl + 5 Ctrl + P Ctrl + Z Ctrl + F9 Ctrl + F10 Ctrl + F6 Ctrl + Page up Ctrl + Page down Ctrl + Tab Alt + = Ctrl + ' Ctrl + Shift + ! Ctrl + Shift + $ Ctrl + Shift + # Description To Edit the selected cell. Go to a specific cell. For example, C6. Spell check selected text or document. Create chart. Enter the current time. Enter the current date. Insert New Worksheet. Open the Excel formula window. Bring up search box. Select all contents of the worksheet. Bold highlighted selection. Italic highlighted selection. Insert link. Underline highlighted selection. Strikethrough highlighted selection. Bring up the print dialog box to begin printing. Undo last action. Minimize current window. Maximize currently selected window. Switch between open workbooks or windows. Move between Excel work sheets in the same Excel document. Move between Excel work sheets in the same Excel document. Move between Two or more open Excel files. Create a formula to sum all of the above cells Insert the value of the above cell into cell currently selected. Format number in comma format. Format number in currency format. Format number in date format.

Ctrl + Shift + % Ctrl + Shift + ^ Ctrl + Shift + @ Ctrl + Arrow key Ctrl + Space Shift + Space

Format number in percentage format. Format number in scientific format. Format number in time format. Move to next section of text. Selects entire Column. Selects the entire Row.

MS Word - Shortcut Keys

Here are the important Shortcut keys of Microsoft Word. Which are useful in all competitive exams which are having Computer Knowledge in their section (especially Bank Clerks Exams). Ofcourse this list will help you in the daily usage of the computer too. If you completely aware of these commands, then you can operate your computer without using your mouse. hope you like this post.. Happy reading :)

Name of the Key Ctrl + 0 Ctrl + A Ctrl + B Ctrl + C Ctrl + E Ctrl + F Ctrl + I Ctrl + J Ctrl + K Ctrl + L Ctrl + M Ctrl + P Ctrl + R Ctrl + T Ctrl + U Ctrl + V Ctrl + X Ctrl + Y Ctrl + Z Ctrl + Shift + L Ctrl + Shift + F Ctrl + Shift + >

Description Adds or removes 6pts of spacing before a paragraph. Select all contents of the page. Bolds the highlighted selection. Copy the selected text. Aligns the line or selected text to the center of the screen. Open find box. Makes the font in Italic Aligns the selected text or line to justify the screen. Insert link. Aligns the line or selected text to the left of the screen. Indent the paragraph. Open the print window. Aligns the line or selected text to the right of the screen. Create a hanging indent. Underline highlighted selection. for Pasting the selected text Cuts the elected text. Redo the last action performed. Undo last action. Quickly creates a Bullet Point. Change the font. Increase selected font +1pts up to 12pt and then increases font +2pts.

Ctrl + ] Ctrl + Shift + < Ctrl + [ Ctrl + / + c Ctrl + ' + Ctrl + Shift + * Ctrl + Ctrl + Ctrl + Ctrl + Ctrl + Del Ctrl + Backspace Ctrl + End Ctrl + Home Ctrl + Spacebar Ctrl + 1 Ctrl + 2 Ctrl + 5 Ctrl + Alt + 1 Ctrl + Alt + 2 Ctrl + Alt + 3 Alt + Ctrl + F2 Ctrl + F1 Ctrl + F2 Ctrl + Shift + > Ctrl + Shift + < Ctrl + Shift + F6 Ctrl + Shift + F12 F1 F4 F5 F7 F12 Shift + F3

Increase selected font +1pts. Decrease selected font -1pts if 12pt or lower, if above 12 decreases font by +2pt. Decrease selected font -1pts. Insert a cent sign (). Insert a character with an accent (grave) mark, where is the character you want. For example, if you wanted an accented you would use Ctrl + ' + e as your shortcut key. To reverse the accent mark use the opposite accent mark, often on the Tilde Key. View or hide non printing characters. Moves one word to the left. Moves one word to the right. Moves to the beginning of the line or paragraph. Moves to the end of the paragraph. Deletes word to right of cursor. Deletes word to left of cursor. Moves the cursor to the end of the document. Moves the cursor to the beginning of the document. Reset highlighted text to the default font. Single-space lines. Double-space lines. 1.5-line spacing. Changes text to heading 1. Changes text to heading 2. Changes text to heading 3. Open new document. Opens the Task Pane. Displays the Print preview. Increases the highlighted text size by one. Decreases the highlighted text size by one. Opens to another open Microsoft Word document. Prints the document. Open Help. Repeat the last action performed (Word 2000+) Open the find, replace, and go to window in Microsoft Word. Spellcheck and grammar check selected text or document. Save as. Change the text in Microsoft Word from uppercase to lowercase or a capital letter at the beginning of every word.

Shift + F7 Shift + F12 Shift + Enter Shift + Insert Shift + Alt + D Shift + Alt + T

Runs a Thesaurus check on the word highlighted. Save. Create a soft break instead of a new paragraph. Paste. Insert the current date. Insert the current time.

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The Keyboard
The KeyBoard
There are various types of keys are there in Keyboard. Namely,

Typewriter Keys FunctionKeys

Enter Keys Windows Keys Number Keys / Numeric keys Application Keys Cursor Control Key

Have a look at the Below image to get a detailed View

Click on the image to get a Detailed View

The OSI Model

Read the basics of Computer Networks HERE

Once there was an Organization called International Standards Organization (ISO in

short). It standardized the functions of the Communications System with abstraction layer and developed a Model. They named it as Open Systems Interconnection (OSI). ISO - OSI sounds funny, isn't it??? In this model, similar types of communication functions are grouped into Layers. There are 7 layers in this Model. Those are, 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Physical Layer Data link Layer Network Layer Transport Layer Session Layer Presentation Layer Application Layer

Each layer helps it's above layer to establish an error free communication, in other words, each layer depends on its below layer to establish an error free communication.

How to remember these names???? Here the order is very important. If anybody asks you about these layers, you should start with Physical and end with Application Layer. You should not jumble these names according to your convenience. So you should remember these names with an order. Well, there are several techniques are there to remember these type of names. One of those technique is, making a funny name or sentence with the STARTING letters. Just, write the starting letters of these layers. PDNTSPA Now make a funny sentence, here are some examples

Please Do Not Touch Steve's Pet Alligator

Or

Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away

Now I bet you never going to forget these names and order again :) Ok, now lets have a look at the Functionalities of these Layers...

Physical Layer : This is the First or Lowest layer of the OSI model. It takes care about the Physical Connections. Data Link Layer : This layer Encodes the data packets and provides error free node to node transmission. It is divided into two sub layers. Those are Media Access Control Layer (MAC Sublayer in short) It helps the computer to get the access of data transmission Logical Link Control Layer (LLC Sublayer in short) It controls the order, flow and errors of the frames (Frame synchronization) Network Layer : This layer helps in Switching and Routing (connecting and transmitting), and also creates virtual circuits ( Imaginary paths for transmission) Transport Layer : This layer helps in providing Transparent data transmission. Its also checks whether the data completely transmitted or not. Session Layer : This layer is responsible for the Transmission Sessions. I mean Starting, Maintaining and Terminating the Communication. Presentation Layer : This layer provides the data Independence ( simply you can remember that this layer is responsible for the data Presentation :) I mean, how you are presenting data (without any leakage) Application Layer : This is the topmost layer, this layer directly interacts with the end user. This layer is responsible for checking whether the claimed user is genuine or not.

Still having problems with these functions??? Have a look at the following diagram. It will be easier for you to understand :)

Very good. Now you know about the OSI model and It's Layers :) You know that it was developed by ISO. Hey, you know one secret? ISO dint invent any new model. It just COPIED some old model and modified it.. Thats all. Once there was a model called TCP/IP model (Transport Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) with this name itself, you can define its functionality :) It has lil complicated structure with only 4 Layers. Those are 1. 2. 3. 4. Network Interface Layer Internet Layer Transport Layer Application Layer

ISO Just elaborated this model and divided some of these layers into EXTRA LAYERS and developed OSI model. have a look at the following Diagram, so that you can understand the difference :)

The Phases of Compiler

Read

the

Basics

HERE

There are several Phases in compilers are there. Those are

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Lexical Analyser : Performs Lexical Analysis Syntax Analyser : Performs Syntax Analysis Semantic Analyser : Performs Semantic Analysis Intermediate Code Generator : Performs Intermediate Code Generation Code Optimizer : Performs Code Optimization Code Generator : Generates Target Code

The Symbol Table is a Data Structure which is useful to store the identifiers in the program. The Error Handler is useful in Detecting and Reporting the errors. These two are useful from the starting to the ending of the conversion. ( I mean from the starting phase to the ending phase). NOTE : We can group these phases into two parts..

Analysis : In which the compiler ANALYZES the given program. For this, the compiler SCANS and DIVIDES the program into parts. The first THREE phases comes under this category (shortcut : Check the names, if you can find the terms Analysis or Analiser, then that phase comes under the ANALYSIS category Synthesis : In which the compiler JOINS the parts of the divided program and makes the target program. (The last two phases comes under this category)

Now lets have a look at the functionalities of all these phases. Lexical Analysis : It is nothing but analyzing the LEXEMs (tokens), in this phase, the compiler scans the entire program and pics the tokens and groups them. Syntax Analysis : Syntax is nothing but the structure. It is nothing but to Analyze the structure of the program (whether it is correct or not) Semantic Analysis : In this the compiler checks the MEANING of the program. (Note : The above two process will execute simultaniously, so in some books they combine these two names and call the process as Syntax and Semantic Analysis) Intermediate Code Generation : After scanning the program, the compiler generates an intermediate code (which is neither High level code nor Low level code, which looks like the Microprocessor Code) Note : Most of the compilers generates the TAC (Three Address Code) as the Intermediate Code. It contains, maximum 3 variable, so we call it as the Three Address Code. (note : we can convert any problem into this TAC form). it just look like, Temp1 = Temp2 + Temp3 (temporary variables) or Temp2 = Id + Temp4 etc, Code Optimization : It helps to improve the Intermediate Code. It make assure that the target code will run EFFICIENTLY in LESS TIME ( i mean, it should give the desired output in less amount of time) Code Generation : It is the final phase. It generates the relocatable machine code or assembly code. It takes care about the target machine and where to store the variables in the target machine. Yea ofcourse, it takes care about the ORDER of the instruction execution too.