1

1. ABSTRACT

The 180 hybrid ring couplers (also called rat race couplers) are four-port devices used
to either equally split an input signal or to sum two combined signals. An additional benefit of
the hybrid ring is to alternately provide equally-split but 180 degree phase-shifted output signals.
The center conductor ring is 1 wavelengths in circumference (or six wavelengths) and each
port is separated by 90. This configuration creates a lossless device with low VSWR, excellent
phase & amplitude balance, high output isolation and match output impedances. The low loss,
airline construction also makes the device a perfect choice for combining high power mixed
signals.
A 180 Ring Hybrid (Rat-Race Coupler) is a four-port network with 180 phase
difference between two ports. It is cheaper to manufacture this type of microstrip line component
compared to a wave guide 180 hybrid junction, so called magic-T. The objective of this model
is to compute the S-parameters and to observe the matching, isolation, and coupling around the
operating frequency. A 50 ohm ring coupler structure is proposed for the arbitrary power
division ratios. The proposed coupler consists only of 50 ohm transmission lines with the simple
ring structure. The electrical lengths of the 50 ohm branches are adjusted to obtaining any
desired values of the power division ratio without changing the impedance. A very wide range of
power division ratios can be obtained easily with the simple 50 ohm line based ring structure.





Fig.(1) 3db Hybrid Ring Coupler
2

2.MICROWAVE RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION
(MRDC)


Supplier of microwaves, power dividers, antennas, transreceiver system etc.

Fact Sheet



Year of Establishment : 2006
Nature of Business : Wholesaler
Number of Employees : Upto 10 People
Turnover : Upto US$ 0.25 Million (or upto Rs. 1 Crore Approx.)



Table1.1 Fact Sheet


Few microwave components designed by MRDC:

Parallel Coupled Line Coupler


Fig. (2.1) Parallel Coupled Line Coupler

1.Available in S and X bends.
2. Can be manufactured as per required specifications.
3. 15 dB coupling.
4. Tested and certified by IIT Kharagpur.





3


Ring Resonator


Fig.(2.2) Ring Resonator

1.Available in S& X band.
2. Ideal for industry and engineering colleges.
3. Passes max. power at resonance frequency.

Dipole Antenna

Fig.(2.3) Dipole Antenna

1.Available in S & X bands.
2. Available for industrial and defence sector.
3. Can be manufactured as per requirements.
4. Broadband.
5. Return loss < -10 dB.
6. Tested and certified by IIT Kharagpur.


4

3. HIGH FREQUENCY SYSTEM SIMULATION
SOFTWARE (HFSS)

3.1 INTRODUCTION
HFSS is a general and powerful design enviornment which may be applied in mant
imaginative manners. HFSS and Optimetrics are registered trademarks or trademarks of Ansoft
Corporation. HFSS is a commercial finite element method solver for electromagnetic structures
from Ansys Corporation. The acronym originally stood for high frequency structural simulator. It
is one of several commercial tools used for antenna design, and the design of
complex RF electronic circuit elements including filters, transmission lines, and packaging. It
was originally developed by Professor Zoltan Cendes and his students at Carnegie Mellon
University. Prof. Cendes and his brother Nicholas Csendes founded Ansoft and sold HFSS stand-
alone under a 1989 marketing relationship with Hewlett-Packard, and bundled into Ansoft
products. After various business relationships over the period 1996-2006, H-P (which
became Agilent EEsof EDA division) and Ansoft went their separate ways : Agilent with the
critically acclaimed FEM Element and Ansoft with their HFSS products, respectively. Ansoft
was later acquired by Ansys.

3.2 ANSYS HFSS
ANSYS HFSS software is the industry-standard simulation tool for 3-D full-wave
electromagnetic field simulation and is essential for the design of high-frequency and high-speed
component design. HFSS offers multiple state-of the-art solver technologies based on either the
proven finite element method or the well established integral equation method. You can select
the appropriate solver for the type of simulation you are performing.

Fig.(3.1) Electric field distribution with a far field radiation pattern simulated by the new
finite antenna array capability in HFSS


5


Engineers rely on the accuracy, capacity, and performance of HFSS to design high-speed
components including on-chip embedded passives, IC packages, PCB interconnects and high-
frequency components such as antennas, RF/microwave components and biomedical devices.
With HFSS, engineers can extract scattering matrix parameters (S,Y, Z parameters), visualize 3-
D electromagnetic fields (near- and far-field) and generate ANSYS Full-Wave SPICE models
that link to circuit simulations. Signal integrity engineers use HFSS within established EDA
design flows to evaluate signal quality, including transmission path losses, reflection loss due to
impedance mismatches, parasitic coupling and radiation.

Fig.(3.2) Electric field in a cavity filter simulated by HFSS
Each HFSS solver is based on a powerful, automated solution process where you are only
required to specify geometry, material properties and the desired output. From there HFSS will
automatically generate an appropriate, efficient and accurate mesh for solving the problem using
the selected solution technology. With HFSS the physics defines the mesh; the mesh does not
define the physics.










6

3.3 GETTING STARTED WITH HFSS:-

1. Create the Unit Cell Model

To create the unit cell model:

1.Open a Project and name it AGW.

2. Use Draw>Box to create an arbitrary box, and Edit>Properties as follows:

3. Select the newly created box, and edit the Transparency to 0.86

4. Use Draw>Box to create a second arbitrary box, and Edit>Properties as follows:

Position -0.33645,-0.33645, 0 meter

X Size 0.6729 meter
Y Size 0.6729 meter
Z Size 1.4 meter
X Size 0.6238 meter
Y Size 0.6238 meter
Z Size -1.4 meter




Fig.(3.3) Box after above parameters







7

2. Assign the Floquet Port

To assign the Floquet port:

1. Select the top face of the upper box.

2. Right click, and select Assign>Excitation>Floquet Port from the shortcut menu. The Floquet
wizard appears.

3. For the Lattice Coordinate System, Assign the A Direction and B Direction as shown.

4. Click Next, accepting the Phase Delay defaults, and Next again to the Modes Setup page. The
default mode table specifies a pair of Floquet modes. The default modes both have modal indices
m and n equal to zero and are sometimes called the "specular" modes. In the case at hand, the
specular modes consist of two orthogonally- polarized plane waves propagating normal to the
plane of the array. Specular modes are always an essential part of the Floquet mode set, but
sometimes on the basis of electrical symmetry, one of the two polarizations may be omitted.





Fig.(3.4) Assign the Floquet Port









8

3. Setup the Analysis

To setup this analysis:

1. Right click on Analysis in the Project tree, and select Add Solution Setup. This opens the
Solution Setup dialog.

2. On the General tab, set the Solution frequency to 299.79 Mhz. Set the maximum Number of
Passes to 5, and the maximum Delta S as 0.02.

3. On the Options tab, check the Do Lamda Refinement box, and set the Lambda target Use
Default.

4. Set the Maximum Refinement Per Pass to 30%, the Minimum Number of Passes to 5, and the
Minimum Converged Passes to 2.

5. Select First Order Basis function, and click OK to accept the Setup.

4. Run Analysis and View Results

Use HFSS>Analyze to run the analysis. After completion, right click on the Results icon in the
Project tree, and select Solution Data.


Fig.(3.5) Run Analysis and Results

Once the simulation is complete, the S-matrix elements as a function of scan angle can be
examined in the Matrix Data panel or the Reporter. The first column of the S-matrix consists of
the array element active reflection coefficient and the coupling of the Wave port to the various
Floquet modes.
By viewing the matrix elements for a sampling of scan angles, it will be immediately noted that
the couplings to the TE00 and TE0-1 modes are very small.
9



Fig.(3.6) Results


5. Setup the Analysis

To setup this analysis:

1. Right click on Analysis in the Project tree, and select Add Solution Setup.
This opens the Solution Setup dialog.

2. On the General tab, set the Solution frequency to 299.79
Mhz. Set the Maximum Number of Passes to 5, and the Maximum Delta S as 0.02.

3. On the Options tab, check the Do Lamda Refinement box, and set the Lambda target Use
Default.

4. Set the Maximum Refinement Per Pass to 30%, the Minimum Number of Passes to 5, and the
Minimum Converged Passes to 2.

5. Select First Order Basis function, and click OK to accept the Setup.


10


Fig.(3.7) Set UP Analysis

6. Run Analysis and View Results

Use HFSS>Analyze to run the analysis. After completion, right click on the Results icon in the
Project tree, and select Solution Data.















11

4. PRINTED ANTENNA IN MICROSTRIP CONFIGURATION


Advent of sophisticated printed circuit techniques in recent years have spawned several novel
circuits and antenna configurations in the microwave freq. range. One such technological
advancement has been the development of the microstip patch antennas. They are promising
candidate of metallic patches of conducting material (generally copper) etched on one side of the
dielectric substrate, the other side of the board being the metal ground plane. As the resulting
printed circuit board is very thin, these are also known as paper thin antennas. The simplest
configuration of a microstrip antenna is shown below in figure (01).




Fig.(4.1) Microstrip Patch

While the shape of the patch shown in figure 1 is rectangular, microstrip patch antenna may
assume other shapes such as circular, triangular shapes depending on the application.

4.1 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

Microstrip antennas are suitably shaped discontinuities that are designed to radiate. The
discontinuities represent abrupt changes in the microstrip line geometry e.g. a step change in the
width, an open end and a microstrip bend. Discontinuities alter the electric and magnetic fields
distributions. These results in energy storage and sometimes radiation at the discontinuity. As long
12

as the physical dimensions and the relative dielectric constant of the line remain constant, virtually
no radiation occurs. But the discontinuity introduced by the rapid change in the line width at the
junction between the feed line and patch radiates. The other end of the patch where the metallization
abruptly ends also radiates. When the fields on the microstripline encounter an abrupt change in
width at the input of the patch, electric field spreads out. It creates fringing fields at this edge. After
this transition the patch looks like another transmission line. The field propagates down this line
until the other edge is reached. Here the abrupt ending of the transmission line again creates the
fringing fields as for the open-end discontinuity. The fringing field store energy. The edges appear
as the capacitor to ground since the changes in the electric field are greater than that of the magnetic
field. Because the patch is wider than the microstrip line, the fringing field also radiate, which is
represented by a conductance in shunt with the edge capacitance, which accounts for the power lost
due to radiation. The radiation mechanism and fringing fields are shown in the figure (02).

Fig.(4.2)Radiation mechanism and fringing field of the Microstripline








13

5. DIRECTIONAL COUPLER
Directional couplers are passive devices used in the field of radio technology. They
couple a defined amount of the electromagnetic power in a transmission line to a port enabling
the signal to be used in another circuit. An essential feature of directional couplers is that they
only couple power flowing in one direction. Power entering the output port is not coupled to the
input port.Directional couplers are most frequently constructed from two coupled transmission
lines set close enough together such that energy passing through one is coupled to the other. This
technique is favored at the microwave frequencies the devices are commonly employed with.
However, lumped component devices are also possible at lower frequencies. Also at microwave
frequencies, particularly the higher bands, waveguide designs can be used. Many of these
waveguide couplers correspond to one of the conducting transmission line designs, but there are
also types that are unique to waveguide.
Directional couplers and power dividers have many applications, these include;
providing a signal sample for measurement or monitoring, feedback, combining feeds to and
from antennae, antenna beam forming, providing taps for cable distributed systems such as cable
TV, and separating transmitted and received signals on telephone lines.
5.1 Notation and symbols


Fig.(5.1) Two symbols used for directional couplers

The symbols most often used for directional couplers are shown in figure 6. The symbol
may have marked on it a number in dB: this refers to the coupling factor of the coupler.
Directional couplers have four ports. Port 1 is the input port where power is applied. Port 3 is the
coupled port where a portion of the power applied to port 1 appears. Port 2 is the transmitted port
where the power from port 1 is outputted, less the portion that went to port 3. Directional
couplers are frequently symmetrical so there also exists port 4, the isolated port. A portion of the
power applied to port 2 will be coupled to port 4. However, the device is not normally used in
this mode and port 4 is usually terminated with a matched load (typically 50 ohms). This
termination can be internal to the device and port 4 is not accessible to the user. Effectively, this
results in a 3-port device, hence the utility of the second symbol for directional couplers.

14

Directional couplers are most frequently constructed from two coupled transmission lines set
close enough together such that energy passing through one is coupled to the other. This
technique is favoured at the microwave frequencies the devices are commonly employed with.
Also at microwave frequencies, particularly the higher bands, waveguide designs can be used.
Many of these waveguide couplers correspond to one of the conducting transmission line
designs, but there are also types that are unique to waveguide.
The 4 port s-matrix is given by:-














Fig.(5.2) General Matrix of a Directional Coupler





Which can be further solved and final matrix is given as:













Fig.(5.3) Solved matrix of Directional Coupler


| |
12 13 14
12 23 24
13 23 34
14 24 34
0
0
0
0
S S S
S S S
S
S S S
S S S
(
(
(
=
(
(

| |
12 13
12 24
13 34
24 34
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
S S
S S
S
S S
S S
(
(
(
=
(
(

15

5.2 Parameters

Common properties desired for all directional couplers are wide operational bandwidth,
high directivity, and a good impedance match at all ports when the other ports are terminated in
matched loads. Some of these, and other, general characteristics are discussed below.
[3]


Coupling factor
The coupling factor is defined as:
where P
1
is the input power at port 1 and P
3
is the output power from the coupled port (see figure
7).
The coupling factor represents the primary property of a directional coupler. Coupling factor is a
negative quantity, it cannot exceed 0 dB for a passive device, and in practice does not exceed3
dB since more than this would result in more power output from the coupled port than power
from the transmitted port in effect their roles would be reversed. Although a negative quantity,
the minus sign is frequently dropped (but still implied) in running text and diagrams and a few
authors go so far as to define it as a positive quantity. Coupling is not constant, but varies with
frequency. Directional couplers are specified in terms of the coupling accuracy at the frequency
band center.

Loss


Fig.(5.4) Graph of insertion loss due to coupling
The main line insertion loss from port 1 to port 2 (P
1
P
2
) is:
Insertion loss:

Part of this loss is due to some power going to the coupled port and is called coupling loss and is
given by:
Coupling loss:

16

The insertion loss of an ideal directional coupler will consist entirely of the coupling loss.
In a real directional coupler, however, the insertion loss consists of a combination of coupling
loss, dielectric loss, conductor loss, and VSWR loss. Depending on the frequency range,
coupling loss becomes less significant above 15 dB coupling where the other losses constitute
the majority of the total loss. The theoretical insertion loss (dB) vs coupling (dB) for
a dissipationless coupler is shown in the graph of figure 8 and the table below.

Insertion loss due to coupling
Coupling Insertion loss
Db dB
3 3.00
6 1.25
10 0.458
20 0.0436
30 0.00435

Isolation
Isolation of a directional coupler can be defined as the difference in signal levels in dB
between the input port and the isolated port when the two other ports are terminated by matched
loads, or:
Isolation:
Isolation can also be defined between the two output ports. In this case, one of the output ports is
used as the input; the other is considered the output port while the other two ports (input and
isolated) are terminated by matched loads.
Consequently:
The isolation between the input and the isolated ports may be different from the isolation
between the two output ports

Directivity
Directivity is directly related to isolation. It is defined as:
Directivity:
where: P
3
is the output power from the coupled port and P
4
is the power output from the isolated
port.
The directivity should be as high as possible. The directivity is very high at the design
frequency and is a more sensitive function of frequency because it depends on the cancellation of
two wave components. Waveguide directional couplers will have the best directivity.


17

S-parameters
The S-matrix for an ideal (infinite isolation and perfectly matched) symmetrical
directional coupler is given by,



is the transmission coefficient and,

is the coupling coefficient

In general, and are complex, frequency dependent, numbers. The zeroes on the
matrix main diagonal are a consequence of perfect matching power input to any port is not
reflected back to that same port. The zeroes on the matrix anti diagonal are a consequence of
perfect isolation between the input and isolated port.

For a passive lossless directional coupler, we must in addition have,

Since the power entering the input port must all leave by one of the other two ports.

Insertion loss is related to by;

Coupling factor is related to by;


Non-zero main diagonal entries are related to return loss, and non-zero anti diagonal
entries are related to isolation by similar expressions.

Amplitude balance
This terminology defines the power difference in dB between the two output ports of a 3
dB hybrid. In an ideal hybrid circuit, the difference should be 0 dB. However, in a practical
device the amplitude balance is frequency dependent and departs from the ideal 0 dB difference.

Phase balance
The phase difference between the two output ports of a hybrid coupler should be 0, 90, or 180
depending on the type used. However, like amplitude balance, the phase difference is sensitive to
the input frequency and typically will vary a few degrees.






18

5.3 Transmission line types

Coupled transmission lines


Fig.(5.5) Single section /4 directional coupler

The most common form of directional coupler is a pair of coupled transmission lines.
They can be realised in a number of technologies including coaxial and the planar technologies
(stripline and microstrip). An implementation in stripline is shown in figure 4 of a quarter-
wavelength (/4) directional coupler. The power on the coupled line flows in the opposite
direction to the power on the main line, hence the port arrangement is not the same as shown in
figure 1, but the numbering remains the same. For this reason it is sometimes called a backward
coupler.
The term main line refers to the section between ports 1 and 2 and coupled line to the
section between ports 3 and 4. Since the directional coupler is a linear device. Any port can be
the input, which will result in the directly connected port being the transmitted port, the adjacent
port being the coupled port, and the diagonal port being the isolated port. On some directional
couplers, the main line is designed for high power operation (large connectors), while the
coupled port may use a small SMA connector. The internal load power rating may also limit
operation on the coupled line.
When the coupling is designed to be 3 dB it is called a hybrid coupler.


Fig.(5.6) Hybrid ring coupler in planar format
19

The hybrid ring coupler, also called the rat-race coupler, is a four-port 3 dB directional
coupler consisting of a 3/2 ring of transmission line with four lines at the intervals shown in
figure 12. Power input at port 1 splits and travels both ways round the ring. At ports 2 and 3 the
signal arrives in phase and adds whereas at port 4 it is out of phase and cancels. Ports 2 and 3 are
in phase with each other, hence this is an example of a 0 hybrid. Figure 10 shows a planar
implementation but this design can also be implemented in coax or waveguide.
It is possible to produce a coupler with a coupling factor different from 3 dB by making each /4
section of the ring alternately low and high impedance but for a 3 dB coupler the entire ring is
made of the port impedances for a 50 design the ring would be approximately 70 .

Branch-line coupler


Fig.(5.7) A 3-section branch-line coupler implemented in planar format

The branch-line coupler consists of two parallel transmission lines physically coupled
together with two or more branch lines between them. The branch lines are spaced /4 apart and
represent sections of a multi-section filter design in the same way as the multiple sections of a
coupled line coupler except that here the coupling of each section is controlled with the
impedance of the branch lines. The main and coupled line are of the system impedance. The
more sections there are in the coupler, the higher is the ratio of impedances of the branch lines.
High impedance lines have narrow tracks and this usually limits the design to three sections in
planar formats due to manufacturing limitations. A similar limitation applies for coupling factors
looser than 10 dB; low coupling also requires narrow tracks. Coupled lines are a better choice
when loose coupling is required, but branch-line couplers are good for tight coupling and can be
used for 3 dB hybrids. Branch-line couplers usually do not have such a wide bandwidth as
coupled lines. This style of coupler is good for implementing in high-power, air dielectric, solid
bar formats as the rigid structure is easy to mechanically support.







20

5.4 APPLICATIONS OF DIRECTIONAL COUPLERS

Directional couplers are general purpose tools used in RF and microwave signal routing for
isolating, separating or combining signals. They find use in a variety of measurement
applications:

Power monitoring.

Source leveling.

Isolation of signal sources .

Swept transmission and reflection measurements.

































21

6. HYBRID RING COUPLER


Fig.(6.1) Hybrid ring coupler in planar format

The hybrid ring coupler, also called the rat-race coupler, is a four-port 3 dB directional
coupler consisting of a 3/2 ring of transmission line with four lines at the intervals shown in
figure 12. Power input at port 1 splits and travels both ways round the ring. At ports 2 and 3 the
signal arrives in phase and adds whereas at port 4 it is out of phase and cancels. Ports 2 and 3 are
in phase with each other, hence this is an example of a 0 hybrid. Figure 12 shows a planar
implementation but this design can also be implemented in coax or waveguide. It is possible to
produce a coupler with a coupling factor different from 3 dB by making each /4 section of the
ring alternately low and high impedance but for a 3 dB coupler the entire ring is made of the
port impedances for a 50 design the ring would be approximately 70 .

The S-matrix for this hybrid is given by;

The hybrid ring is not symmetric on its ports; choosing a different port as the input does
not necessarily produce the same results. With port 1 or port 3 as the input the hybrid ring is a 0
hybrid as stated. However using port 2 or port 4 as the input results in a 180 hybrid. This fact
leads to another useful application of the hybrid ring: it can be used to produce sum () and
difference () signals from two input signals as shown in figure 12. With inputs to ports 2 and 3,
the signal appears at port 1 and the signal appears at port 4.












22

6.1 Types
3dB, 90 Hybrid Couplers
A 3 dB, 90 hybrid coupler is a four-port device that is used either to equally split an
input signal with a resultant 90 phase shift between output ports or to combine two signals
while maintaining high isolation between the ports. The basic configuration of a hybrid coupler
is shown in Figure 1 which illustrates two cross-over transmission lines over a length of one-
quarter wavelength, corresponding with the center frequency of operation.

Fig.(6.2) Hybrid Coupler

When power is introduced at the IN port, half the power (3dB) flows to the 0 port and
the other half is coupled (in the opposite direction) to the 90 port. Reflections from mismatches
sent back to the output ports will flow directly to the ISO port or cancel at the input. This is why
hybrids are so widely used to split high power signals in applications where unwanted reflections
could easily damage the driver device.
3 dB, 90 degree hybrids are also known as quadrature hybrids because a signal applied to any
input, will result in two equal amplitude signals that are quadrant (90 apart). It also makes no
difference which port is the input because the relationship at the outputs remains the same as
these devices are electrically and mechanically symmetrical. This configuration ensures a high
degree of isolation between the two output ports and the two input ports without unwanted
interaction between them.


3dB, 180 Hybrid Ring Couplers

180 hybrid ring couplers (also called rat race couplers) are four-port devices used to
either equally split an input signal or to sum two combined signals. An additional benefit of the
hybrid ring is to alternately provide equally-split but 180 degree phase-shifted output signals.
The center conductor ring is 1 wavelengths in circumference (or six wavelengths) and each
port is separated by 90. This configuration creates a lossless device with low VSWR, excellent
phase & amplitude balance, high output isolation and match output impedances. The low loss,
airline construction also makes the device a perfect choice for combining high power mixed
signals.




23

Figure 14 shows all four possible port configurations and the resultant phase relationships at
the outputs of the device. Again, it makes no difference which port is the input because the
device is electrically and mechanically symmetrical.

0 (in-phase) Power Combiner 0 (in-phase) Power Divider


180 Power Combiner 180 Power Divider
(14) Rat race ring coupler



















24

7. 3db 180 DEGREE HYBRID COUPLER

180 hybrid ring couplers (also called rat race couplers) are four-port devices used to
either equally split an input signal or to sum two combined signals. An additional benefit of the
hybrid ring is to alternately provide equally-split but 180 degree phase-shifted output signals.
The center conductor ring is 1 wavelengths in circumference (or six wavelengths) and each
port is separated by 90. This configuration creates a lossless device with low VSWR, excellent
phase & amplitude balance, high output isolation and match output impedances. The low loss,
airline construction also makes the device a perfect choice for combining high power mixed
signals.


Fig.(7.1) 180 degree Hybrid ring coupler






25

7.1 Scattering Matrix


Fig.(7.2) Scattering matrix

Scattering Matrix characterizing the matched hybrid ring is given by

0 -jY
b
/Y
c
0 jY
a
/Y
c


-jY
b
/Y
c
0 -jY
a
/Y
c
0
0 -jY
a
/Y
c
0 -jY
b
/Y
c

jY
a
/Y
c
0 -jY
b
/Y
c
0

(Y
a
/Y
c
)
2
+(Y
b
/Y
c
)
2
=1,

Scattering Matrix of the rat-race hybrid is given by

0 -j/2 0 j/2


-j/2

0 -j/2 0
0 -j/2 0 -j/2
j/2 0 -j/2 0
The rat-race coupler has four ports, each placed one quarter wavelength away from each
other around the top half of the ring. The bottom half of the ring is three quarter wavelengths in
length. The ring has a characteristic impedance of factor compared to port impedance. A
signal input on port 1, will be split between ports 2 and 4, and port 3 will be isolated.
26

The full scattering matrix for an ideal 3dB rat-race is



Fig.(7.3) Arithmetics with rat-race coupler



Fig.(7.4) Frequency Response

The rat-race gives about 32% bandwidth for a phase error of +/-10 degrees from the ideal
180 degree split.


27

8. DESIGNING

Construction
Let us design Ring hybrid coupler as shown in Figure 19.


Fig.(8.1) Constructional details of Ring Hybrid Coupler

Principle of operation
Ring Hybrid junction is a four-port network with a 180 degree phase shift between two
output ports but it can also be operated so that output ports are in phase. The 180 degree ring
hybrid can be constructed in several forms such as planar form or other forms like wave guide
forms.

(8.2) For even-mode excitation



28

Now consider a unity amplitude wave incident at port 4(difference port),as in Figure 20 of
the ring hybrid junction. The two wave components on the ring will arrive in phase at ports and
3, with a net phase difference of 180 degree between these ports. The two wave components will
be 180 degree out of phase at port1.

Steps of designing

Create the Unit Cell Model

1.Open a Project and name it AGW.

2. Use Draw>Box to create an arbitrary box, and Edit>Properties as follows:

3. Select the newly created box, and edit the Transparency to 0.86

4. Use Draw>Box to create a second arbitrary box, and Edit>Properties as follows:

Position -0.33645,-0.33645, 0 meter

X Size 0.6729 meter
Y Size 0.6729 meter
Z Size 1.4 meter
X Size 0.6238 meter
Y Size 0.6238 meter
Z Size -1.4 meter




Fig(8.3) Box after above parameters
29



(8.4) Final result for ring coupler plot


Assign the Floquet Port

1. Select the top face of the upper box.

2. Right click, and select Assign>Excitation>Floquet Port from the shortcut menu. The Floquet
wizard appears.

3. For the Lattice Coordinate System, Assign the A Direction and B Direction as shown.

4. Click Next, accepting the Phase Delay defaults, and Next again to the Modes Setup page. The
default mode table specifies a pair of Floquet modes. The default modes both have modal indices
m and n equal to zero and are sometimes called the "specular" modes. In the case at hand, the
specular modes consist of two orthogonally- polarized plane waves propagating normal to the
plane of the array. Specular modes are always an essential part of the Floquet mode set, but
sometimes on the basis of electrical symmetry, one of the two polarizations may be omitted.
30






Fig.(8.4) Assign the Floquet Port


Setup the Analysis

1. Right click on Analysis in the Project tree, and select Add Solution Setup. This opens the
Solution Setup dialog.

2. On the General tab, set the Solution frequency to 299.79 Mhz. Set the maximum Number of
Passes to 5, and the maximum Delta S as 0.02.

3. On the Options tab, check the Do Lamda Refinement box, and set the Lambda target Use
Default.

4. Set the Maximum Refinement Per Pass to 30%, the Minimum Number of Passes to 5, and the
Minimum Converged Passes to 2.

5. Select First Order Basis function, and click OK to accept the Setup.


Run Analysis and View Results

Use HFSS>Analyze to run the analysis. After completion, right click on the Results icon in the
Project tree, and select Solution Data.
31



Fig.(8.5) Run Analysis and Results

Once the simulation is complete, the S-matrix elements as a function of scan angle can be
examined in the Matrix Data panel or the Reporter. The first column of the S-matrix consists of
the array element active reflection coefficient and the coupling of the Wave port to the various
Floquet modes.
By viewing the matrix elements for a sampling of scan angles, it will be immediately noted that
the couplings to the TE00 and TE0-1 modes are very small.


Fig.(8.6) Results

32


Setup the Analysis

1. Right click on Analysis in the Project tree, and select Add Solution Setup.
This opens the Solution Setup dialog.

2. On the General tab, set the Solution frequency to 299.79
Mhz. Set the Maximum Number of Passes to 5, and the Maximum Delta S as 0.02.

3. On the Options tab, check the Do Lamda Refinement box, and set the Lambda target Use
Default.

4. Set the Maximum Refinement Per Pass to 30%, the Minimum Number of Passes to 5, and the
Minimum Converged Passes to 2.

5. Select First Order Basis function, and click OK to accept the Setup.



Fig.(8.7) Set UP Analysis







33

Run Analysis and View Results

Use HFSS>Analyze to run the analysis. After completion, right click on the Results icon in the
Project tree, and select Solution Data.


Fig.(8.8) Frequency Response






















34

9. HARDWARE RESULTS

Lith film


Fig.(9.1) Hybrid ring Coupler on Lith Film











35

On Double Sided PCB


Fig.(9.2) Hybrid ring coupler on PCB
















36


10. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGE OF MICROSTRIP PATCH
ANTENNA

ADVANTAGES

Structure is planer in configuration and enjoys all the advantages of printed circuit technology.
The feed lines and matching circuits are fabricated simultaneously with the antenna structure.
The solid-state components can be added directly on the microstrip antenna board & hence
such antennas are compatible with modular design.
Small size.
Low weight.
Easy to manufacture on mass scale with low manufacturing cost.
Can also be applied to metallic surface on an aircraft or missile and do not disturb
aerodynamic flow and thus have better aerodynamic properties.
Linear & circular polarizations are possible with simply change in feed position & dual
frequency antennas can be made possible.

DISADVANTAGES

Narrow band with.
Poor end fire radiation performance.
Practical limitations on maximum gain (20 db).
Radiation into a half plain.
Low power handling capability.









37

11. APPLICATIONS

Carriers are often faced with the challenge of adding next generation services while
trying to keep CAPX equipment costs low. An economical solution to this problem is to
combine two transmitters with a hybrid coupler to share one antenna, thus freeing up
another antenna for the overlay. The hybrid coupler provides excellent isolation between
the receivers and group delay is extremely small having no effect on current receiver
calibration or operation.
Hybrid couplers can also be used to split signals from tower top amplifiers to BTS
receivers (remember mismatches on the input side have no effect on the output ports).
For in-Building distribution systems, hybrids are useful in carrying multiple carrier inputs
because the high degree of isolation between the two output ports and the two input ports
without unwanted interaction between carriers .
Whether we are designing a duplexer, combining amplifiers or just need a 90 phase shift
with high isolation to avoid mixing signals, then MECAs 705 series will help you
achieve your objectives. MECAs line of 3 dB, 90 hybrid couplers cover all wireless
band applications from cellular through UMTS (0.800-2.200 GHz) with power levels
to 500 watts. Additionally, your applications will benefit from low insertion loss and
excellent VSWR.
MECA also offers a hybrid ring power divider/combiner series designed to cover wireless
bands from0.810-6.000 GHz with an average RF power handling capacity of 1,000
watts (5 kW peak). All models provide a power split of 3.00 0.35 dB over the specified
frequency range.
Applications of rat-race couplers also include mixers and phase shifters.











38



Fig.(11.1) Ring coupler






39

12. REFERENCES

1. http://tchapsbiz.blogspot.in/2009/05/ring-coupler.html
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_dividers_and_directional_couplers
3. http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/directionalcouplers.cfm
4. http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/Network_theory.cfm
5. http://www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~microwave/programs/magnetic/bcoupler/bcoupler.htm
6. http://www.indiamart.com/microwave-research/
7. http://www.microwaveeng.com/catalog/Antennas.pdf
8. http://www.cnam.umd.edu/anlage/HFSSv10UserGuide.pdf
9. http://www.indiamart.com/microwave-research/#profile
10. Cassivi, Yves; Wu, Ke; Microwave Conference, 2001 , Ppp. 1 - 4 , Magic Tee Junction
Based on Hybrid Architecture of Microstrip Line and Non-Radiative Dielectric Waveguide .
11. Dong Il Kim; Naito, Y.; "Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions, 1982 , pp.
2046, Broad- Band Design of Improved Hybrid-Ring 3-dB Directional Couplers.