1. Scope 1.1 This method covers the following tests: 1.1.

1 Impact test at the center of both flatware and hollow ware and the rim of hollowware, and 1.1.2 Chipping test at the rim of flatware. Specimens may be either glazed or un glazed. Note 1The impact test at the centre of the specimen is used to determine (1) the magnitude of a blow that will produce initial fracture, and (2)the amount of energy necessary to produce complete failure. In the first case, the initial fracture shows on the side of the piece opposite from that being struck and appears to be a function of the square of the thickness and of the inherent brittleness of the body or body-glaze combination; it is relatively independent of the size or design of the specimen. The second factor is more dependent upon design and often is subject to wide variation within a given group of pieces. Note 2 The impact test at the rim of hollow ware is similar to a chipping test, and the type of failure that is obtained is useful kin evaluating the effect of the shape of the object. Note 3- In addition of the inherent strength of the body, chipping test results are greatly affected by contour of rim and to a lesser extent by thickness of rim, inclination of leaf, and fit of glaze. 1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI (metric) units given in parentheses are for information purposes only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. it is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. Significance and Use 2.1 The purpose of this test method is to predict product resistance to impact breakage in service. 3. Apparatus 3.1 Impact Tester, Pendulum Type- The impact test apparatus (Figs. 1 and 2)2 shall consist of a device having the following essential features: 3.1.1 A steel tup of specified size and of hardness Rockwell C55, 3.1.2 Support of a tup by a V-suspension , 3.1.3 Provision for a means of release from fixed heights so as to give reproducible results, independent of the operator, and 3.1.4 Provision for holding the test specimen in place by spring clamps against rigid metal supports. 3.2 Micrometer- For measuring thickness of test specimens, a micrometer caliper that can be read to 0.001in (0.03mm) shall be used. 4.Test specimens 4.1 Specimens shall be selected so as to be representative of the lot being sampled . In general, impact tests shall be based on a minimum of ten specimens and chipping tests on at least five specimens. Specimens shall be inspected for soundness and obvious physical defect before testing. 5.Procedure for Impact Testing of Flatware 5.1 Mount the cylindrical tube shown in Fig.2(Note 4) on the backstop,C,Fig.1, and set at a height such that the three ball bearings mounted in the end of the cylindrical tube are in contact and symmetrical with the central portion of the specimen, which shall be stood on edge on the base plate. The specimen may be tested with either the face or the back toward the hammer : in general, a lower failure value is obtained when the face is struck. Adjust the backstop so that the spherical surface of the tup, D, just touches the surface of the specimen when the tup is hanging free (vertically). Tighten the two wing nuts at the base of the backstop. 5.2 Adjust the positioning arms ,F, held in retracted position by means of their cotter keys so that the forward edges of the sleeve and of the clamp coincide. Adjust the clamps on the posts to grip the specimen at the same height that the pendulum will strike it; that is,

halfway up. Adjust the arms so that the rubber- covered surface at right angles to its rod will contact the rim of the samples; remove the cotter keys permit the positioning arms to hold the specimen against the cylindrical tube. Adjust the pendulum support bar, B, and lock it in position by means of the hand wheels, A, so that the tup strikes the center of the specimen. 5.3 With the preliminary adjustments completed, subject the specimen to a schedule of impacts staring at 0.02ft.lbf (0.027J) and increasing in increment of 0.01ft.lbf (0.014 J) until initial fracture, and in increments of 0.02ftlbf thereafter to failure. Note 5-The tests may be performed rapidly by grasping the portion of the releasing device that lies below the dial segment from beneath with the tip of the middle finger of the right hand and moving it back to the correct notch for the next blow immediately after the tup has been released. Catch the pendulum on the rebound with the left hand, reseat the tip of the tup into the jaws of the releasing clamp controlled by the thumb of the right hand, and repeat the above sequence of operations until failure of the specimen occurs. 6.Procedure for Impact Testing of Hollow Ware at center. 6.1 Follow the same procedure as described for flatware in Section 5, except remove the cylindrical tube (Fig. 2) and the two triangular castings, G, forming the V to permit the rim of the specimen to be in contact with the surface of the backstop. strike specimens at the center of the back, and allow the positioning arms to contact the specimen at the foot rather than at the rim. 7. Procedure for Impact Testing of Hollow Ware at Rim 7.1 Place the test specimen in the apparatus so that it rests in the V formed by the two triangular prisms bolted to the backstop and is held by means of the angle clamp, E, resting lightly on the rim and by the two positioning arms adjusted so that their lines of pressure are exerted radially and also so that they exert no appreciable downward pressure on the rim. With rups, the handle should be kept out of contact with the apparatus. Adjust the backstop so that the eventual point of contact on the rim is inn he same vertical plane as the spherical striking surface of the tup; tighten the wing nuts. 7.2 Adjust the height of the pendulum support bar so that the contact between the rim of the specimen and the end of the tup is at the center of the spherical surface of the tup. 7.3 With the preliminary adjustments completed, subject the specimen to a series of impacts starting at 0.02ft.lllbf (0.027 J) and increasing in increments of 0.01ft.lbf (0.014 J). A straight crack or a symmetrical bow crack will ordinarily result if this test is performed properly. 8. Procedure for chipping Test3 8.1 Place the test specimen in the apparatus as described in 7.1 except use the cylindrical end of the tup as the striking surface and move the sleeves of the positioning arms forward in their clamps so that the back edges of each sleeve and its clamp coincide. 8.2 Adjust the pendulum support bar and lock it in position by means of the hand wheels so that the center of the tup surface contacts the edge of the specimen. 8.2.1 Repeatedly strike rolled-edge specimens on the edge with the cylindrical end of the hammer with blows of increasing force until failure occurs, beginning with an initial blow of 0.10ft.lbf (0.136 J)and increasing the force of each succeeding blow in the increments of 0.02ft.lbf (0.027J). 8.2.2 Test plain-edge specimens as described in 8.2.1 expect that the initial blow shall be 0.02ft.lbf (0.027J)with an increment of 0.01ft.lbf (0.014 J). 9.Calculation 9.1 Calculate the strength factor for flatware tested for impact, as follows: S=12I/t2 where : S = strength factor, psi; I = average impact to produce initial fracture ,ft.lbf; and T = average thickness of specimens at point of impact, in. 10. Report 10.1Report the following information:

10.1.1 Designation of the material tested, including information on type, shape, and whether glazed or unglazed, 10.1.2 Method of selection of specimens, 10.1.3 Identification of type of apparatus used, and 10.1.4 Data sheet showing: 10.1.4.1 Form and essential dimensions of are representative test specimen, 10.1.4.2 Test schedule used, that is, initial impact energy and subsequent increments, 10.1.4.3 Individual and average impact energies to produce initial fracture, 10.1.4.4 Thickness of specimens at points of impact and an average thereof, 10.1.4.5 For flatware strength factor calculate from average impact energies and thicknesses of specimens (Section 9), 10.1.4.6 Individual and average impact energies to produce failure and descriptions of type of failure, 10.1.4.7 Chipping failure values and type of chip from each location of each specimen and average of all failure values, and 10.1.4.8 Representative rim thickness. 10.2 The report may also include: 10.2.1 Brief statement of observed differences, if any, among specimens of unusual characteristics. 10.2.2 Inspectors opinion as to whether ware has passed or failed in respective tests. 11. Precision and Bias 11.1 No justifiable statements can be made either on the precision or bias of this test method since the test result merely states whether there is conformance to the criteria for acceptance specified in the test method. 12. Keywords 12.1 ceramic tableware; impact resistance. Standard Test Method for Liner Thermal Expansion of Porcelain Enamel and Glaze Frits and Fired Ceramic Whiteware Products by the Dilatometer Method1 1. Scope 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the linear thermal expansion of pre melted frit (porcelain enamel and glaze) and ceramic whiteware products by the thermal dilatometer method. This test method is applicable to apparatus meeting the reproducibility and accuracy requirements of this test method, which are to produce percent linear expansion accuracy of 3% or better and coefficient of linear expansion accuracy of 5% or better. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standard: E220 Method for calibration of Thermocouples by comparison Techniques2 E228 Test Method for Liner Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials with a Vitreous Silica Dilatometer3 E230 Temperature-Electromotive Force (EMF)Tables for Standardized Thermocouples2 E691 Practice for Conducting an Inter laboratory Study to determine the Precision of a Test Method3 3. Terminology 3.1 Definitions: 3.1.1 Mean coefficient of linear thermal expansion from temperature T1 to temperature T2 (T1< T2): ,mm/mm.0C or in./in.0C=

3.1 Stirring Device A Mechanical stirrer with a three bladed propeller 2 in. (51 mm) in diameter and having a speed of approximately 1700 rpm, or the equivalent shall be provided. 3.2 Sieves The sieves shall confirms to specification E 11 and shall include the No. 100 (150-m), No. 140 (106-m), No. 200 (75-m) and No. 325 (45-m) sieves (Note 1). The wire cloth for these sieves shall be oven (not Twilled) and shall be mounted in circular metal frames 8 in. (203mm) in diameter, which shall be so constructed as to permit nesting of two or more sieves. A pan and cover should be provided. Note 1 Equivalent sieves from other standard series, such as Tyler series, may also be used. If results are to be compared with those obtained with sieves from the ASTM series, it is important that the openings of the sieves used fall within the tolerance specified in Specification E11 for the corresponding ASTM Sieves. 4. Sampling 4.1 The sample shall be obtained in accordance with practice C 322. 4.2 The sample as received shall be placed in a drying oven at 100 to 110oC for a period of not less than 5 h prior to testing. 5. Procedure 5.1 Transfer duplicate portions, of approximately 250 g of the dried clay sample, weight to the nearest 0.1 g to containers at least of 2-L Capacity. Wet the clay with 1 L of water and allow to slake for two h. If a free flowing slurry is not produce by this treatment, add another 500 mL of water. 5.2 To ensure complete separation of clay from non plastic impurities, agitate the slurry by means of a mechanical stirrer (3.1). Continue the stirring between 5 and 10 min. 5.3 Transfer the slack and stirrer sample, without loss, to the finest sieve to be employed in the test, and wash by means of a small jet of water from a 1/4 in. (6.4-mm) soft rubber hose attached to a water supply having a pressure not excess of that of an ordinary city main. The force of the jet may be controlled by compressing the end of the hose between the thumb and forefinger. Take care to avoid loss of sample from splashing. Continue washing until water passing through the sieve shows only shows only traces of sample. Should lumpy material remain on the screen, return the residue to the stirrer container by

careful washing with a gentle jet of water, and agitate in approximately 1 L of water for 10 min. then wash the slurry as previously describe. 5.4 wash the residue remaining on the finest sieve in to the pan. Thoroughly wet the remaining sieves to be used in the test with clear water, and nest them in the proper sequence on the finest sieve. Wash the residue in the pan quantitatively on to the top sieve, and give the stack a luminary washing. 5.5 Nest the top sieve on the pan, which shall contain about in. (12.7 mm) of clear water. Wash the residue by holding the pan and sieve firmly in the hands, and by a side wise movement, causing water to splash up through the sieve and into the residue. This movement, coupled with interspersed circular motions, allows through washing. Wash the residue and water remaining in the pan on to the top sieve of the stack. 5.6 Again fill the pan with the proper amount of water, nest the top sieve and its residue on the pan, and repeat the operation. Continue this until the finest sieve has been washed. Carefully blot each sieve on its under side with a soft damp sponge and place the sieve either in a drying oven at 100 to 110oC or under infrared lamps until thoroughly dry . An approximately 2 h. is required with a drying oven, but only 30 min with an infrared lamp set 12 in. (305 mm) above the sieve. 5.7 Nest the dried residues and sieves in the proper order, with due care to prevent dusting of the residues. Close the stack of sieves with a dry pan and cover, and tap the assembly lightly for 1 min. on a table top. 5.8 Separate the nested sieves and carefully brush the residue from each onto a weighing paper. Weight the residue to the nearest 0.001 g on an analytical balance. 6. Calculation and Report 6.1 Calculate the sieve analysis for test sample on the dry weight basis, and report the results to the nearest 0.01% of the material retained on each sieve. Report the percentage passing the finest sieve as the difference between 100% and the sum of the percentage retained on the various sieves. 7. Precision and Bias 7.1 The true value of the particle size can be defined only in terms of a test method. Within this limitation, this test method has no known bias. 8. Keywords 8.1 clay; sieve analysis; wet sieve

The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility. This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of a responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known as the ASTM Committee on standards, at the address shown below. This standard is copy righted by ASTM International, 100 Bar Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtain by contacting ASTM at the above address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax),or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website (www.astm.org).