which can be shown to be a series of trigonometric sine waves. Harmonies become mathematical ratios which can occur in everything.

Music is a primary illustration of the ability of individuals to unknowingly appreciate geometry and mathematics, even when theyre not serious thinkers. Music is basically about ratios, frequencies , and timing . There is also a strong geometrical connection, in that, if one takes the unique right triangle , and strings a continuous fine wire to each of the three points of the triangle, it is then possible to tune one of the sides to a particular note, and have the other two sides be in a tuned harmony. The three sides of the triangle form a series of tones that are equivalent to the first three strings of a tuned guitar. Every musical pulse consists of numerous sine-wave tones. Even a square wave is made up of a large number of odd harmonics, and thus by extrapolation, a truly infinite pulse would consist of all possible pure tones. The manner in which musicians examine a spectrum of musical harmonies is, in fact, exactly the same procedure mathematicians call a Fourier Transform. The sum of all musical frequencies thus constitutes the whole of the universe. Music is the art of organizing tones to produce a coherent sequence of sounds intended to elicit an aesthetic response in a listener. Music can incite passion, belligerence, serenity, fear, or sadness. Interestingly one can play the national anthem on guitar using the number and timing technique. Usually a guitar consists of 21 frets (the metallic strips on the neck of the guitar). If the six horizontal lines represents the six strings of guitar and the number represents the position on the fret board (the neck of guitar) then following the below pattern one can play the national anthem on guitar.
e|-------------------------|----------------------|--------------------------| B|-----------------7-------|---10-----7-----------|------------------7--9h10-| G|-----------7--9-----7--9-|-------9-----7--------|------------7--9----------| D|----7--11----------------|----------------11--9-|--9--11--9----------------| A|-------------------------|----------------------|--------------------------| E|-------------------------|----------------------|--------------------------| e|----------------|----------------------|-----------------------------------| B|--9--7----------|----------------------|--10--12--15--13--12--9s10---------| G|--------9--7--6-|--9--7--6--7--6-------|-----------------------------------| D|----------------|-----------------9--7-|-----------------------------------| A|----------------|----------------------|-----------------------------------| E|----------------|----------------------|-----------------------------------| e|--9--10--12--14--15--17--18-|--9--10--12-14-15--18--19--18--16--18--16--15-| B|----------------------------|----------------------------------------------| G|----------------------------|----------------------------------------------| D|----------------------------|----------------------------------------------| A|----------------------------|----------------------------------------------| E|----------------------------|----------------------------------------------| e|-----------------------------| BI--9--7--6--7--6--------------| G|-----------------8--6--------| D|-----------------------------| A|-----------------------------| E|-----------------------------| e|-------------------------|----------------------|--------------------------| B|-----------------7-------|---10-----7-----------|------------------7--9h10-| G|-----------7--9-----7--9-|-------9-----7--------|------------7--9----------| D|----7--11----------------|----------------11--9-|--9--11--9----------------| A|-------------------------|----------------------|--------------------------| E|-------------------------|----------------------|--------------------------| e|----------------|----------------------| B|--9--7----------|----------------------| G|--------9--7--6-|--9--7--6--7--6-------| D|----------------|-----------------9--7-| A|----------------|----------------------| E|----------------|----------------------|

Well the temporal lobes of the brain, just behind the ears, act as the music center. For musicians, who had begun their training before the age of 7, they actually increased the size of their brains -- specifically the corpus callosum -the trunk line which connects the brains right and left hemispheres. This neural path increase may also explain why the better musicians are not only technically adept (the left brains partiality to cognition), but can play with emotion (the right brains forte). Even more striking is the fact that mental imagery or

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c 2012 NSP Natural Sciences Publishing Cor.

Some couette ows of a Maxwell uid with wall slip condition

Dumitru Vieru1,2 and Azhar Ali Zafar2
1 2

Department of Theoratical Mechanics, Technical University of Iasi, Romania Abdus Salam School of Mathematical Sciences, GC University, Lahore, Pakistann

Received: Jul 8, 2011; Revised Oct. 4, 2011; Accepted Oct. 6, 2011 Published online: 1 January 2012

Abstract: Couette ows of a Maxwell uid produced by the motion of a at plate are analyzed under the slip condition at boundaries. The bottom plate is assumed to be translated in its plane with a given velocity. The ow of the uid is studied in the assumption that the relative velocity between the uid at the wall and the wall is proportional to the shear rate at the wall. Exact expressions for velocity and shear stress are determined by means of a Laplace transform. The velocity elds corresponding to both slip and non slip conditions for Maxwell and Newtonian uids are obtained. Two particular cases, namely translation with constant velocity and sinusoidal oscillations of the bottom plate, are studied. Results for Maxwell uids are compared with those of Newtonian uids in both cases with slip and non slip conditions. Some properties of the ow are also presented. Keywords: Maxwell uid, couette ows, wall slip condition.

1. Introduction

of this type of uids. The Maxwell model has been the subject of study for many researchers. The rst exact solution of Stokes rst problem, also known as Rayleighs probSince 1867 J.C.Maxwell (1831-1879) observed that some uids, such as air, exhibit both viscous and elastic behaviours. lem, for Maxwell uids was given by Tanner [5]. Other solutions of Stokes rst problem for Maxwell uids, toThe constitutive relation, in modern notations, proposed gether some interesting properties, have been obtained by by Maxwell for these uids is given by [1-3] Jordan et al [6], Jordan and Puri [7] and, for Oldroyd B uid, by Christov [8]. The unsteady Couette ow of a Maxwell S + (S LS SLT ) = A, (1) uid between two innite parallel plates was studied by Denn and Porteous [9] while, for second grade dipolar where S is the extra stress tensor, L is the velocity gradiuids, by Jordan [10] and Jordan and Puri [11]. Interestent, A = L+LT is the rst Rivlin-Erickson tensor, ( 0) ing subjects and solutions regarding the Couette or Stokes and (> 0) are the relaxation time and dynamic viscosows of non-Newtonian uids can be found in reference ity, respectively, and the superposed dot indicates the ma[12-15]. In aforementioned papers the assumption that a terial time derivative. Maxwell uids also can be considliquid adheres to the solid boundary, so called nonslip boundered as a special case of a Jeffreys-Oldroyd B uid, which ary condition, was considered fullled. The nonslip boundcontain both relaxation and retardation time coefcients ary condition is one of the basic principles in which the [1]. Maxwells constitutive relation can be recovered from mechanics of the linearly viscous uids was built. Many that corresponding to Jeffreys-Oldroyd B uids by setting experiments are in favour of the nonslip boundary condithe retardation time to be zero. The uids described by tion for a large class of ows. An interesting discussion (1) are referred to as viscoelastic uids of Maxwell type, regarding the acceptance of the nonslip condition can be or simply Maxwell uids. Several uids, such as glycfound in [16]. Even if the nonslip condition has proved erin, crude oils or some polymeric solutions, behave as to be successful for a great variety of ows, it has been Maxwell uids. The reference [4] contains more examples

Corresponding author: e-mail: dumitru vieru@yahoo.com

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Dumitru Vieru et al : Some couette ows of a Maxwell uid with wall slip condition

found to be inadequate in several situations, such as problems involving multiple interfaces, ows in micro channels or in wavy tubes, ows of polymeric liquids or ows of rared uids. Many years ago, Navier [17] proposed a slip boundary condition wherein the relative velocity (the slip velocity) depended linearly on the shear stress. A large number of models have been proposed for describing the slip that occurs at solid boundaries. Many of them can be found in the reference [18]. One of the early studies of the slip at the boundary was under taken by Monney [19]. Recently, several papers regarding ows of Newtonian or non-Newtonian uids with slip at the boundary have been published. Khalid and Vafai [20] were studied the effect of the slip condition on Stokes and Coutte ows due to an oscillating wall; Vieru and Rauf [21] analyzed Stokes ows of a Maxwell uid with wall slip condition; the Coutte ow of a third grade uid with rotating frame and slip condition was studied by Abelman et al [22]. Many interesting and useful results regarding solutions for ows of non-Newtonian uids with slip effects are in references [23-25]. In this study, Couette ows of a Maxwell uid produced by the motion of a at plate are analyzed under the assumption of the slip boundary conditions between the plates and the uid. The motion of the bottom plate is a rectilinear translation in its plane with velocity uw (t) = Uo f (t) , while the upper plate is at rest. Exact expressions for velocity and shear stress are determined by means of a Laplace transform for Maxwell and Newtonian uids. Expressions of the relative velocity are determined, and the solutions corresponding to ows with nonslip at the boundary are also presented. Two particular cases, namely the translation of the bottom plate with a constant velocity and sinusoidal oscillations are studied. In each case, the expression of the velocity is written as a sum between the permanent solution and the transient solution. For large values of time t the transient solution tends to zero and the uid ows according to the permanent solution. Some relevant properties of the velocity and comparisons between solutions with slip and nonslip at the boundaries are presented.

the function f (.) exists. In the case of parallel ow along the x axis, the velocity vector is v = (u(y, t), 0, 0) while the constitutive relation and the governing equation are given by [7, 8, 21] + u = , (y, t) (0, h) (0, ), t y u = , (y, t) (0, h) (0, ), t y (2)

(3)

where (y, t) = Sxy (y, t) is one of the nonzero component of the extra stress tensor and is the constant density of the uid. In this paper, we consider the existence of slip at the walls and assume that the relative velocity between the velocity of the uid at the wall and wall is proportional to the shear rate at the wall [20,21]. The boundary conditions due to wall slip as well as the initial conditions are u(0, t) u(0, t) = Uo f (t), t > 0, y u(h, t) =0 y , t > 0, (4)

u(h, t) +

(5)

u(y, 0) = 0, u(y,0) = 0, t (y, 0) = 0, y [0, h],

(6)

where is the slip coefcient. We introduce the following non-dimensionalization:

y t t = T , y = h , u = = T , = h u Uo ,

(hUo /T ) ,

(7)

T > 0 being a characteristic time. Equations (2-6), in nondimensional form are (dropping the * notation) + 1 u = , y (0, 1) (0, ) t R y (8)

2 u u 1 2u + = , y (0, 1) (0, ) t2 t R y 2 u(0, t) = g(t), t > 0 y u(1, t) =0 y , t>0

(9)

2. Problem formulation and solution

Consider an innite solid plane wall situated in the (x,z)plane of Cartesian coordinate system with the positive y axis in the upward direction. The second innite solid plane wall occupies the plane y = h > 0. Let an incompressible, homogeneous Maxwell uid ll the slab y (0, h). Initially, the uid and plates are at rest. At the moment t = 0+ , the uid is set in motion by the bottom plate, which begins to translate along the xaxis with the velocity uw (t) = Uo f (t), where Uo > 0 is a constant and f (t) is a piecewise continuous function dened on [0, ) and f (0) = 0. Also, we suppose that the Laplace transform of

u(0, t)

(10)

u(1, t) +

(11)

u(y, 0) = 0, u(y,0) = 0, t (y, 0) = 0, y [0, 1]

h where R = T is the Reynolds number, = matic viscosity, g(t) is given by f (T t ).
2

(12)

is the kine-

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2.1. Velocity eld

By applying the temporal Laplace transform, L{.} [26], to Eqs. (9)-(11) and using the initial conditions (12)1,2 we obtain the following set of equations: 2 u(y, q) R(q 2 + q)(y, q) = 0 u y 2 u(0, q) u(0, q) = G(q) = L{q(t)} y u(1, q) u(1, q) + =0 y (13) (14) (15)

composed functions (see (A1) and (A2) from the Appendix A), we obtain g1 (y, t) = L where h(s, t) = L1 {esw(q) } = 2k+1 (s)k t s2t = 2 e 4 z J2 (2 zt)dz (k+1)!(2k+1)!
k=0 0 1

{G1 (y, q)} =

0

f1 (y, s)h(s, t)ds

(24)

(25)

and J () is the Bessel function of rst kind and order . Replacing (22) and (25) into (24) we nd that g1 (y, t) =
pn 2 s t s2t [ An (y)e R ][ 2 e 4

where q is the Laplace transform parameter and u(y, q) = L{u(y, t)}. The solution of differential equation (13) with the boundary conditions (14) and (15) is given by u(y, q) = G(q)G1 (y, q) where G1 (y, q) = =
sh[(1y) Rw(q)]+

(16)

[1+ 2 Rw(q)]sh[

Rw(q)ch[(1y)

Rw(q)]+2

Rw(q)ch[

Rw(q)]

(17)

Rw(q)]

0 n=1 2k+1 (s)k z J2 (2 zt)dz]ds (k+1)!(2k+1)! k=0 0 t t 2 = 2e An (y) n=1 2k+1 ()k z J2 (2 zt)dz (k+1)!(2k+1)! k=0 0 k ( pn 2 1 )s R 4

(26)

and 1 2 1 w(q) = (q + q) = [(q + ) ( )2 ]. (18) 2 2 In order to determine the inverse Laplace transform of function G1 (y, q) , we consider the auxiliary function sh[(1 y) Rq] + Rqch[(1 y) Rq] F1 (y, q) = (19) (1 + 2 Rq)sh( Rq) + 2 Rqch( Rq)
2

s e
t

ds =

0 t = 2 e 2

n=1

An (y)
()k (k+1) z 2k+1 (k+1)!(2k+1)! bn k+1 dz,

J2 (2 zt) k=0
2

1 n where bn = pR 4 > 0 and is the Gamma function. By using (A3) from the Appendix A we obtain a new expression of the function g1 (y, t) , namely 2t t 1 2 z g1 (y, t) = e 2 An (y) sin ( )J2 (2 zt)dz.(27) z 2 bn n=1 0

Observing that the singular points of F1 (y, q) are simple poles located at pn 2 , n = 1, 2, ... R where pn = 0 are the real roots of the equation qn = tan(pn ) = 2 pn 2 2pn , 1 (20)

(21)

Now, using the properties of the Bessel functions [27] we can show that An (y) t bn 1 2 g1 (y, t) = L [G1 (y, q)] = e sin(t )(28) bn n=1 Finally, we obtain: a. The velocity eld corresponding to the ow of a Maxwell uid with slip at the boundary is given by g(t s)g1 (y, s)ds = (29) An (y) t s n = g(t s)e 2 sin(s b )ds b
0 n=1
n

we invert function F1 (y, q) by using the residue theorem to evaluate the Laplace inversion integral [26]. Such that, after simplifying, we obtain f1 (y, t) = L1 {F1 (y, q)} = = where An (y) = =
sin(1y)pn +pn cos(1y)pn R (+1)R sin pn 2pn (1+2 2 pn 2 ) cos pn 2pn sin(ypn )+pn cos(ypn ) . R (1+2)+ 2 pn 2 n=1 n=1
n An (y) exp( pR t) 2

Res[F1 (y, q)eqt , qn ] =

(22) uM s (y, t) = (g g1 )(t) =

= (23)

. b. For the ow of a Maxwell uid with a nonslip boundary condition, that is = 0 , the function An (y) given by Eq. (23) becomes A1n (y) = 2n sin(ny), n = 1, 2, ..... R (30)

By comparing (17) and (19) we observe that G1 (y, q) = F1 [y, w(q)] and, using the inverse Laplace transform for

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Dumitru Vieru et al : Some couette ows of a Maxwell uid with wall slip condition

and the velocity eld has the expression uM (y, t) =

2 R n=1 n sin(ny) Rn

2.2. Shear Stress

In order to determine the shear stress (y, t) we use Eqs. (8),(16) and (28). Applying the Laplace transform to Eq. (8) with the initial condition (12)3, we obtain (y, q) = 1 G(q)G3 (y, q) R 1 G1 (y, q) . q + 1/ y (39)

t n s g(t s)e 2 sin(s c )ds,

0 n R
2 2

(31)

where cn = > 0. c. The solution in the transform domain corresponding to the ow of a viscous uid with slip at the wall, that is for = 0 and = 0 , is given by
1 4

where G3 (y, q) = (40)

u(y, t) = G(q)F1 (y, q) and the (y, t)-domain solution is UN s (y, t) =

n=1

(32)

The inverse Laplace transform of function G3 (y, q) is g3 (y, t) = =

n=1

t
0

ts

g1 (y,s) ds y

t
0

g(t s)f1 (y, s)ds ==

n s) exp( pR 2

An (y)

t
0

(33) s)ds,

Bn (y) t e bn

t
0

e 2

= n sin(s b )ds

(41)

g(t

where Bn (y) = =
dAn (y) = dy 2pn 2 cos(ypn )pn sin(ypn ) . R (1+2) 2 pn 2

where An (y)is given by Eq. (23). For f (t) = sin(t) or f (t) = cos(t), the velocity eld given by Eq.(33) was determined in equivalent forms by Khalid and Vafai [20]. d. For ows of viscous Newtonian uids with a nonslip boundary condition, that is = 0 and = 0, the transform domain solution is uN (y, q) = G(q)G2 (y, q) , where sh[(1 y) Rq] G2 (y, q) = sh[ Rq] , and the (y, t)-domain solution is given by n2 2 2 uN (y, t) = n sin(ny) g(t s)e R s ds.(36) R n=1
t 0

(42)

Eq.(41) can be written in the simple form

t Bn (y) 2e 2 g3 (y, t) = bn 1+4bn n=1 (43) t n n [2 bn e 2 + sin(t b ) 2 bn cos(t b )]

(34)

The (y, t)-domain solution for the shear stress is given by 1 1 (y, t) = (g g3 )(t) = R R t g(t s)g3 (y, s)ds.(44)
0

(35)

3. Some particular cases of the motion of the plate

In this section we consider two functions corresponding to the motion of the bottom plate, namely f (t) = H(t) and f (t) = sin(t) , with > 0 being a constant. We 1 choose the characteristic time T = , for the dimensionless variables and functions given by Eq.(7), and obtain g(t) = H(t) and g(t) = sin t , respectively.

The relative velocity between the uid at the bottom wall and wall itself for Maxwell uids is uM rel (t) = uM s (0+ , t) g(t) = pn 2 = 2 R bn { 2 pn 2 +(1+2)} n=1 t s n g(t s)e 2 sin(s b )ds g(t)
0

(37)

and for a viscous Newtonian uid is given by uN rel (t) = uN s (0+ , t) g(t) = pn 2 = 2 R 2 pn 2 +(1+2) g(t s)e
0

3.1. Solution for the translation of the bottom plate with a constant velocity
The motion of the bottom plate is given by the function g(t) = H(t) and the velocity u(y, t) is obtained from Eqs. (29), (31), (33) and (36) with g(t s) = 1 . The velocity elds corresponding to this type of the motion have the following expressions:

n=1

(38)

n pR s

ds g(t).

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Uo = 0.6m/s, = 0.14m. The Reynolds number corresponding to aforementioned values is R = 3.4962934, An (y) uM s (y, t) = H(t){4 2 the dimensionless slip coefcient is = 0.7 and the di1+4bn bn (1+4bn ) n=1 ,(45) n=1 mensionless relaxation time is = 0.44. Also, we use the bn bn following abbreviations for dimensionless velocities:uM s , [sin(t ) + 2 bn cos(t )]} the velocity for Maxwell uid with slip at the wall; uM , the which, by using (A4) from the Appendix A, can be written velocity for Maxwell uid with nonslip at the wall; uN s , in the simpler form the velocity for Newtonian uid with slip at the wall; uN , sin(ypn )+pn cos(ypn ) the velocity for Newtonian uid with nonslip at the wall. In t uM s (y, t) = H(t){ 1+y e 2 Fig. 1 we show the dimensionless velocity, u(y, t), versus t 1+2 pn (1+2+ 2 pn 2 ) n=1 (46) for y {0.05, 0.25, 0.85} . For comparison, we have plot1 n n [2 cos(t b ) + b sin(t b )]}. ted the functions corresponding to Maxwell and Newton nian uids with both slip and nonslip boundary conditions. For large values of the time t the velocity eld given by For a xed value of the spatial variable y, the velocity corEq. (46) tends to the stationary solution responding to a Maxwell uid with slip at the boundary is zero for a short time, after that, is increasing and tends 1+y ust s (y, t) = (47) M towards the stationary solution ust s given by Eq. (47). M 1 + 2 The velocity corresponding to Maxwell uid with nonslip + and for t 0 uM s (y, t) tends to zero. Maxwell uids condition has a non uniform variation at the beginning of with nonslip at the boundary: the motion after that approaches to the stationary solution ust (y, t) = 1 y. For Newtonian uids, the velocity sin(ny) M t 2 uM (y, t) = H(t){1 y e is larger in the case of a nonslip than in the case of slip at n (48) n=1 n the boundary near the bottom plate. For large values of the 1 n [2 cos(t c ) + c sin(t c )]}. n time t they tend to the stationary solutions usts = ust s N M , respectively ust = ust . Fig. 2 shows the diagrams of N M b. Newtonian uids with slip at the boundary: velocity u(y, t) corresponding to Maxwell and Newtonian uN s (y, t) = H(t){ 1+y uids for both slip and non slip conditions. The velocity 1+2 sin(ypn )+pn cos(ypn ) pn 2 t was plotted versus y for t {0.5, 1.5, 2.5} . For small val(49) 2 e R }. pn (1+2+ 2 pn 2 ) ues of time t the Newtonian uid with slip at the wall is n=1 slower than the Maxwell uid with slip condition near the c. Newtonian uids with nonslip at the boundary: lower plate and faster near upper plate. For increasing t the Newtonian uid with slip condition is slower than the sin(ny) n2 2 Maxwell uid throughout domain of ow. In Fig.3 we have uN (y, t) = H(t){1 y 2 e R t . (50) n plotted the relative velocity corresponding to Maxwell and n=1 Newtonian uids versus t for two values of the dimensionThe relative velocity is given by less slip coefcient . In absolute value, the relative ve locity decreases with increasing values of and atten out uM rel (t) = H(t){ 1+2 for large values of time t. t pn e 2 (51) pn (1+2+ 2 pn 2 ) n=1 1 n n [2 cos(t b ) + b sin(t b )]}, a. Maxwell uids with slip at the boundary:
t An (y)e 2 n

for the Maxwell uid, respectively,

uN rel (t) = H(t)[ 1+2 2 n pn pR t 2 ], 2p 2) e pn (1+2+ n n=1

3.2. Solution for the sinusoidal oscillations of the bottom plate

(52)

for Newtonian uids. By using the illustrations generated with the software Mathcad, we discuss some relevant physical aspects of the ow. Also, the roots pn , n = 1, 2, .... , of Eq.(21) are determined by means of the software root (f (x), x, a, b) from Mathcad. For the dimensionless slip coefcient, {0.4, 0.7} the roots pn are presented in the uM s (y, t) = Q1 (y) sin t + Q2 (y) cos t+ Table 1 from the Appendix A. In the gures, we use = / t n 3 m2 kg/ 3 corre+e 2 [Q3n (y) cos(t b )+ 9.1525510 , = 0.55s , = 1.050 m s n=1 sponding to Maxwell uid 1%P M M A in DEM (Poly(methyln +Q4n (y) sin(t b )], metha crylate) in diethyl malonate) [4], and h = 0.2m,

In this section we consider for the motion of the bottom plate the function g(t) = sin t. The velocity elds corresponding to this type of motion are given by Eqs. (29), (31), (33) and (36) in which g(t s) is replaced by sin(t s). a. Integrating by parts into Eq. (29), this yields after some simplications, the velocity eld corresponding to the ow of a Maxwell uid with slip at the wall

(53)

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Dumitru Vieru et al : Some couette ows of a Maxwell uid with wall slip condition

Figure 1 Plot of u(y, t) versus t for both cases with slip and nonslip condition, Fig (b) Plot of u(y, t) versus y for both cases with slip and nonslip condition.

Figure 2 Plot of u(y, t) versus y for both cases with slip and nonslip condition.

where Q1 (y) = 2
n=1

pn (pn 2 R) (pn 2 R) + R2 Rpn

2 2

Qn (y),

(54)

sin(ypn ) + pn cos(ypn ) , (58) 1 + 2 + 2 pn 2 The velocity eld given by Eq. (53) is the sum between the permanent solution Qn (y) = uM sp (y, t) = Q1 (y) sin t + Q2 (y) cos t (59) and the transient solution uM st (y, t) = uM s (y, t)uM sp (y, t) which can be neglected for large values of the time t. By using the residue theorem to evaluate the inverse Laplace transform of function u(y, q) given by Eq. (16), with G(q) = L{sin t} = q21 , we obtain for the permanent solution +1 uM sp (y, t) an equivalent expression, namely
1 uM sp (y, t) = M [M1 P1 (y) + M2 P2 (y)] sin t+ 1 + M [M1 P2 (y) + M2 P1 (y)] cos t,

Q2 (y) = 2 Q3n (y) =

n=1

(pn 2 R) + R2 2pn R
2

Qn (y),

(55) (56) (57)

(pn 2 R) + R2

Qn (y),

pn R 2(pn 2 R) Q4n (y) = Qn (y), bn (pn 2 R)2 + R2

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(60)

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where

P3 (y) = {sh[1 R(1 y)] cos[2 R(1 y)]sh(1 cos(2 R)+ R) + ch[1 R(1 y)] sin[2 R(1 y)] 1 ch(1 R) sin(2 R)} sh2 ( R)+sin2 ( R) ,
1 2

(68)

P4 (y) = {ch[1 R(1 y)] sin[2 R(1 y)] sh(1 cos(2 R)+ R) + sh[1 R(1 y)] cos[2 R(1 y)] 1 ch(1 R) sin(2 R)} sh2 ( R)+sin2 ( R) .
1 2

(69)

c. The velocity eld corresponding to the ows of Newtonian uids with slip at the wall has expression
Figure 3 Plot of the relative velocity versus t for Maxwell and Newtonian uids.
p3 Qn (y) n p4 +R2 n=1 n Rpn Qn (y) Rpn Qn (y) p2 t n R , 2 cos t +2 4 +R2 pn p4 +R2 e n n=1 n=1

uN s (y, t) = 2 sin t

(70)

where

M1 = [(1 2 R)sh(1 R) + 21 Rch(1 cos(2 R) 2 Rch(1 [ R)+ +22 Rsh(1 R)] sin(2 R) M2 = [(1 2 R)ch(1 R)+ +21 Rsh(1 R)] sin(2 R)+ +[ 2 Rsh(1 R) + 22 Rch(1 R)] cos(2 R),

where Qn (y) is given by Eq. (58). The permanent solution corresponding to this type of ows can be written in R)] the equivalent form ,(61) 1 UN sp (y, t) = D [D1 E1 (y) + D2 E2 (y)] sin t+ (71) 1 + D [D1 E2 (y) D2 E1 (y)] cos t, where (62) D1 = sh( R ) cos( R ) 2 Rch( R ) sin( R )+ 2 2 2 2 ,(72) + 2R[ch( R ) cos( R ) sh( R ) sin( R )] 2 2 2 2 D2 = ch( R ) sin( R ) + 2 Rsh( R ) cos( R )+ 2 2 2 2 ,(73) R R R + 2R[sh( 2 ) sin( 2 ) + ch( 2 ) cos( R )] 2 D = D1 2 + D2 2 , E1 (y) = sh[ R (1 y)] cos[ R (1 y)]+ 2 2 R R + 2 {ch[ 2 (1 y)] cos[ R (1 y)] 2 sh[ R (1 y)] sin[ R (1 y)]}, 2 2 E2 (y) = ch[ R (1 y)] sin[ R (1 y)]+ 2 2 R R + 2 {sh[ 2 (1 y)] sin[ R (1 y)]+ 2 R + ch[ 2 (1 y)] cos[ R (1 y)]}. 2 (74)

M = M1 2 + M2 2 , (63) P1 (y) = sh[1 R(1 y)]{cos[2 R(1 y)] (64) 2 R sin[2 R(1 y)]}+ + 1 Rch[1 R(1 y)] cos[2 R(1 y)], P2 (y) ch[1 R(1 y)]{sin[2 R(1 y)]+ = (65) +2 R cos[ R(1 y)]}+ 2 +1 Rsh[1 R(1 y)] sin[2 R(1 y)], and 1,2 = ( 2 + 1 )/2 . b. The velocity eld corresponding to Maxwell uids with nonslip at the boundary is given by uM (y, t) = 2 sin t 2 cos t
n=1 (n)(n2 2 R) sin(ny) (n2 2 R)2 +R2

(75)

(76)

+ +

R(n) sin(ny) + (n2 2 R)2 +R2 n=1 n R(n) sin(ny) t 2e 2 { cos(t c )+ (n2 2 R)2 +R2 n=1 n (n)[R2(n2 2 R)] sin(ny) sin(t c )}. cn [(n2 2 R)2 +R2 ]

(66)

d. The Couette ow of a Newtonian uid with nonslip boundary condition is characterized by the velocity eld uN (y, t) = 2 sin t
(n)3 sin(ny) (n)4 +R2

The permanent solution corresponding to this type of the motion, can be written in the equivalent form uM p (y, t) = P3 (y) sin t + P4 (y) cos t, (67)

n=1 R(n) sin(ny) 2 cos t + (n)4 +R2 n=1 2 2 R(n) sin(ny) n t +2 e R . (n)4 +R2 n=1

(77)

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Dumitru Vieru et al : Some couette ows of a Maxwell uid with wall slip condition

The permanent solution corresponding to the expression (77) can be written in the following form uN p (y, t) = = 2 R sin t 2 R sh ( 2 )+sin ( 2 ) {sh( R ) cos( R )sh[ R (1 y)] cos[ R (1 y)]+ 2 2 2 2 R R R + ch( 2 ) sin( 2 )ch[ 2 (1 y)] sin[ R (1 y)]}+ (78) 2 + 2 R cos t 2 R 2 sh ( )+sin ( 2 ) {sh( R ) cos( R )ch[ R (1 y)] sin[ R (1 y)] 2 2 2 2 R R R ch( 2 ) sin( 2 )sh[ 2 (1 y)] cos[ R (1 y)]}. 2 Some important properties of ow due to sinusoidal oscillations of the bottom plate are presented using illustrations from Figs. 4-6.

Figure 5 Plot of the u(y, t) versus y for both cases with slip and nonslip condition.

Figure 4 Plot of the u(y, t) versus t for both cases with slip and nonslip condition. Figure 6 Plot of the relative velocity versus t for Maxwell and Newtonian uids.

In Fig. 4 we plotted the velocity u(y, t) and the permanent solutions corresponding to Maxwell and Newtonian uids with both slip and non slip boundary conditions. These functions were presented versus t for y {0.05, 0.25, 0.85} and, it is evident that the difference between the velocity u(y, t) and the permanent velocity is signicant only for small values of the time . We see that in the considered case, after the moment t = 4 for Maxwell uid with slip at the wall, respectively t = 6 for the Maxwell uid with non slip condition the transient velocities ut s (y, t) = uM s (y, t) uM sp (y, t), ut (y, t) = M M uM (y, t)uM p (y, t) can be neglected. For Newtonian uids t = 6 in the case of the ow with slip at the wall and t = 4 in the case of nonslip at the wall. After these

moments, the uids ow according to the permanent solution. Fig. 5 contains diagrams of velocity u(y, t), versus y for six different values of time, t. The curves corresponding to the slip and nonslip boundary conditions, for Maxwell and Newtonian uids were considered. At the small values of time the Maxwell uid has not a monotonous ow. After the value t = 1 , the absolute values of the velocity corresponding to both types of Maxwell uids increase for increasing y. The absolute values of the velocity corresponding to both cases of Newtonian uids increase for increasing y and for all values of the time t . In Fig.

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37

pn

= 0.4 1.8615134 4.2127514 6.9717948 9.9185957 12.9478517 16.0176262 19.1097267 22.2152756 25.3295014 28.449632 31.5739545 34.7013567 37.8310854 40.9626254 44.0955657 47.2296565 50.3646768 53.5004611 56.636892 59.7738602

= 0.7 1.513246 3.8518918 6.7031418 9.7167336 12.7888567 15.887318 18.9996515 22.1201338 25.2457934 28.3749412 31.5065484 34.6399135 37.7747121 40.9105149 44.04714 47.184424 50.3222441 53.4605064 56.5991374 59.7380791

6 we have plotted the relative velocity corresponding to Maxwell and Newtonian uids versus t for two values of the dimensionless slip coefcient . The relative velocity, in absolute terms, is an increasing function of .

4. Conclusion

Couette ows of a Maxwell Fluid were analyzed under slip conditions between the uid and walls. The motion of the bottom plate was assumed to be a rectilinear translation in its plane while, the upper plate is at rest. Two particular cases, namely translation with constant velocity and sinusoidal oscillations of the bottom plate, were considered. The relative velocity between the uid at the wall and the wall was assumed to be proportional to the shear rate at the wall. The exact expressions for the velocity u(y, t) and shear stress, have been determined by means of Laplace transform. For a complete study and for comparisons, we presented velocity elds corresponding to both ows (with slip and nonslip conditions) for Maxwell and Newtonian uids. The expressions of the relative velocity have also been determined. If the bottom plate translates with the constant velocity then the velocity elds corresponding to the four types of the ows were written as sums between the stationary solutions and transient solutions. For large values of the time t the transient solutions can be neglected and the uid ows according to the stationary solutions. For Maxwell uids the velocity is zero a short period after the staring of the motion. After this period the values of the velocity increase for increasing time t and tend to the values of the stationary solutions. For Newtonian uids the velocities are increasing functions of t. The velocity corresponding to the ow with slip condition is smaller than the velocity for the ow with non slip condition for both types of uids (see Fig. 1 and 2). The relative velocity, in absolute value, is a decreasing function of the slip coefcient (see Fig. 3). For sinusoidal oscillations of the plate the expressions of the velocities corresponding to the four types of ows were written as the sums between the permanent solutions and transient solutions. In each case two equivalent forms of the permanent solution were presented. The difference between the velocity u(y, t) and the permanent solution is signicant only for the small values of the time t (see Fig. 4).For large values of the time t the uids ow according to the permanent solutions. The velocity eld u(y, t) versus y, in absolute terms, is a decreasing function (see Fig. 5), and the relative velocity, in absolute terms is an increasing function of the slip coefcient . The software Mathcad 14.0 was used for numerical calculations and to generate the diagrams presented herein and the roots of Eq. (21) (See Table 1 from Appendix A).

p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p6 p7 p8 p9 p1 0 p1 1 p1 2 p1 3 p1 4 p1 5 p1 6 p1 7 p1 8 p1 9 p2 0

5. Appendix A
A1 . L1 {F (q)} = f (t), L1 {F [w(q)]} = = f (x)g(x, t)dx, g(x, t) = L1 {exw(q) } A2 . L1 {q b eab } = b(n+1) an =1 x Jo (2 xt)dx, b > 0 b (n+1)! [b(n+1)] n=0 0 ()k z 2k+1 2 4 z A3 . = z [1 cos(z b )] = z sin2 ( 2b ) (k+1)(2k+1)!bn k+1 n A4 . 4
k=0
n

k=0

An (y) 1+4bn

=2

n=1 1+y 1+2

sin(pn y)+pn cos(pn y) pn (1+2+ 2 pn 2 )

Table 1. Roots of Eq. (21)

Acknowledgement
The authors acknowledge the nancial support ....., project No. ...... The author is grateful to the anonymous referee for a careful checking of the details and for helpful comments that improved this paper.

References
[1] R.B.Bird, et al., Dynamics of Polymeric Liquids: vol 1, Fluid Mechanics, (Wiley, New York, 1987). [2] G.Bohme, Non- Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, (NorthHolland, New York, 1987). [3] D.D. Joseph, Fluid Dynamics of Visco elastic liquids, (Springer, New York, 1990).

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Dumitru Vieru et al : Some couette ows of a Maxwell uid with wall slip condition

[4] O. Riccius, D.D. Joseph, M. Arney, Shear-Wave speeds and elastic moduli for different liquids. Part. 3. Experimentsupdate. Rheol. Acta 26 (1987) 96-99. [5] R.I. Tanner, Note on the Rayleigh problem for a viscoelastic uid, Z. Angew. Math. Phys. 13 (1962) 573-580. [6] P.M. Jordan, Ashok Puri, G. Boros, On a new exact solution to Stokes rst problem for Maxwell uids, Int. J. Nonlinear Mech.,39(2004)1371-1377. [7] P.M. Jordan, A. Puri, Revisiting Stokes rst problem for Maxwell uids, Q.J.Mech..Appl. Math. 58(2)(2005)213227. [8] I.C. Christov, Stokes rst problem for some non-Newtonian uids: Results and Mistakes, Mech. Res. Commun. 37(2010) 717-723. [9] M.M. Denn, K.C. Porteous, Elastic effects in ow of viscoelastic liquids, Chem. Eng. J. 2(1971) 280-286. [10] P.M.Jordan, A note on start-up, plane Couette ow involving second- grade uids, Math. Prob. Eng. 5 (2005), 539-545. [11] P.M. Jordan, P.Puri, Exact solutions for the unsteady plane Coutte ow of a dipolar uid, Proc. Roy. Soc. London Ser. A 458 (2002) No. 2021, 1245-1272. [12] Zhang Jin Xue, Jun Xiang Ni, Exact solutions of Stokes rst problem for heated generalized Burgers uid via porous half-space, Non-linear Analysis: Real World Appl., 9(4) (2008) 1628-1637. [13] H.A. Attia, Unsteady hydro magnetic Couette ow of dusty uid with temperature dependent viscosity and thermal conductivity under exponential decaying pressure gradient, Comm. Non-Lin. Sci. Num. Simul. 13(6) (2008) 1077-1088. [14] S. Asghar, T. Hayat, P. D. Ariel, Unsteady Couette ows in a second grade uid with variable material properties, Comm. Non-Lin. Sci. Num. Simul. 14(1) (2009) 154- 159. [15] M. Danish, DS. Kumar, Exact analytical solutions for the Poiseuille and Couette- Poiseuille ow of third grade uid between parallel plates, Comm. Non-Lin. Sci. Num. Simul. 17(3), (2012) 1089-1097. [16] M.A. Day, The non-slip boundary condition in uid mechanics, Erkenntnis 33,(1990) 285-296. [17] C.L.M.H. Navier, Sur les lois du movement des uids. Mem. Acad. R. Sa: Inst. Fr. 6.(1827) 389-440. [18] I.J.Rao, K.Rajagopal, The effect of the slip boundary condition on the ow of uids in a channel, Acta Mech. 135 (1999) 113-126. [19] M.Mooney , Explicit formula for slip and uidity, J. Rheol. 2(1931) 210-222. [20] A.R.A. Khaled, K. Vafai, The effect of the slip condition on Stokes and Couette ows due to an oscillating wall: exact solutions, Int. J. Non-Lin. Mech. 39(2004) 795-809. [21] D. Vieru, A. Rauf, Stokes ows of a Maxwell uid with wall slip condition, Can. J. Phys. 89(2011) 1-12. [22] S.Abelman, E. Momoniat, T. Hayat, Non-Linear Analysis: Real World Appl. 10(6)(2009) 3329-3334. [23] L. Zhenga, Y. Liu, X. Zhang, Slip effects on MHD ow of a generalized Oldroyd B uid with fractional derivative, NonLin. Anal.: Real World Appl. 12(2) (2012) 513-523. [24] R.Ellahi, T. Hayat, F.M. Mahomed, S. Asghar, Effects of slip on the non-linear ows of a third grade uid, Non-Lin. Anal.: Real World Appl. 11(1)(2010) 139-146. [25] T.Hayat, M. Khan, M. Ayub, The effect of the slip condition on ows of an Oldroyd 6-constant uid, J. Comp. Appl. Math. 202(2007) 402-413.

[26] H.S. Carslaw, J.C. Jaeger, Operational methods in Applied Mathematics, (2nd edition, Dover, New York 1963). [27] G.N.Watson, A treatise on the theory of Bessel functions, (Cambridge University Press, 1995).

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First Author is a leading world-known gure in mathematics and is presently employed as HEC Foreign Professor at CIIT, Islamabad. She obtained her PhD from Wales University (UK). She has been awarded by the President of Pakistan: Presidents Award for pride of performance on August 14, 2010. She introduced a new technique, now called as Noor Integral Operator which proved to be an innovation in the eld of geometric function theory and has brought new dimensions in the realm of research in this area. She is an active researcher coupled with the vast (40 years) teaching experience in various countries of the world in diversied environments. She has been personally instrumental in establishing PhD/ MS programs at CIIT. She has been an invited speaker of number of conferences and has published more than 340 (Three hundred and forty ) research articles in reputed international journals of mathematical and engineering sciences. Second Author is a leading world-known gure in mathematics and is presently employed as HEC Foreign Professor at CIIT, Islamabad. She obtained her PhD from Wales University (UK). She has been awarded by the President of Pakistan: Presidents Award for pride of performance on August 14, 2010. She introduced a new technique, now called as Noor Integral Operator which proved to be an innovation in the eld of geometric function theory and has brought new dimensions in the realm of research in this area. She is an active researcher coupled with the vast (40 years) teaching experience in various countries of the world in diversied environments. She has been personally instrumental in establishing PhD/ MS programs at CIIT. She has been an invited speaker of number of conferences and has published more than 340 (Three hundred and forty ) research articles in reputed international journals of mathematical and engineering sciences.

c 2012 NSP Natural Sciences Publishing Cor.

mental rehearsals can activate the same regions of the brain as actual practice, and similarly affect the synapses! The numerous references to proportion and ratio in music and mathematics deserve a bit more consideration. In a survey, infants were found to smile when music was played, which consisted of perfect fourths and perfect fifths -- i.e. chords or sequences which are separated by either five half steps (as between C and F) or seven half steps (as between C and G), respectively. Babies, however, did not like tritones, where two notes were separated by six half steps (e.g. C and F sharp). Its hard for anyone to say what music looks like, but a new mathematical approach sees classical music as cone-shaped and jazz as pyramid-like. The connections between math and music are many, from the unproven Mozart effect to the music of the spheres -the ancient belief that proportions in the movements of the planets could be viewed as a form of music. Now scientists have created a mathematical system for understanding music. Clifton Callender of Florida State University, Ian Quinn of Yale University and Dmitri Tymoczko of Princeton University have presented their "geometrical music theory". The team designed a geometrical technique for mapping out music in coordinate space. For music made of chords containing two notes, all musical possibilities take the shape of a Mobius strip, which basically looks like a twisted rubber band. It is found that the shape of possibilities using three-note chords is a three-dimensional cone, where types of chords, such as major chords and minor chords, are unique points on the cone. The space of four-note chords is what mathematicians would call a "cone over the real projective plane," which resembles a pyramid in our 3-D universe. Any piece of music can be mapped in these spaces. You can use these geometrical spaces to provide ways of visualizing musical pieces, These spaces gives a much better and comprehensive picture of the space of all possible chords. It's probably no coincidence that math and music are so deeply linked, when music doesn't have words, it doesn't necessarily resemble anything in the real world. Traditionally, paintings always looked like things; poetry and literature were talking about things. But music is coming closer to pure truth. The new techniques reveal fascinating differences between rock and classical music, and even between Paul McCartney and John Lennon. One of the really exciting things about this research is that it allows seeing commonalities among a much wider range of musicians. By looking at the mathematical essence behind the work of various musicians and musical styles, the scientists can better understand how they relate to one another. Over the course of the 18th and 19th centurys people start exploring a wider variety of geometrical spaces. There's a general push toward increasing complexity and sophistication. They move from the three-dimensional cone to the four-dimensional space. While analyzing the math behind music can provide many insights. There is no way that geometry is going to help you become a great composer. Understanding the geometry will help to become a mediocre composer much more quickly, but composing is an artistic achievement. There's no royal road to becoming a great musician. Mathematics is not taking the mystery away from music.

This is an image of the space of three-note chordtypes,the orange spheres represent the major and minor chords.

The space of two-note chords, as it is embedded in the infinite-dimensional space containing chords with any number of notes. The two-note chords form a Mobius strip.