MY RESEARCH NEDGGH

Dynamic Pumps
Dynamic pumps are one category of pumps under which there are several classes, two of which are: centrifugal and axial. These pumps operate by developing a high liquid velocity and converting the velocity to pressure in a diffusing flow passage. Dynamic pumps usually have lower efficiencies than positive displacement pumps, but also have lower maintenance requirements. Dynamic pumps are also able to operate at fairly high speeds and high fluid flow rates.

Centrifugal Pumps A centrifugal pump consists of an impeller and an intake at its center. These are arranged so that when the impeller rotates, liquid is discharged by centrifugal force into a casing surounding the impeller. The casing is there in order to gradually decrease the velocity of the fluid which leaves the impeller at a high velocity. This velocity is converted to pressure which is needed to discharge the fluid. Some of the advantages of cenrtifugal pumps are, smooth flow through the pump and uniform pressure in the discharge pipe, low cost, and an operating speed that allows for direct connection to steam turbines and electric motors. The centrifugal pump accounts for not less then 80% of the worlds pump production because it is more suitable for handling large capacities of liquids than the positive-displacement pump.

Axial Flow Pumps

Axial flow pumps are also called propeller pump. These pumps develop most of their pressure by the propelling or lifting action of the vanes on the liquid. These pumps are often used in wet-pit drainage, low-pressure irrigation, and storm-water applications. In general, vertical single-stage axial and mixed-flow pumps are used however, sometimes two-stage axial-flow pumps are economically more practical. Horizontal axial-flow pumps are used for pumping large volumes against low pressures and usually employ siphonic action. When higher pressures are involved, these pumps can be arranged to operate with siphonic action until the back pressure places the hydraulic gradient above the pump.

Positive-Displacement Pumps
Positive-displacement pumps are another category of pumps. Types of positivedisplacement pumps are reciprocating, metering, and rotary pumps. Positivedisplacement pumps operate by forcing a fixed volume of fluid from the inlet pressure section of the pump into the discharge zone of the pump. These pumps generally tend to be larger than equal-capacity dynamic pumps. Positive-displacement pumps frequently are used in hydraulic systems at pressures ranging up to 5000 psi. A principal advantage of hydraulic power is the high power density (power per unit weight) that can be achieved. They also provide a fixed displacement per revolution and, within mechanical limitations, infinite pressure to move fluids.

Reciprocating Pumps In a reciprocating pump, a volume of liquid is drawn into the cylinder through the suction valve on the intake stroke and is discharged under positive pressure through the outlet valves on the discharge stroke. The discharge from a reciprocating pump is pulsating and changes changes only when the speed of the pump is changed. This is because the intake is always a constant volume. Often an air chamber is connected on the discharge side of the pump to provide a more even flow by evening out the pressure surges. Reciprocating pumps are often used for sludge and slurry. One construction style of a reciprocating pump is the direct-acting steam pump. These consist of a steam cylinder end in line with a liquid cylinder end, with a straight rod conection between the steam piston and the pump piston or plunger. These pistons are double acting which means that each side pumps on every stroke. Another construction style is the power pump which convert rotary motion to low speed reciprocating motio using a speed reducing gear. The power pump can be either single or double-acting. A single-acting design discharges liquid only on one side of the piston or plunger. Only one suction and one discharge stroke per revolution of the crankshaft can occur. The double-acting design takes suction and discharges on both sides of the piston resulting in two suctions and discharges per crankshaft revolution. Power pumps are generally very efficient and can develop high pressures. These pumps do however tend to be expensive.

Metering Pumps Metering pumps provide precision control of very low flow rates. Flow rates are generally less than 1/2 gallon per minute. They are usually used to control additives to the main flow stream. They are also called proportioning orcontrolled-volume pumps. Metering pumps are available in either a diaphragm or packed plunger style, and are designed for clean service and dirty liquid can easily clog the valves and nozzle connections. Rotary Pumps (click to see the animation) A rotary pump traps fluid in its closed casing and discharges a smooth flow. They can handle almost any liquid that does not contain hard and abrasive solids, including viscous liquids. They are also simple in design and efficient in handling flow conditions that are usually considered to low for economic application of centrifuges. Types of rotary pumps include cam-and-piston, internal-gear, lobular, screw, and vane pumps. Gear pumps are found in home heating systems in which the burners are fired by oil. Rotary pumps find wide use for viscous liquids. When pumping highly viscous fluids, rotary pumps must be operated at reduced speeds because at higher speeds the liquid cannot flow into the casing fast enough to fill it. Unlike a centrifugal pump, the rotary design will deliver a capacity that is not greatly affected by pressure variations on either the suction or discharge ends. In services where large changes in pressure are anticipated, the rotary design should be considered. Moyno Pumps Browse through the Moyno technical bulletins to see how the rotor turns inside the casing. This is called a "progressing cavity". This pump handles solids beautifully. It is said that they can pump strawberries with little damage to each berry.

Header
In a gathering system, a pipe arrangement that connects flowlines from several wellheads into a single gathering line. A header has production and testing valves to control the flow of each well, thus directing the produced fluids to production or testing vessels. Individual gas/oil ratios and well production rates of oil, gas and water can be assigned by opening and closing selected valves in a header and using individual metering equipment or separators.

Crude Oil Satellite Battery

A small group of surface equipment (not including storage tanks) located between a number of wells and the main crude oil battery that is intended to separate and measure the production from each well, after which the fluids are recombined and piped to the main crude oil battery for treating and storage or delivery.
Crude Oil Group Battery
Crude oil production facility consisting of two or more flow-lined oil wells having individual separation and measurement equipment but with all equipment sharing a common surface location.

Crude Oil Battery

A system or arrangement of tanks or other surface equipment receiving primarily oil or bitumen from one or more wells prior to delivery to market or other disposition. An oil battery may include equipment for measurement, for separating inlet streams into oil, gas, and/or water phases, for cleaning and treating the oil, for disposal of the water, and for conservation of the produced gas. A tank battery may or may not include a glycol dehydration unit and compressor.

Valve
A device for controlling the flow of a fluid. Failure or leak mode gate, butterfly and ball valves are generally used to fully stop fluid flow. Globe and plug valves are generally used to throttle (regulate) fluid flow (i.e., partially and variably open).

The different valve types include gate, globe, butterfly, ball and plug. The first two types are a rising-stem design, and the rest are quarter-turn valves. Valves may either be equipped with a hand-wheel or lever for manual operations, or an actuator or motor for automated operation. Actuators may be pneumatic (gas pressure), hydraulic (liquid pressure), electric motor, electric solenoid (magnetic) or mechanical lever.

Process Vessel
Any vessel designed to contain process fluids at pressures above or below atmospheric pressure, used in processing or temporary storage of gas and/or oil, water, chemicals and solids.

Pressure-Relief or Safety Valves

These are used to protect process piping and vessels from being accidentally over-pressured. They are spring loaded so that they are fully closed when the upstream pressure is below the set point, and only open when the set point is exceeded. Relief valves open in proportion to the amount of overpressure to provide modulated venting. Safety valves pop to a full-open positions on activation.

When relief or safety valves reseat after having been activated, they often leak because the original tight seat is not regained either due to damage of the seating surface or a build-up of foreign material on the seat plug. As a result, they are often responsible for fugitive emissions. Another problem develops if the operating pressure is too close to the set pressure, causing the valve to "chatter" or "pop" at the set pressure.

Gas that leaks from a pressure-relief valve may be detected at the end of the vent pipe (or

horn). Additionally, there normally is a monitoring port located on the bottom of the horn near the valve.

Pig Receiver
Also called a "pig catcher," is a piping arrangement that allows pigs to be removed from a pipeline without stopping flow. The receiver may serve the dual purpose of collecting or diverting debris and/or fluids pushed through the pipeline by the pig so that they can be withdrawn, with the pig without stopping flow.

Pig Launcher
A piping arrangement that allows pigs to be inserted into a pipeline without stopping flow.

Pig
A device (also called a "scraper"), with optional elastomer cups, that is inserted into a pipeline and pushed along by the flowing fluid to perform any one of a number of functions: cleaning, displacement, batching, or internal inspection (also called a "smart pig"). It gets its name from the squealing noises the pipeline pigs made when first used.