Model Exam question It is allowed to use scientific calculator in the exam

Sustainable Energy Utilization Q#1. Sustainable and environmentally friendly technologies can easily replace conventional technologies to cover a part of the energy demand. Describe and discuss the pros and cons of a sustainable technology for a) heating of a residential house b) cooling of a large public building. Thermal comfort and indoor climate Q#1. Discuss the concept of thermal comfort. Treat aspects such as Metabolism, Draught, Clothing. Heating and cooling demand calculation: Q#1. Heating and cooling demand calculations a) Free energy from persons, electrical appliances, and lighting is often assumed constant. Is this true? Discuss which of the above parameters that may vary during the day, and during the year . b) The room temperature is often assumed constant in all rooms of a house. Is this true? Discuss both wanted and unwanted differences in temperature that may occur in a house. c) How can the cooling demand of a building be decreased? Q#2. Calculate how much heating energy the owner of a house can save per day if the temperature is decreased during the night by switching off the heating system at (8 PM). The heating system is turned on again at a certain time of the night to raise the temperature to 20 C at (7 AM). Between 07.00 and 20.00, the temperature in the house is 20 C. The outdoor temperature is -5 C, and the heating system has a heating power of 10 kW. The UA-value for the house is 170 W/K, and the ventilation flow rate is 150 m/h. The specific heat and the density of air can be assumed constant at 1000 J/(kgK) and 1.2 kg/m respectively. The house has a thermal mass (mcp) of 20 MJ/K . Q#3. A house has a total UA-value of 192.5 W/K, a ventilation flow rate (including infiltration) of 279 m/h. The monthly outdoor temperature and the solar heating contribution to the house are given in the table below. The specific heat of air is 1006 J/kgK, and the density is 1.25 kg/m. The house does not have a ventilation heat recovery heat exchanger. Calculate the annual heating demand for the house if the indoor temperature is 22 C .

Q#5. What factors influence the required ventilation flow rate in a public room (i.e. a cinema theater, a classroom etc)? Give examples. Heating and cooling system Q#1. A wall panel heater has a surface area of 1.7 m . The mass flow of water inside the heater is 0.006 kg/s having supply temperature of 80oC and the specific heat and density of water is 4.2 kJ/(kgK) and 1000 kg/m respectively. The heat transfer coefficient on the water side is 1000 W/(mK). The room temperature is 21 C. Neglect the heat resistance in the heater walls and calculate the heat given off from the heater and the return water temperature. Q#2. Calculate the operating point for a pipe system. The flow is driven by a pump described by: Ppump = 0.05 V + 1.5 & , where ppump is given in bar, and V& is given in dm/s. The pipes has a Fit No. of 10, and a length of 17 m. The friction factor in the pipes can be assumed to follow the Blasius equation: f = 0.316 Re1 4 . The sum of all single pressure drops is described by = 12. The fluid in the system is water, the kinematic viscosity is 0.5910-6 m/s, and the density is 989 kg/m . Q#3. A room needs 700 W for its heating. The heater temperature is 50 C and the room temperature is 20 C. Calculate a) the surface area of the heater . b) the flow rate of water used to heat the heater if the temperature change of the water in the heater is 15 C .

Q#4. The picture below show a part of the heating system for a house. Radiator a is placed in one room (section 1) while radiators b and c are placed in another room (section 2). The three radiators are identical, the temperature decrease of the water passing through each of them is 5 C, and the pressure loss coefficient for each radiator is 50. The water that goes through radiator b also goes through radiator c. The length of the pipes in sections 1 and 2 is 10 m, the inner diameter is 10 mm. The length of the common tube is 20 m, its inner diameter is 20 mm, and the pressure loss coefficient in the common section is 35 including (bends, boiler, etc). The friction factor in all pipes can be assumed constant at 0.013. The fluid in the circuit is water, = 1000 kg/m, cp = 4200 J/(kgK). The temperature after the boiler is 55 C. The pump has a characteristic curve of

Q#6. You are to design the radiator system below. The heat dissipation from each of the radiators, Prad, is 1000 W, and the temperature drop in the radiators is 5 C. a) Determine the dimensions of the pipes . b) Calculate the pressure drop in the system . c) Calculate the power requirement of the pump (efficiency 50 %) .

Q#7. An air conditioning unit is used to cool a room in a hotel situated in downtown Bangkok. The outdoor temperature is 35 C and the relative humidity is 80 %. Calculate at what indoor
3

temperature there will be condensation on the outside of the hotel room window. The window has a U-Value of 2.5 W/(mK). The heat transfer coefficient on the outside of the window can be assumed to 12 W/(mK) . Ventilation and vent. Sys: Q#1. Outdoor air is to be conditioned before it is supplied to a room. The outdoor temperature is 0 C, and the outdoor relative humidity is 80 %. The air is first heated and thereafter moisturized. Calculate the heating demand, and the amount of water that need to be added to the air if the supply air temperature is 20 C, and its relative humidity is 60 %. The mass flow rate of the dry air is 2 kg/s. The moisturization is done by steam injection with the temperature 10 . Q#2. In this assignment you are supposed to calculate the concentration of CO2 in a class room. The concentration of CO2 in the room is initially 350 ppm which is equal to the outdoor concentration. After the first 45 minutes there is a 15 minute break. During the break, the lecturer is having a discussion with 14 of the students. Assume that the rest of the students is outside of the classroom during the entire break, the production of CO2 for each person is assumed to be 18 dm/h, the volume of the class room is 300 m, and that the ventilation rate is 1 ACH. a) Calculate the concentration (in ppm) after 45, 60, and 105 minutes if there is a total of 45 persons in the class room when the lecture starts . b) What recommendations would you give the students? c) What recommendations would you give the person in charge of the ventilation system Q#3. Evaporative cooling has many interesting applications. One of them is cooling of houses in hot and dry climates. Ambient air at 38 C and relative humidity of 10 % is humidified in such a way that the air temperature after the humidifier is 21 C. The water is supplied to the humidifier in liquid state at a temperature of 21 C. Assume steady state operation that no heat exchange occur between the humidifier and the ambient, and calculate a) the relative humidity of the air after the humidifier . b) the amount of water (in kg/h) that is supplied to the air if the air flow rate is 2.3 m/s Q#4. In cinemas, one of the main tasks of the ventilation system is to keep the concentration of CO2 at an acceptable level. At the start of the first show, the initial concentration of CO2 is 350 ppm. The outdoor concentration of CO2 is 350 ppm. The production of CO2 for each person is assumed to be 18 dm/h, and the cinema is occupied by 250 persons. The volume of the cinema is 18 000 m. During the film, the ventilation flow rate is 2 ACH (air changes per hour). Calculate a) the concentration of CO2 after the film, if the film is 2 hours and 15 minutes long b) the ventilation flow rate needed (in ACH) to bring the CO2 concentration down to 360 ppm before the next show. The time between the end of the first film and the start of the next is 45 minutes . Q#5. Outdoor air is to be conditioned before it is supplied to a room. The outdoor temperature is -5 C, and the outdoor relative humidity is 75 %. The air is first heated and thereafter moisturized. Calculate the heating demand, and the amount of water that need to be added to the

air if the supply air temperature is 20 C, and its relative humidity is 60 %. The mass flow rate of the dry air is 2 kg/s. The moisturization is done by steam injection at a temperature of 20 C . Q#6. In a room with the volume 237 m the concentration of CO2 is initially 2 000 ppm. The room is ventilated with a flow rate of 3 ACH (Air Changes per Hour). In the room there are 10 people working. The CO2 production of the people is varying linearly with the concentration of CO2 in the room in such way that the CO2 production is 0.3 dm/s and 0.04 dm/s at a concentration of 350 ppm and 1 800 ppm respectively. The ambient concentration of CO2 is 350 ppm. a) Calculate the concentration of CO2 (in ppm) after 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 hours . b) What is the probable reason for the variation in the CO2 production? Q#7. A fan connected to ventilation system distributes air to a large building (se sketch below). The volumetric flow rate of the fan is 3000 m/h and its efficiency is 75 %. The diameter of the circular ducts is 250 mm, and the friction factor is 0.012. The density of the air is 1.2 kg/m. Neglect all single losses and calculate

Q#8. During a winter day, a ventilation system supplies 0.5 kg/s of dry air at 21 C to a room. The relative humidity of the supplied air should be 50 % at supply conditions. The heater in the system adds 9 kW of heat. Moisturisation is done by steam injection at 100 C. No air is recirculated. Calculate the outdoor temperature if the water content in the outdoor air is 0.002 kg H2O/kg dry air .