Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
En
Abstract
multipath fad
problems in pr
channel and th
the receiver. T
due to differe
channel and
algorithms for
of Additive W
are explored
particular, Le
equalizers are
compensate fo
of equalizers in
we have combi
Combing Dive
combining tec
interference an
approaches h
performance.
Key Words
The radio c
multipath fad
interference in
interference fr
diversity algor
can be param
characterized
amplitudes sho
of terminals w
large number
(OFDM) symb
estimating and
the wireless c
attenuation, an
of OFDM is t
function of ch
amplitude and
from the ava
removes the
subsequent sy
OFDM is a
can accommo
based wireles
integral part
MIMO-OFDM
divides the av
but orthogon
ER Perf
nvironm
The wireless co
ding characteri
roper reception
he type of fadin
he channel esti
ent types of in
in equipmen
digital commu
hite Gaussion n
and their p
east square Er
e used to prov
r Inter-Symbol
n variable in m
ined Equal Gai
ersity technique
chniques is a
nd Inter-symbo
have resulted
OFDM, Equa
I. INTRO
channels in m
ing channels,
n the received
from the signa
rithm can be u
meterized as
by a delay
ow fast tempor
while the dela
of orthogonal
bols. A possib
d tracking the
channel cause
nd phase shift
to mitigate the
hannel estimati
d phase shift
ailable pilot
effect of the
mbol demodul
special case of
date high data
ss systems. S
of OFDM s
M systems pro
vailable spectru
nal narrowban
C
forman
ment Usi
Deepmala
ommunication
istics and ther
n. Therefore the
ng is most impo
mation has bec
nterference pr
nts. In this
unications syste
noise and Mult
performance is
rror equalizer
vide the optim
l error. As the
multipath fading
in combining a
es, and find th
able to fight
l interference p
in big impro
alizer, Diversity
ODUCTION
obile radio sy
which are cau
signal. To rem
al, much kind
used. The wire
a combination
and complex
ral variations d
ays are almos
frequency divi
ble approach is
delay [1].it is
es an arbitrary
in the receive
e effect of tim
ion is to form
caused by th
information.
e wireless cha
lation.
f multicarrier t
a rate requirem
ince channel
ystems. As a
mises higher d
um into a numb
nd sub chann
Copyright 20
nce Imp
ing Com
Te
a Singh Parih
is impaired by
refore creates
e knowledge of
ortant in design
come very vast f
resent in wirel
thesis, estima
ems in the prese
tipath environm
s investigated.
and Zero for
mum solution
BER performa
g channel there
and Maximal R
hat Maximal R
with Co-Chan
problem. The ab
ovement in B
y, QAM.
ystems are usu
using intersym
move intersym
of equalizers
less radio chan
n of paths, e
x amplitude.
due to the mobi
t constant ove
ision multiplex
s that of explic
s well known
y time dispers
ed signal. The
me dispersion.
an estimate of
e wireless can
The equaliza
annel and all
transmission an
ment of multime
estimation is
a combination
data rates. OFD
ber of overlapp
nels, and he
Internationa
012 IJECCE, A
roveme
mbined
echniqu
har
y the
the
f the
ning
field
lesss
ation
ence
ment
In
cing
and
ance
efore
Ratio
Ratio
nnel
bove
BER
ually
mbol
mbol
and
nnel
each
The
ility
er a
xing
citly
that
sion,
use
The
f the
nnel
ation
ows
nd it
edia
an
n of
DM
ping
ence
conver
selectiv
(
OFD
Transfo
subcarr
commu
capabil
with re
bandw
examp
hiperla
OFDM
subject
OFD
Modul
in the c
Multip
other in
FDM.
indepen
multipl
Fig. 2.
PN s
al Journal of Elec
All right reserv
ent in M
Equaliz
ues
Prof. Ra
rts a frequency
ve channel [2].
(ORTHOGON
M
DM is a mult
form/ Fast Fou
riers. OFDM i
unications syst
lity with high b
egard to mult
idth is divide
le 2000-8000
an2 and data is
M method is so
t to multipath t
DM is a combin
ation means a
carrier phase, f
lexing means
ndependent da
In OFDM
ndent channel
lexed to create
. Block diagram
sequence and a
ctronics Commun
V
ved
Multipat
zer and
avi Mohan
y selective chan
.
II. OFDM
NAL FREQUE
MULTIPLEXI
ticarrier system
urier Transfor
is becoming w
tems due to it
bandwidth effi
ipath fading a
ed into very m
hz for digit
s transmitted in
popular for ne
transmission.
Fig. 1.
nation of modu
mapping of th
frequency or am
a method of s
ata channels. O
the signal it
ls, modulated
the OFDM ca
m of an OFDM
a guard bit inse
nication and Com
olume 3, Issue 2,
th Fadin
d Divers
nnel into a non
M
ENCY DIVIS
ING)
m uses Discre
rm and s
widely applied
ts high rate tr
iciency and its
and delay [4].
many narrow
tal TV and
n parallel on th
ew broadband s
ulation and mu
e information
mplitude or co
sharing a band
OFDM is a spec
tself is first
d by data and
arrier.
M system using
ertion FFT is w
161
mputer Engineerin
, ISSN 2249 071
ng
sity
n frequency
SION
ete Fourier
spectra for
in wireless
ransmission
robustness
. Available
bands for
48 hz for
hese bands.
systems are
ultiplexing.
on changes
ombination.
dwidth with
cial case of
split into
d then re-
FFT, pilot
written as
ng
1X
162
AM
(t) = m
1
(t)cos
c
t + m
2
(t)sin
c
(t) .. (4)
Both modulated signals occupy the same band. Yet two
baseband signals can be separated at the receiver by
synchronous detection using two local carriers in phase
quadrature.
x
1
(t) = 2
AM
(t)cos
c
(t)
x
1
(t) = 2|m
1
(t)cos
c
t + m
2
(t)sin
c
(t)]cos
c
(t)
... (5)
x
1
(t) = m
1
(t) - m
1
(t)cos2
c
t + m
2
(t)sin2
c
(t)
... (6)
. (11)
163
The Combiner output is given by
y(t) = w
M-1
=0
(t) .....(12)
The SNR of the combined signal is
I =
A
i
2
L
b
M-1
i=0
N
0
. (13)
5.2 Equal-Gain Combining Diversity (EGC)
Various techniques are known to combine the signals
from multiple diversity branches. In Equal Gain
Combining,[10] each signal branch weighted with the same
factor, irrespective of the signal amplitude. However, co-
phasing of all signals is needed to avoid signal cancellation.
In figure 5 each branch signal is rotated by c
-]0
i
, all branch
signals are then added.
The Combiner output is given by
y(t) = c
-]0
i
r
(t)
M-1
=0
. (14)
The SNR of the combined signal is
=
( A
i
M-1
i=0
)
2
L
b
MN
0
..... (15)
VI. RESULTS
If we set the simulation environment for the OFDM based
wireless modulation, then we get the variable performance
for equalizers as well as for diversity techniques.
The following results have been obtained with the
considered combinations.
Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
10
-0.15
10
-0.13
10
-0.11
10
-0.09
10
-0.07
10
-0.05
10
-0.03
SNR in dB
B
i
t
E
r
r
o
r
R
a
t
e
o
f
E
G
C
BER with 'LS', 'MRC', 'ZF', 'EGC' with 512 Subchannels, 32 QAM and 1000 iterations
LS
MRC
ZF
EGC
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
10
-0.13
10
-0.11
10
-0.09
10
-0.07
10
-0.05
10
-0.03
SNR in dB
B
i
t
E
r
r
o
r
R
a
t
e
o
f
E
G
C
BER with 'LS', 'MRC', 'ZF', 'EGC' with 256 Subchannels, 32 QAM and 1000 Iterations
LS
MRC
ZF
EGC
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
10
-0.16
10
-0.14
10
-0.12
10
-0.1
10
-0.08
10
-0.06
10
-0.04
10
-0.02
SNR in dB
B
i
t
E
r
r
o
r
R
a
t
e
o
f
E
G
C
BER with 'LS', 'MRC', 'ZF', 'EGC' with 1024 subchannels, 32 QAM and 3000 iterations
LS
MRC
ZF
EGC
164
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 8.
VII. CONCLUSION
In this paper we have considered the maximum number
equals 3000. We have also considered varying number of
subchannels. The wireless communication without the
channel estimation results in high errors. Therefore
channel estimation is important to know the parameters of
the channel and also to get the knowledge of affecting
parameters. Without the channel estimation we can not
find the proper knowledge of the channel and
impairments.
If we look at the simulation result with 1024
subchannels and 1000 iterations, we find that the BER
curve is becoming linear and therefore with high number
of subcarriers and with 1000 iterations we get more better
results compared to 256 and 512 subchannel conditions.
Figure no.7, shows the effect of the
different equalizers and diversity techniques with the
2000 iterations and 1024 subchannels. Here we find the
results in the range of 0.1 to 0.001. But not a good
difference is seen here.
One thing is clear here that with lower order QAM
modulation techniques results are not much comparative,
but results in bunching like the optimum performers.
Only the change between performances can be seen with
lower number of subcarriers and with 1000 iterations.
Therefore we conclude with this assumption that with
more number of iterations and with the higher number of
subchannels results can be improved but at the cast of high
simulation time. Finally with 1000 iterations we have
better performance of used algorithms and MRC is very
much able to show expected results and with less
complexity in achieving the better BER performance.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude
to my advisor Prof. Ravi Mohan for the continuous
support of my M.Tech study and research, for his patience,
motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. His
guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing
of this thesis. I could not have imagined having a better
advisor and mentor for my M.Tech study.
Besides my advisor, I would like to thank Prof. L. D.
Malviya for their encouragement, insightful comments,
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
10
-0.04
10
-0.03
10
-0.02
SNR in dB
B
i
t
E
r
r
o
r
R
a
t
e
o
f
E
G
C
BER with 'LS', 'MRC', 'ZF', 'EGC' with 64 subchannels, 32QAM and 1000 iterations
LS
MRC
ZF
EGC
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 30
10
-0.38
10
-0.36
10
-0.34
10
-0.32
10
-0.3
10
-0.28
10
-0.26
10
-0.24
SNR in dB
B
i
t
E
r
r
o
r
R
a
t
e
o
f
E
G
C
BER with 'LS', 'MRC', 'ZF', 'EGC' with 64 Subchannels, 4 QAM, and 3000 iterations
LS
MRC
ZF
EGC
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
10
-0.38
10
-0.36
10
-0.34
10
-0.32
10
-0.3
10
-0.28
10
-0.26
10
-0.24
SNR in dB
B
i
t
E
r
r
o
r
R
a
t
e
o
f
E
G
C
BER with 'LS', 'MRC', 'ZF', 'EGC' with 64 subchannels, 4 QAM and 1000 iterations
LS
MRC
ZF
EGC
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
SNR in dB
B
i
t
E
r
r
o
r
R
a
t
e
o
f
E
G
C
BER with 'LS', 'MRC', 'ZF', 'EGC' with 1024 Subchannels, 4 QAM and 2000 iterations
LS
MRC
ZF
EGC
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
SNR in dB
B
i
t
E
r
r
o
r
R
a
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e
o
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BER with 'LS', 'MRC', 'ZF', 'EGC' with 256 Subchannels, 4 QAM and 3000 iterations
LS
MRC
ZF
EGC
and hard q
thank my
spiritually
[1] B. Y
for O
param
Vol.
[2] Y.LI
wirel
chann
sept.
[3] Yush
syste
[4] www
[5] B. P
syste
[6] Theo
and p
[7] John
5th e
[8] Hafe
wirel
techn
[9] A. S
maxi
comb
interf
1463
[10] Y. So
for E
Rayl
pp. 8
AUTHOR
questions. Last
y family & m
throughout my
RE
Yang.K.B. Letaief,
OFDM transmissio
metric channel m
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, J.H. Wintess, an
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hi Shen and Ed M
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odore S. Rappapo
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RS PROFILE
Deepma
DOB - 3
rd
O
I have com
communica
of technol
Master of
Technology
C
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my friends f
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, ISSN 2249 071
ng
1X