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INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB AND LINEAR ALGEBRA

MATLAB (MATrix LABoratory)

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Originally developed to provide easy access to matrix, LINPACK (linear system package) in the 1970s Numerical computation Data visualization Applications

Image

processing Control systems Bioinformatics

Screenshot
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Editor
(Edit m-files)

Current Folder

Workspace
(Current Variables)

Command Window

Variables and vectors

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Vector Operations
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Colon (:) can be used to create vectors

start:end

>> a = 1:4 a= 1 2

start:step:end

>> a = 1:0.5:4 a= 1.0000 1.5000

2.0000

2.5000

3.0000

3.5000

4.0000

Vector Operations
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Matrix
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rows

columns

() indicates address [] indicates numerical value

Matrix operations
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Delete row (column)

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>> a(3,:) = [] a= 1 2 4 5 >> d (:,[1 3]) = [] d= 3 6 9

Matrix operations
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Matrix operation
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Concatenation
>> a = [6 2 4;1 3 4] a= 6 2 4 1 3 4 >> b = [8 7 5] b= 8 7 5 >> c = [a;b] c= 6 2 4 1 3 4 8 7 5

Matrix Operations
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Special Matrices
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Matrix Operations
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diag

diag(matrix) >> a = [1 2 3;4 5 6;7 8 9] a= 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 >> diag(a) ans = 1 5 9 diag(vector) >> a = diag([2 -1 3]) a= 2 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 3

Matrix operations
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Simple operations

Addition + Subtraction Multiplication *

>> a = [1 2;2 3] a= 1 2 2 3 >> b = [1 6;3 2] b= 1 6 3 2 >> a+b ans = 2 8 5 5

>> c = [1 2 3;4 5 6] c= 1 2 3 4 5 6 >> d = [5 3 1] d= 5 3 1 >> c*d ??? Error using ==> mtimes Inner matrix dimensions must agree. >> c*d' ans = 14 41

Matrix operations
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Element-wise operations

Multiplication .*

Division Power

./ .^

>> a = [2 -1 3] a= 2 -1 3 >> b = [0 3 1] b= 0 3 1 >> a.*b ans = 0 -3 3 >> a.^b ans = 1 -1 3

Solving Linear Equations

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Solving Ax = b (Amxn , bmx1)

rref

>> A = [1 2 3; -1 3 4; 4 5 6] A= 1 2 3 -1 3 4 4 5 6 >> b = [2; 4; 5] b= 2 4 5 >> rref([A b]) ans = 1.0000 0 0 0 1.0000 0 0 0 1.0000

-0.3333 1.6667 -0.3333

Solving Linear Equations

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Solving Ax = b (Amxn , bmx1)

x = A\b

>> x = a\b x= -0.3333 1.6667 -0.3333

Matrix Inverse
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inv(A)
>> A=[1 2 3;4 5 6;7 8 10]; >> inv(A) ans = -0.6667 -1.3333 1.0000 -0.6667 3.6667 -2.0000 1.0000 -2.0000 1.0000

>> A2 = [A eye(3)] A2 = 1 2 3 1 0 0 4 5 6 0 1 0 7 8 10 0 0 1 >> A3 = rref(A2) A3 = 1.0000 0 0 -0.6667 -1.3333 1.0000 0 1.0000 0 -0.6667 3.6667 -2.0000 0 0 1.0000 1.0000 -2.0000 1.0000 >> A4=A3(:,4:6) A4 = -0.6667 -1.3333 1.0000 -0.6667 3.6667 -2.0000 1.0000 -2.0000 1.0000

rref([A I]) = [I A-1]

Plot
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Plot
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Plot a set of linear equations

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1 Solution

No Solution

Solutions

M-File vs. Command Line

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Coding in Command Window

short programs Commands must be re-entered each time you run a simulation

Coding with .m-files

long programs Allows users to save all the commands written in the .m-files

Function
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Function

function [out1 out2 out3] = Myfunction(in1, in2) . . end if condition statemeant 1 else statemeant 2 end for i=1:n statement end

IF

For Loop

Example
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function plotIntersection(a1,b1,a2,b2) x = -10:0.1:10; plot(a1*x+b1); hold on; plot(a2*x+b2,'r'); end

Other Useful functions

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rref(a): reduce row echelon (chapter 1) lu(a): LU decomposition of matrix a (chapter 2) det(a): determinant of a matrix (chapter 3) rank(a): calculate rank of matrix a (chapter 4) null(a): gives the null space of matrix (chapter 4) norm(a): norm of vector or matrix a (chapter 5) orth(a): orthogonal bases of matrix a (chapter 5) eig(a): eigenvalue decomposition of matrix a (chapter 7)

Applications (Image processing)

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img = imread(filepath) : reads an image Imshow(img) : shows an image

Submatrix
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>> size(img) ans = 511 383 >>imshow(img(100:200,200:300))

Transpose
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>> Imshow(img')

Assignment
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>> img(100:200,:) = 255; >> imshow(img)

Delete columns
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>> img(:,150:300) = []; >> imshow(img);