A Brief Documentary Chronology of British Camps and Baggage in the 1776-1777 New York and New Jersey Campaigns.

In July and August 1776 the British Army re-entered the Colonies, landing as they arrived, on Staten Island. The campaign to possess New York was carried out in four stages: From Staten Island, the British embarked the troops and their equipment to cross over to Long Island, then again embarked the troops and equipment to New York (Manhattan) Island, taking possession of New York City on September 15. Operations then turned to clearing the American forces from their positions north of the city. On the possession of New York, part of the army took up quarters there. Other elements continued in the field on operations to possess New Jersey. The initial landing of the troops was followed by landing their baggage on the following days. Each successive order to embark required sending the baggage aboard ship a day in advance of embarking the troops. There then followed delays of several days before the baggage was landed and forwarded to the troops. The various regiments, brigades and battalions of the army were often under different orders and circumstances. The available resources make it possible to describe several key dates. The notes below include as much as possible about camp conditions relating to Officers and Soldiers, with emphasis on accounts describing the camp equipage and baggage of the Officers. It unfortunately proved a problem to incorporate many notes of the Order of March to identify specific units, or to detail all orders regarding the distribution of baggage. Notes on the latter will perhaps be the topic of a separate essay. It has proven difficult to provide better context without greatly diluting the subject matter or digressing too much on tangents. Currently, the resources at my disposal fall rather short of a daily chonology, but are getting closer. I quickly learned that mere references to the term encamp has little bearing on whether tents were used and removed most of them as being irrelevant. Likewise, references to striking camp have little bearing on the presence of tents, but I have retained many of them because they refer to major movements of troops. This also however, is not the place to catalogue all movements of troops. As the collection becomes filled in, there will no doubt be opportunity for some further grooming. Notes on the weather conditions have been included in case it develops that it had bearing on whether or not tents were used. Prior to embarking for New York, Howe gave the following orders relative to Officers baggage: Head Quarters, Halifax, 30th. April, 1776 It is earnestly recommended to the Officers by the Commander in Chief to lighten their Baggage as much as possible, As no heavy Baggage of any sort can be allowed to be taken on board Ship when the Army is put in Motion. Kemble, p. 344. Staten Island. British and German troops began to arrive at Staten Island near New York from Halifax, Nova Scotia; England and later, South Carolina,

in early July. With exceptions as noted below, the regulated allowance of wagons for the baggage for an Infantry regiment was five small wagons drawn by two horses each per regiment consisting of the eight Infantry Companies. Wagons were allowed to the larger and smaller corps in proportion to their strength. July 2: Ensign (acting Lieutenant) Henry Stirke, Light Infantry Company, 10th Regiment of Foot, 1st Battalion of Light Infantry: [1776, July] 2d Made our Landing on Staten Island, at 8 OClock at night, without a Shot being fired; as the Rebels abandoned it, on the appearance of the Troops. This night we lay upon our Arms. Stirke, p. 156. July 3. Captain Willaim Bamford, 40th Regiment of Foot: 3 [July, 1776.] W. this mg the first line of our Army landed on Staten Island. We workd higher up the River & about 11 at night most of our Army was landed. Bamford, p. 301. Corporal Thomas Sullivan, 49th Regiment of Foot: -July- 3d After our landing, we were informed that the -Enemy- were landing on the back or S.W. part of the -Island.- Our Regiment i.e. 49th, was ordered to march from the -Landing- place through the -Island,- to the -New-blazing Star,- at the -Ferry- of which place; the -Rebels- was reported to be landing. But they desisted, upon hearing that our Army were marching towards the -Ferry.- There were 3 Companies of -Light-Infantry- before us there; and the whole remained there that night. Sullivan, p. 45. July 4. Bamford: 4 Th. [July, 1776.] the Troops marchd to their several cantonments round the Island. 40 Quartered on the road between Richmond & Amboy... much firing this morning of great Guns, very hot day Bamford, p. 301. Sullivan: -July- 4th. Our Regiment was relieved at the -Ferry- by the 5th. Regiment; and we were put into Cantoonments, a mile backward from the -New-blazing Star. The whole Army landed upon that Island, and were distributed about it; and there were strong -Parties- sent to the -Old-blazing Star, and Deckers Ferries. Sullivan, p. 45. General Orders: Head Quarters Mr. Bankers. Staten Island 4th. July 1776 Officers to have as little baggage on Shore as possible, as the Brigades are liable to change their ground on the shortest notice. Howe Orderly Book. [General Orders are generally read in the evening for execution the following day. SR.]

July 5. Captain William Bamford of the 40th Regiment of Foot landed on Staten Island from on board the Spy on July 3 1776: 5 [July, 1776.] F. dull mg X cleard hot day Bamford, p. 301. July 7. Bamford: 7. [July, 1776.] Su. very hot day got a small portmantua from on board. Piquet Gd Bamford, p. 302. July 8. 302. Bamford: 8. [July, 1776.] M. hot mg brisk wd N. W. Bamford, p. July 14. Ambrose Serle: Sunday, 14th July. An excessive hard Rain, prevented going on Shore this Day Serle, p. 31. July 19. Ambrose Serle: Friday, 19th. July Walked on Shore in the Evening; but the Heat and Dust made the excursion rather unpleasant. Serle, p. 38. July 22. Ambrose Serle: Monday, 22nd. July A very hot and sultry Day, which rendered the Ship our best Retreat. On the Shore, which is near a Mile distant, I heard that the Weather was extremely close and uncomfortable. Serle, p. 40. July 25-28. Ambrose Serle: Thursday, 25th. July The Day was very warm, the Thermomr. being at 80. Serle, p. 45. Sunday, 28th. [July, 1776.] No divine Service this morning, the heat being excessive. No Air, and The Thermometer at 94 Degrees. Serle, p. 49. August 2. Ambrose Serle: Friday, 2d. August The Heat was very great to-day. The Therm. gave 94 in the Sun, and 83 in the shade. Serle, p. 53. August 5.

Bamford: 5. [August, 1776.] M. hot Mg S. E. Bamford, p. 307. Captain Francis, Lord Rawdon to Francis, tenth Earl of Huntingdon, at St. Jamess Place, London: 1776. Aug. 5. Staten Island, near New York. - We are just arrived here, my dearest Lord, after a very pleasant passage. Your letter of April 4th met me as soon as I set foot on shore. The company my letter from Virginia found you in, is certainly the pleasantest in the world. Though I have neither a yellow damask drawing-room nor Constantia Cape [Perhaps Constantia wine?], I cultivate the acquaintance in a tent with Madeira, and -after all- there is but little difference. HMC, RawdonHastings, III, p. 179. Lieutenant John Peebles, Grenadier Company, 42nd (Royal Highland) Regiment of Foot: Monday morning 5th. Augt. [Near the watering place, Staten Island.] prepared to land. first boat about 11, being a good dist from the shore & a strong wind & tide, it was late in the afternoon before we all got ashore, marchd in the eveng to Quarters in the country Peoples houses about 2 or 3 mile. few of the army Encampd almost the whole lodged in the farmers houses & barns Landed the whole coy in good health after being above sixteen weeks on board of ship... Peebles, p. 54. [The informative John Peebles unfortunately did not keep his diary during the summer and authumn of 1776 while serving as Adjutant to the 4th Grenadier Battalion, but opened it again after the disbandment of this corps. Entries from his Orderly Book kept during this period are however noted below. SR.] August 6. p. 307. Bamford: 6. [August, 1776.] Tu. hot Mg brisk wd S. W. Bamford,

August 7. Bamford: 7 [August, 1776.] W. very hor foggy Mg XII clear & very hot S. W. X Exceeding hot, little wd S. XII pleasnt breeze E. Some heavy rain this Evg Bamford, p. 307. Ambrose Serle, Secretary to Admiral Richard Howe: Wednesday, 7th August. [Staten Island.] Went on Shore in the Evening, and walked up to the new Incampments. Tis a hard unpleasant Life this of a Soldiers, which is passed in a little paltry Tent which will neither keep out Wind, Rain, or Vermin, and which seems to have little other Solace on this dusty Island than the association of multitudes in the same Condition. The Ship is a House or a Palace compared with the Accommodations of the military. Serle, p. 56. [Serle was a civilian, unused to his surroundings. He was conscious of many things that military men seldom noted, including the swarms of mosquitoes, the din of insects and frogs, and after the battle of Long Island, the odor of unburied corpses in the woods. SR.] August 8.

Bamford: 8. [August, 1776.] Th. dull close Mg very sultry & calm Bamford, p. 307. August 9. Bamford: 9 [August, 1776.] F. close hot day wd variable Bamford, p. 307. Ambrose Serle: Friday, 9th. of August. Nothing material occurred this Day, wch was extremely warm. Serle, p. 60. General Orders: Head Quarters Staten Island 9th. August 1776 The Regiments lately joined the Army under the Command of Lieut. Genl. Clinton, will as soon as possible remove their heavy baggage and Women to the Transports allotted to them for that purpose, of which they will make a report to the Adjutant General. Howe Orderly Book. August 10. 307. Bamford: 10. Sa. hot day p. m. II pleasant wd E. Bamford, p. August 11. Bamford: 11. Su. close dull some showers, S. much Lightning Thunder & Rain this Evg Bamford, p. 308. August 12. Bamford: 12 M. cloudy Mg cool W. Bamford, p. 308. 42nd (Royal Highland) Regiment of Foot, Regimental Orders: The 7 Companys to Embark on board the Brilliant Thames Glasgow & Houston. The Officers are to carry nothing with them but their Tents bedding & a Portmanteau. Peebles Orderly Book. August 13 - 16. Bamford: 13. [August, 1776.] Tu. very bright Mg little wd W. 14. hot Mg little wd E 15. Th. raind all last nt very wet Mg E. X ceased to rain, cloudy. several drissling showers this day. The Hessians landing to Encamp. 16. F. close cloudy Mg heavy showers Bamford, p. 308. Ambrose Serle: Friday, 13th August This has been the most sultry Day I have ever felt. Serle, p. 63. August 15. Ambrose Serle:

Thursday, 15th. August. The Chaplain [OBeirne] and myself took a Ride almost to the full Length of Staten Island opposite to Amboy in New Jersey, which was about half a mile distant. It was a charming cool Day, having rained in the morning, and the Sun being defended by Clouds, which rendered the Scenes, beautiful as they were in themselves, doubly delightful Serle, p. 65. August 17. Bamford: 17. [August, 1776.] Sa. a good deal of rain last nt showers this mg N. W. IX soaking rain p. 309. 4th Battalion Grenadiers (42nd & 71st) Battalion Orders: The Officers to send their heavy Baggage on board of ship tomorrow morng by the Provisn Waggons Peebles Orderly Book. August 18. Bamford: 18 [August, 1776.] Su. heavy rain all last Nt very wet Mg N. E Bamford, p. 310. August 19. Bamford: 19 [August, 1776.] M[onday]. wet last nt wet mg X [10 oclock] ceasd raining aftn pleasant. A comy of ye Hessian Troops encampd close by our Quarters, we removd Bamford, p. 309. Ensign Thomas Glyn, Brigade of Guards: Brigade Orders August 19th [1776.] When the Brigade disembarks two Gils of Rum to be delivered for each mans Canteen which must be filled with Water, Each Man to disembark with a Blanket & Haversack in which he is to carry one Shirt one pair of Socks and Three Days Provisions a careful Man to be left on board each Ship to take care of the Knapsacks. The Articles of War to be read to the Men by an Officer of each Ship. Glyn, p. 7. August 20. Bamford: Memdms 20th [August, 1776.] The Troops marchd from their several cantonments & Encampmts & embarkd on board their ships. Remarks 20 [August, 1776.] Tu[esday]. This mg at IV The 8 Comps of the 40th Regt marchd from their cantonemts to the Landing place & embarkd on board ye Wm & Mary. Bamford, p. 309-10. [The format of Bamfords diary is that he makes a daily memorandum and at the end of each week adds any remarks. SR.] Glyn: Dacres Ferry Staten Island August 20th... The Army will land in four Divisions...the 2d Division to consist of the 1st. 2d. and third Brigades of British, under the Command of Majr General Robertson, Major General Pigot & Major General Jones... ...when the Troops land they are to carry nothing with them but their Arms Ammunition Blankets and 3 days Provisions. Glyn, p. 7.

Sullivan: -Aug.- 20th. Our -Brigade- was relieved at their Cantoonments about the -New-blazing Star, by a detachment of the -Hessians,- under the command of Colonel -Dalrymple- of said -Corps.- The troops at Amboy and -old blazing Star Ferries,- were also relieved by other Detachments of the same Troops. We marched from our Cantoonments aforesaid to the landing place at -Princes-Bay,- where the whole Army -Embarked.- Each Regiment (except the Highlanders and Guards)[*] had but one Transport; on board of which was all their Camp -Equipage- and other -Necessaries.- Sullivan, p. 47. [*Due to being large Corps. SR.] August 21. Bamford: Memdms 21 [August, 1776.] W[ednesday]. Rain last nt pleasant mg little wind Remarks 21. [August, 1776.] The embarkation was finishd & the order of Landing given out. Bamford, p. 309-10. Long Island. The British under Howe crossed from Staten Island to Long Island on August 22. August 22. Bamford: Remarks 22. [August, 1776.] The Army landed on Long Island about IX [9 oclock] this Mg without opposition the Lt Infantry pushd into the Country & got as far as flat Bush about 6 miles from the landing Place Bamford, p. 310. Sullivan: -Aug. 22d. After our being on board ship a day & two nights, waiting for the weather, which was wet, to clear up; the whole Army got ready for landing on -Long-Island- And the whole Army landed then in a body, without opposition, on the -South-East- end of -Long-Island, at a place called -Gravesend,- near the -Narras.- Sullivan, p. 48. Glyn: August 22d The Army landed on Long Island without Opposition from the Rebels. we marched to New Utrecht Glyn, p. 8. Baurmeister: General Howe took quarters at Gravesend, one English mile from the place of debarkation, and there the entire English infantry encamped without tents. All the grenadiers, the jgers, the Scottish Highlanders, and the light dragoons, however, moved further inland, through New Utrecht to Flatbush. Baurmeister, p. 36. General Orders: Head Quarters New Utrecht Long Island 22nd. August 1776 Each Regiment is to send early to morrow for their Tents, Camp kettles & Knapsacks. The Qr. Mastr. General will endeavour to furnish

Waggons to convey them from the Waterside, & it is hoped that Officers will bring as little Baggage on Shore as possible, & for some time make use of Soldiers tents, or fly Tents. Howe Orderly Book. Captain William Haslewood, 63rd Regiment of Foot: The Troops without opposition landed landed on -Long Island.- 21st. [sic - 22nd] August. marched a few Miles up the Country and encamped in Soldiers Tents. Haslewood, p. 55. Lieutenant Martin Hunter, Light Infantry Company, 52nd Regiment of Foot, summarized the period dince the first landing on Staten Island: ...The fleet sailed for New York with the army on board, arrived at Staten Island, and disembarked without any opposition; encamped, and continued in barns for about six weeks, waiting the arrival of some regiments from England. The army embarked in flat-bottomed boats, and landed in Long Island, near to Flat Bush, and encamped. The enemy were in great force, and strongly entrenched at Brooklyn, on the point opposite to New York. We remained encamped at Flat Bush and Newtown for four days Hunter, p. 16. August 23. Bamford: Memdms 23 [August, 1776.] F. pleasant Mg Landing Artillery, Stores, &ca Bamford, p. 310. August 24. Bamford: Memdms 24 [August, 1776.] Sa. Warm Mg some rain last Nt Bamford, p. 310. General Orders: Head Quarters New Utrecht, on Long Island 24th Augst. 1776 Those Corps that have landed more Tents than they have present occasion for are to Embark them again immediately. The Light Infantry are not to have Tents as they may expect to be in constant motion. Howe Orderly Book. August 25. Bamford: Memdms 25. [August, 1776.] Su. very heavy rain last nt dull Mg W Bamford, p. 310. August 26. Bamford: Memdms 26. [August, 1776.] M. Much Lightning & Thunder last nt. gloomy day. Marchd from ye Ferry Cantonmts about IX this Eveg Bamford, p. 310. General Orders: Head Quarters Long Island 26th August 1776 After Orders 5 OClock The Army will strike their Tents and land their Baggage, at 8 OClock this night, to form at the head of their respective

Encampments, and there wait for further orders. The Men to carry their Canteens, Camp Kettles, Provisions & necessarys with them. No more than two Waggons can be allowed to each Regt. for their Tents & Baggage. Howe Orderly Book. Hunter: We marched on the night of the 26th August 1776; made a circuitous route to get in the rear of enemy, that were encamped in our front about a mile, on very stony ground. We left our tents standing to deceive the enemy... Hunter, p. 16. August 27. Battle of Long Island. Bamford: Memdms. 27. [August, 1776.] Tu. fine mg Bamford, p. 310. Captain the Honourable William Leslie, 17th Regiment of Foot, to his parents: Bedford Long Island Sept. 2nd 1776 On 22nd August the whole army except 3,000 Hessians who were left to defend Staten Island made a descent upon Long Island in Flat Boats & landed on the South Side without opposition, encamped at Denises, Gravesend, Utrecht, &c. On the 26th our Brigade (viz the 4th) commanded by Major Gen. Grant & the Brigade on our Right (the 6th) commanded by B. Gen. Agnew received Orders to be in readiness to march at night in one Division, we marched at ten oclock from Denises The Day after their Retreat we had orders to march to the ground we are now encamped upon, near the Village of Bedford: It is now a fortnight we have lain upon the ground wrapt in our Blankets, and thank God who supports us when we stand most in need, I have never enjoyed better health in my Life. My whole stock consists of two shirts 2 pr of shoes, 2 Handkerchiefs half of which I use, the other half I carry in my Blanket, like a Pedlars Pack. Cohen, p. 60-63. [Leslie suggests that the camp and the kit he describes had prevailed for a fortnight, or since about September 20, two days before the landing on Long Island. SR.] August 28. Bamford: Memdms 28. [August, 1776.] W. very pleasant Mg aftn rain Bamford, p. 310. August 29. Bamford: 29. [August, 1776.] Th. gloomy Mg Bamford, p. 311. August 30. Glyn: August 30th We marched from Bedford, took possession of the Forts evacuated by the Enemy, returned to Bedford, struck Tents, laid on our Arms on New Town Heights all Night. Glyn, p. 8.

August 31. A letter from an unknown Officer with the initials R. G. in the papers of the Earl of Huntingdon: 1776. Aug. 31. Long Island. I am writing in my tent almost full of water owing to a very heavy thunderstorm. I have not my large tent with me, and therefore have not been able to pull off my clothes this week or ten days, but I was never better in my life. It is not very trifling what the whole army undergoes from want of carriages and fresh provisions. They are likewise very much worked by marches, and, what is worse, there is a dreadful want of water in this part of the island. I never saw an army better inclined to make all things easy to the general and more zealous to the cause. HMC, Rawdon-Hastings, III, p. 180-81. September 1. Bamford: 1 [September, 1776.] Su. hot mg Bamford, p. 312. September 2. Bamford: 2 [September, 1776.] M. hot day Bamford, p. 312. Major of Brigade Edmund Stevens (Brigade of Guards, Coldstream Regiment) to [Marquess of Granby]. 1776, September 2. Camp near Hellgate, on Long Island. I am only in a fly tent, and have neither bed, chair, or table; therefore excuse this scrawl, for I have scribbled it upon my knee." HMC, Rutland, p. 6. September 3. Bamford: 3. [September, 1776.] Tu. hot day, several cannon fird this Mg Bamford, p. 312. Major the Hon. Charles Stuart, 4th Battalion Highland Grenadiers (42nd & 71st), to his father, Lord Bute: Newtown Camp, Sept 3, 1776 I am sure, my dearest Father, you will excuse the hurried manner in which this letter is wrote. I live in a soldiers tent; the ground is my table. Stuart-Wortley, p. 85. September 4. Bamford: 4. [September, 1776.] W. hot day, wd cannonading on both sides. Bamford, p. 312. September 5. p. 312. Bamford: 5. [September, 1776.] Th. pleasant cool Mg Bamford, September 6. Bamford: 6. [September, 1776.] F. cool Mg very little firing this day Bamford, p. 312.

September 7. Bamford: 7 [September, 1776.] Sa. some rain last nt small thick rain this mg aftn fair & cool. Bamford, p. 312. A letter from a Hessian Chaplain: Brookland, near New York, Sept 7, 1776... I have put up some posts in the ground and laid a board on it for a desk, upon which I will write... Schlzer, p. 185. September 14. General Orders: Head Quarters Newtown 14th September 1776 After Orders 5 OClock The Brigades encamped in the Environs of Newtown, will strike their Tents at two in the morning. The Tents & baggage to be put up in the regimental Waggons, & left upon their Ground with a small Guard from each Regt. The Corps will form at the Head of their respective Encampments, having their Blankets & two days Provisions as formerly directed & there wait for further Orders. Howe Orderly Book. New York Island. The British Army landed at Kipps Bay on September 15. Bamford: Memdms 15. [September, 1776.] Su. very hot day. landed on N. York Isld without opposition. lay on our Arms this night Bamford, p. 9. Glyn: Sepber 15th We struck Tents at one this Morning, marched to Brunswick Inlet Glyn, p. 9. Sullivan: -Sept. 15th Our Brigade -i.e.- the 2d, took post on the heights near -Kipps Bay,where we remained under the walls all night. Sullivan, p. 55. Mackenzie, 15th. Septr. [1776.] Orders were given last night for the four brigades encamped in the Environs of Newtown, to strike their tents at 2 oclock this morning, load their baggage, form at the head of their Encampments, with their blankets and two days provisions, and wait for orders. Some other preparatory movements were also ordered and executed. Mackenzie, p. 46. Stuart: Blomindel Heights Camp, Sept. 26, 1776 The enemy made a show of giving us battle several times as they retreated; we lay on our arms that night. Stuart, p. 86. Captain George Harris of the Grenadier Company, 5th Regiment of Foot wrote in undated letters, probably in early autumn, of the landing on

New York Island: To his cousin, he wrote: At last, my dear Bess, the wish of my heart is fully accomplished. You have so often heard me regret having been so long in the military line without seeing the army is a state of active service. I am happy to say that I was never better in my life--marching all day under a scorching sun, and laying my length at night on my mother earth, with only a blanket to cover me,-- instead of spoiling, improves my appearance. Every one compliments me on my looks. As for Tom, he looked very well when I saw him about a week ago, since when our corps has been moving so quick, that I have not been able to hear of him. We have had what some call a battle, [Long Island.] but if it deserves that name, it was the pleasantest I ever heard of, as we had not received more than a dozen shot from the enemy, when they ran away with the utmost precipitation. You may imagine the eagerness of our brave fellows. We have cleared Long Island, and I think, in a day or two, shall be on the continent. The contents of this letter are to be communicated to Marlborough Street, as I cannot find time to write more than once in our present state of hurry. The paper I write on was once the property of an American, at least so I suppose, as it was brought to me by my corporal. My mother, I fear, will give me a thousand scolds for not being more particular as to the state of my head; but I have not words or time to say how well it has been ever since I landed--not the least signs of headach, or annoyance of any kind, notwithstanding the many duckings we have had, often without a rag to change--at best, never more than one. Colonel Medows is my commanding officer, and this I consider one of the pleasantest things that ever happened to me. We sleep together in a soldiers tent, which, when well littered down with straw, we consider quite a luxury. He led us on to action in the most gallant manner; and I am convinced that if General Howe had made a sign for us to follow the Americans into their works, we should have done it. Thanks to the Generals prudence, we have effected this object without the loss of the many brave fellows who must have fallen in the attempt. My present situation must excuse my not writing to my sisters. They will be glad to hear I am in excellent health and spirits. Adieu, Ever yours, affectionately, George Harris. Lushington, p. 73-75. To his uncle, Harris wrote: After landing on York Island, we drove the Americans into their works beyond the eighth mile-stone from New York, and thus got possession of the best half of the island. We took post opposite to them, placed our picquets, borrowed a sheep, ate some of it, and then went to sleep on a gate, which we took the liberty of throwing off its hinges, covering our feet with an American tent, for which we should have cut poles and pitched, had it not been so dark. Wilkin, p. 185-86. Of encamping without tents in this season, Harris wrote: Give me such living as we enjoy at present, such a hut and such company, and I would not care three farthings if we stayed all the winter, for though the mornings and evenings are cold, yet the sun is so hot as to oblige me to put up a blanket as a screen. Wilkin, p. 185-86.

Frederick Mackenzie, Aid de Camp to Brigadier General Smith: 15 Septr [1776, New York Island.]... The 5th Brigade, upon intelligence received that the Rebels had abandoned New York, was sent to take possession of it. Brigadier General Smith who Commanded the 5th brigade and with whom I am, as Major of Brigade, began to move from the 3 mile stone about 6 in the Evening, and began from thence to place the troops in and near the houses along the Main road from thence to New York, and they were actually distributed in that manner, until part of the 22nd Regiment reached that part called the Bowery, which was not completed until 7 in the Evening he proceeded to put the Regiments into the houses and Barns on each side of the road from the 3 mile stone, to within a short distance of a redoubt the enemy had made at the North end of the Town called (as we afterwards found,) Bunckers Hill. He then went very quietly and took up his quarters at Mr. Elliots house, about 2 miles from New York. The consequence of this disposition was, that many of the Rebels who had not time to make their escape by daylight, and concealed themselves in the town, finding the North River road unguarded, made their escape that way... Mackenzie, p. 49-50. [Mackenzie also notes his discontent with Brigadier General Smith, who did not take his advice for the disposition of the troops. SR.] September 16. Battle of Harlem Heights. Captain William Bamford: Memdm 16. M. last nt very cold. cool Mg no tents a sharp skirmish between some of our Advancd Troops & the Rebels in ye Woods, we had many wounded very few killd. encamped near on ye Common. Bamford, p. 9. Captain George Harris: Before we started in the morning, our dinner, consisting of a goose and piece of mutton, had been put on the fire. The moment we marched, our domestic deposited the above-named delicacies on a chaise and followed us with it to our ground. When the fight was over, he again hung the goose to the fire, but the poor bird had been scarcely half done, when we were ordered to return to our station. There we again commenced cooking, and, though without dish, plate, or knife, did ample justice to our fare, which we washed down with bad rum and water, and then composed ourselves to rest on our friendly gate. Our baggage joined us next day. Wilkin, p. 187. General Orders: Head Quarters New York Island 16th September 1776 The Camp Equipage of the Army is to be got over as soon as possible. Howe Orderly Book. September 17. Much of the army remained without baggage or tents. On this day we find the revival of the word wigwam to describe an improvised brush shelter. Captain William Bamford, 40th Regiment of Foot: Memdms 17 Tu. [September, 1776.] Very wet mg. p. m. Cleared No tents, built wigwams Bamford, p. 9.

Frederick Mackenzie: 17th. Sept. [1776.] The Camp Equipage and Baggage of the Army has not yet been brought over from Long Island, owing to the difficulty of transporting so many Waggons and horses. Most of the troops therefore remains without tents, but they have made wigwams or other shelter for themselves. Some Corps lie in Barns which are near their posts. Mackenzie, p. 52. [The term wigwam was used by the British during the French and Indian War to describe improvised huts of brush. This term, along with tomahawk for hatchet and a few other similar cases, re-appear during the American Revolution. SR.] Captain Harris was reunited with his baggage. That of Captain Lister of the Brigade of Guards however, was lost in the shuffle, as was announced in a memorandum inserted in orders of September 17: Lost a Vallice containing a Round Tent & Markee & Bag containg two camp chairs a bag containg a Camp Table all of them markd Capt Cavendish Lister of the Guards whoever has them to give Notice at Genl Mathews Qrs Peebles Orderly Book. [This notice does not appear in General Orders to the army; the Grenadiers and the Guards may have been in adjacent positions at this time. SR.] September 18. Bamford: Memdms 18. W. hot sun. got our Tents. Moved our Encampmt about _ mile to the Front very rough Ground. much Labour to clear it. Bamford, p. 9. September 23. Howe issued a regulation for Carriages (Wagons) and Horses for the army. September 26. Bamford. 26. Th. [September, 1776.] got my small Portmantua from on board ye Wm & Mary. Bamford, p. 11. [The previous time Captain Bamford had mentioned the William & Mary was on August 20. SR.] October 1. Bamford: 1 Tu. Yesterday appointed Town Major of New York Several Regts 4th Brigade changd their encampment. came to dwell in New York Bamford, p. 12. [Bamford took up residence in New York; therefore, he gives no further useful information about field operations or the weather. SR.] October 3. General Orders: Head Quarters New York Island 3rd. October 1776

The Commanding Officers of Regts. are to apply to the Barrack Mastr. Genl. for Store houses in New York, that they may be able to land their Cloathing & Regimental Baggage from their respective Transports. Howe Orderly Book. October 7. Part of the army began to establish encampments. Sullivan: -October 7th.- [1776.] The 2d. and 6th. -Brigades- British and three Battallions of -Hessians,- under the Command of Lieut. General -De Hester,- struck their Camp at the aforesaid Common, marched to the City of -New-York,- where we crossed the Ferry in Flat Bottomed boats, and landed at -Brooklyn- in -Long Island.- At 5 oclock in the evening we pitched our tents at -Bedford;- and next morning at day break, the -General- was beat, which was the first time I heard it beat in -America; we marched forward to the Town of -Jamaica,- where we encamped close to the town. Sullivan, p. 59. October 11. Stirke: [1776, October] 11th The Light Infantry, Grenadiers and part of the Army, embarkd in flat Boats, at turtle bay about 11 OClock at night; and remaind in they boats, till morning. Stirke, p. 160. General Orders: Head Quarters, New York Island, 11th. Oct., 1776 The Troops that are under Orders for march, will strike their Tents at Six this Evening, and put their Baggage on board, and be ready to move immediately. Kemble, p. 387. October 14. An advertisement for lost baggage in the New York Gazette & Weekly Mercury. Monday, 14 October, 1776: LOST Last Monday the 7th Instant when the troops went to Long Island, an unpainted VALEECE, containing an Officers Tent and Marquee, of the LXIV Regiment; the Marquee is painted black and red. Whoever has found it, and will give notice to the Regiment where it may be had, shall be handsomely rewarded. New York Gazette & Weekly Mercury. Monday, 14 October, 1776. NWTA Courier. Submitted by Steve Gilbert. General Orders: Head Quarters, Frogs Neck 14th. Oct., 1776. The Commanding Officers of Corps will apply to the Quarter Master General for Sloops to Embark their Baggage on board of, to be ready at the shortest Notice After Orders, half past 5 oClock... Any heavy Baggage remaining with the Regiment is to be sent to morrow by break of day to Stevens's Point, Frogs Neck, and put on board the Vessels allotted them. Should there be occasion for Boats, they will be Provided there. Thirty Fascines to be made by each Regiment immediately. All the Waggons to be sent to Head Quarters, as soon as they have taken the baggage of their respective Regiments to the Shore. Kemble, p.

387-88. October 16. John Peebles: Octr. 16th., 1776 N.B. Marchd in the Night on order to Embark but it raind hard & the Troops returnd to their Ground. Kemble, p. 58. General Orders: Head Quarters, Frogs Neck, 16th. Oct., 1776 After Orders, 5 oClock. The Army being immediately to march against the Enemy. The Light Infantry, Chasseurs, Brigade of British Grenadiers, and Brigade of Hessian Grenadiers are to strike their Tents and Load their Waggons at twelve to-night, and march at One. Capt. Bruen, Deputy QuarterMaster General, will conduct them p. 390-91. The 33rd. and 43rd. Regiments, Rogerss Corps, Grants New York Companies, Brigade of Guards, 1st. Brigade of British, 71st. Regiment, and Hessian Brigade are to strike their tents at 3 oClock, load their Waggons, and be in readiness to march immediately. A Deputy Quarter Master General will conduct them One Waggon will be allowed to each Regiment, to carry the Mens Tents; they are to assemble, when loaded, on the Common in the rear of the Welsh Fusileers. p. 391. October 17. Stirke: [1776 October] 17th The Lt Infantry, Grenadiers, and one Brigade, with a body of Hessians; marchd at 1 OClock but the morning setting in with very heavy rain, and high wind; obligd us to return to our Quarters, at 1 / 2 after 3 OClock. Stirke, p. 160. General Orders: Head Quarters, Frogs Neck, 17th. Oct., 1776. The Troops under Order to march this Morning at One; will strike their Tents to-morrow at One oClock, and be in readiness to March immediately. Those ordered to strike at 3 this Morning will strike their Tents at 3 to-morrow morning, and be in Readiness to march immediately. Kemble, p. 392. October 18. Peebles: Octr. 18th. the army marchd early in the morng Peebles, p. 58. Glyn: Oct 18th The Army landed at Pells Point on the Continent of North America We encamped at Pelhams Manor near the Connecticut Road. Glyn, p. 12. Sullivan: -Oct. 18th.- At 1 oclock in the morning the -Light infantryand -Grenadiers- struck their camp, and ye 1st. Brigade and Royal Highlanders at 3 oclock and at six reimbarked in the boats, and

passing around -Frog Neck,- land on -Pells Point,- at the mouth of -Hutchinsons River,- which joins the main-Land. The -Brigade of Guards- and the -Hessians- landed at the same place at 8 oclock, after which, they advanced immediately, and laid that night upon their arms, with the left upon the Creek opposite to -Eastchester,- and the right near to -Rochelle.- Sullivan, p. 62. Gideon Delaplace Scull, editor of the letters of Captain William Glanville Evelyn of the 4th Regiment of Foot, who was mortally wounded in the skirmish at Throgs Neck near New York on October 18 1776, noted a letter by American Colonel John Glover wherein: ...a soldier of Colonel Shepherds leaped over the wall and took a hat and a canteen off a Captain that lay dead on the ground they retreated from. Evelyn, p. 11, citing Letter of Colonel Glover, Oct. 22, 1776. Apparently some British Officers carried their own canteens. Among a selection of items suitable for Officers shipped aboard the captured ship Peggy are entries for camp kettles, spoons, candlesticks and canteens: Invoice of Sundrys Shipt on board the Ship Peggy James Kennedy Master Newyork or Head quarters of the Royal Army in America by Patrick [Read?] on [illegible, possibly account] of James Wilson[?] Hallifax Nova Scotia 28 June 1776 5 doz. Cantenes 6/ 1[L.] 10[s.] - Library of Congress, George Washington Papers Series 6. James Wilson Jr. & Company June 28, 1776, Shipping Invoice for British Army Stores. [We should also note that there was also a form of trunk for Officers known as a Canteen but in this case due to these items being only sixpence each, it is likely that they are tin water bottles. SR.] October 21. General Orders: Head Quarters, Pelham Manor, 21st. Oct., 1776. 6 in the Morning. The Tents to be struck at 7 oClock this Morning, and the Troops to be in Readiness to march by the Right, in the following Order Kemble, p. 393. [Orders issued in the morning as Morning Orders were generally for execution during the current day. SR.] October 24. General Orders: Head Quarters, New Rochelle, 24th. Oct., 1776 After Orders, 9 oClock at Night. Tents to be struck to-morrow morning at 6 oClock; the Baggage to be Loaded, and the Army to be ready to march at Seven, in two Columns by the right The Baggage to follow the Columns, respectively, according to the Line of March. The General Officers Baggage at the Head, and to follow the Artillery Ammunition Waggons. Kemble, p. 396. October 25.

Glyn: Head Quarters New Rochelle Oct 26th The Army to strike their Tents at six this Morning & march immediately, we encamped opposite to a Corps of the enemy having the Brunx River between us near Miles Square. Glyn, p. 12. October 27. General Orders: Head Quarters, Wards House, near the Brunx, 27th. Oct., 1776 The Army to strike their Tents to-morrow morning at five, Load their waggons, and be in readiness to march at Six in two Columns by the Right The Baggage, in one Column, will follow, in Line of march, the Left Column, in the Order the Troops are at present encamped. The Cavalry will march in the Front and Rear of each Column in Equal Divisions. Kemble, p. 397-98. October 28. Battle of White Plains. Glyn: Oct 28th The Army struck Tents this Morning & marched in two Columns (Lt General Clinton commanding the right and Lt General Heister the Left) Glyn, p. 13. Major Carl von Baurmeister, concluding his description of the Battle of White Plains: the whole army remained in the fields without tents throughout the night. Baurmeister, p. 65. Also known as the Kingsbridge action. The father of Lieutenant William Hale relates the action: They dined together very heartily during the fire, but lay on their arms all night Wilkin, p. 215-16. Sullivan: ...The Right and Center of our Army did not remove from their ground. In this position we lay on our Arms all night, and with very little alteration Encamped next day Sullivan, p. 71. October 29. Baurmeister: The baggage and tents finally arrived on the 29th. On this day each corps transported its wounded to Rochelle Baurmeister, p. 65. October 30. Sullivan: -October 30th.- Those Battalions [4th Brigade and two of the 6th.] having joined in the afternoon, of this Day, a disposition was made for the attack next day; but the Night and next morning proving very wet it was postponed. Sullivan, p. 74.

General Orders: Head Quarters, White Plain Camp, 30th. Oct., 1776 After Orders, 10 oClock at Night. The Army to be under Arms at 5 oClock in the morning without striking their Tents, and wait for further Orders. Kemble, p. 399. October 31st. Stirke: [1776, October] 31st This morning the Army was in motion at 5 OClock, in order to Attack the Rebels, and drive them from they Hills the[y] are in possession of, opposite our encampment; but the morning proving very Wet, we returnd to our Ground, about 7 OClock. p. 162. General Orders: Head Quarters, White Plain Camp, 31st. Oct., 1776. The Army to be in readiness to move upon the shortest notice. p. 399. November 1. Glyn: Novembr 1st The Army were suddenly ordered under Arms at one this Morning and marched. We were to have attacked the Enemy in three Columns but they retreated in the Night towards Croton Bridge and North Castle district. The Morning was so rainy & the Ground so slippery We had great difficulty in moving our Battalion Guns, returned to our Encampment and remained under Arms till Sun Set. Glyn, p. 13. American General William Heath: November 1st. [1776.] The British made no other attempt on the Americans, while they remained at White Plains. The two armies lay looking at each other, and within long cannon shot. In the night time, the British lighted up a vast number of fires, the weather growing pretty cold. These fires, some on the level ground, some at the foot of the hills, and at all distances to their brows, some of which were lofty, seemed to the eye to mix with the stars, and to be of different magnitudes. The American side, doubtless, exhibited to them a similar appearance. Heath, p. 73. November 4. Baurmeister: On the 4th [November, 1776.] General Grants brigade and most of the heavy artillery left the army and proceeded to Valentines Hill. This brigade had left Long Island on the 30th of October, embarked at Turtle Bay, and going by way of Rochelle, joined the army at nine oclock on the 31st. Baurmeister, p. 67. General Orders: Head Quarters, White Plain Camp, 4th. Nov., 1776. The Army to strike their Tents, load their Waggons, and be in readiness to march to-morrow morning at daybreak, Kemble, p. 402. November 5.

Baurmeister: On the 5th the entire army marched toward the North River to encamp at Dobbs Ferry, where it did not arrive until ten oclock in the morning of the 6th, for the baggage, which had preceded the columns, could make but little headway. The mountains were endless - all the worse for the two-horse wagons, which were the only kind we had. Not a single rebel dared approach our rear guard. Baurmeister, p. 67. John Peebles: Novr. 5th. 1776 The army was put in motion early in the morng. from the left, & marched to the Southward, but owing to the great quantity of heavy loaded waggons & a rough Country they made but slow progress; in the afternoon the Rear of the army made several movemts. on the Hill where the action of the 28th Octr. was & that to the left of it, the Enemy opposite watching our motions. we lay on our arms on these hills all night owing I suppose to the impediment of the Baggage & front of the army met with on the road, the night very cold & no covering. Peebles, p. 60. Glyn: Novber 5th The Army marched at twelve at Noon to the Tarry Town Road; lay on our Arms all night marched the next morning at Day break to Dobbs Ferrey on the North River. Glyn, p. 14. November 6. Sullivan: -Nov. 6th.- Encamped at -Dobbs-Ferry,- 25 miles from -New

York.-

The 2d. -Brigade -marched higher up, and the 28th. and 49th. Battallions, with some Companies of -Light Infantry- and a Field Piece, occupied the Steep Hills, in order to watch the -Enemys- motions, and cover the Right Flank of the Army: We lay upon our Arms that night in a field of Indian Corn, and next day joined the Army at -Dobbs-Ferry.- Sullivan, p. 75. John Peebles: Novr. 6th. we that remaind on the ground last night marchd pretty early in the morng down the east side of the Brunse for 4 or 5 miles then turnd short to the right & marched across a hilly rough Country for 5 or 6 miles to the north River at Dobbs ferry where the Army Encamped, on deversifyed ground along the East side of the River, the prettiest Encampment we had yet the Encampment beautiful at night with the number of fires. p. 60-61. Peebles, p. 60-61. General Orders: Head Quarters, North River, Dobbs Ferry, 6th. Nov., 1776. The Commander in Chief is extremely disappointed to find, that notwithstanding the repeated orders upon the subject of Baggage, the Waggons are still so overloaded as to make [it] almost impossible to move them through this strong Country. He once more Recommends to the Commanding Officers of Corps the Absolute Necessity of their examining the Baggage that is put upon the Waggons, otherwise the several movements of the Army must be totally impeded, or great part of the Baggage fall into the Enemies hands. Kemble, p. 403.

November 7. General Orders: Head Quarters, North River, Dobbs Ferry, Nov. 7th., 1776 A Regimental Quarter Master to be appointed in each Brigade to superintend the march of the Baggage, who will report to the Officer Commanding his Brigade whatever he may judge may retard the march of the Baggage. Kemble, p. 404. November 9. The father of Lieutenant William Hale of the Grenadier Company, 45th Regiment of Foot, noted in a letter to a friend, that his son was well, and encamped: This morning I received yours, and the same post brought us a letter from William, with two dates, one the 30th of Oct., the other 9th of Nov., giving an account of the action of Kings Bridge he says he writes it under his marquee, is in good health and spirits... Wilkin, p. 215; citing Exeter, 22nd of Dec., 1776. November 11. General Orders: Head Quarters, North River, Dobbs Ferry, Nov. 11th., 1776. The Tents to be struck, the Waggons loaded, and the Army to be in readiness to move by break of Day to-morrow. Kemble, p. 405. After orders, 7 at Night. Should the morning prove Rainy, the Tents are not to be struck, nor the Waggons loaded, till further Orders. Kemble, p. 406. [After Orders were generally an addition to the General Orders for execution the next day. SR.] November 12. Glyn: November 12th The Army and Baggage Marched this Morning and encamped near Courtland Mannor. Glyn, p. 15. John Peebles: Nov. 12th. The army put in motion early in the morng. which was clear & cold, but the arrangement of the Baggage & accidents happening to ye Waggons retarded us much in the forepart of the day. We left the Column marchd the road we came from White plains as far as the Saw Mill Bridge which is about 1 1/2 miles, then turnd short to the right & marched along the East bank of sd. River (in a fine Valley with high ground on each side) for 6 or 7 miles when we halted at a very good house, took our Tents &ca. out of the waggons & carried them 3 or 4 miles, thro bad road & a narrow pass which had been stopd with a work lately made, Encampd on good ground within a few miles of Kings Bridge but dont know what name they gave it, almost dark when we got to our ground & the waggons did not arrive for 3 hours after. Peebles, p. 61. General Orders: Head Quarters, North River, Dobbs Ferry, Nov. 12th., 1776.

The Army and Baggage to march in the same Order as directed for this day, by break of day tomorrow. Kemble, p. 407. November 13. Glyn: Head Quarters Courtland Mannor Novber 13th The Army struck Tents at Day break, marched, and encamped near Kingsbridge. Glyn, p. 15. General Orders: Head Quarters, Mr. Courtlands, Nov. 13th., 1776 The Men to carry their Tent Poles, and not to put them on the Waggons. Kemble, p. 407-08. November 15. Glyn: Head Quarters DeLanceys Mills Novber 15th The Light Infantry and Brigade of Guards to be under Arms at four oclock to morrow Morning with their Blankets and one Days Provision leaving their Camp standing; Guides will atend to conduct them... Glyn, p. 15. November 16. Attack on Fort Washington. Glyn: November The Light Mathew marched at Creek, as soon as landing Glyn, p. 16th Infantry & Brigade of Guards under Brigadier Genl five embarked in the flat Bottom Boats at Kingsbridge the tide served this Corps fell down to the place of 16.

John Peebles: Novr. 16th. 1776.] Attack of Fort Washington Most of the Troops returned to their former ground that night a good deal fatigued. Peebles, p. 62-64. November 17. [Check General Orders of the 17th.] John Peebles: Novr. 17th. [1776.] fine wr. & a day of rest the 18th. we the 3d. Battn of Grenadrs. marchd to New York & Encampd on the Plains at the North end of the Town, some other Troops came there likewise - Things getting ready for a Secret expedition. We remaind in this Camp about a week & then Embarkd for the Lord knows where - Peebles, p. 64. [Peebles refers to the occupation of Newport in December. SR.] Captain Alexander Graydon of Cadwaladers (formerly Shees) Pennsylvania Battalion was taken prisoner during the battle of Fort Washington. In the following days Graydon was passed through the custody of several British Officers and escorts during his march to New York. In his memoir of that time, he writes:

...we, in front, were escorted by a Captain Warren, a young irishman of the Inniskillen regiment. He was not uncourteous or disobliging; and was extremely prompt in attending to the want of drink, which sometimes occurred upon the road, on these occasions, offering the contents of his canteen to mix with the water that was brought us. Graydon, p. 221. [The canteen was -possibly- of the pack type, but more likely a Soldiers canteen. Graydon does mention several British Officers who were mounted, but makes no reference to Captain Warren or any of the series of Officers on prisoner escort duty being on horseback. Therefore it seems less likely that the canteen was bulky or heavy. SR.] November 19. General Orders: Head Quarters, De Lanceys The following Corps Waggons and be in Readiness Provisions, this Night at 9 Mill, Nov. 19th., 1776. are to strike their tents, load their to march, with their Blankets and oClock Kemble, p. 411.

Glyn: Head Quarters Delanseys Mills Novber 19th The following Corps are to strike their Tents, load their Waggons and be in readiness to march with their Blankets and Provisions this Night at nine oclock. Two Companies of Chasseurs 1st and 2nd Battalions of Light Infantry, 1st & 2nd Battns Grenadiers 33rd & 42nd Regiments, the Brigade of Guards, 100 Men of Rogers Corps without Arms, two Engineers with 12 Carpenters and three Guides they will receive their Orders from Lt Genl Earl Cornwallis. These Corps were to attack Fort Lee in New Jersey which was separated from Fort Washington by the Hudson River. The first Division consisting of the Light Infantry and Chasseurs embarked in the Boats at Spiting Devil, while the 2d Division marched & lay on their Arms near Philipses Farm by Tetards Hill. Glyn, p. 17. New Jersey. Operations under Lord Cornwallis. November 20. Taking of Forts Lee and Constitution. Lieutenant Stirke: [1776, Nov.] 20th We landed in the Jerseys, after passing a very disagreeable night in the Flat Boats, under a thick heavy Rain. Stirke, p. 164. Stirke had been promoted to Lieutenant on November 18. Glyn: November 20th we found great Magazines, several pieces of Cannon, & very convenient Block Houses for the protection of our troops, lay on our Arms all Night. Glyn, p. 17. Sullivan: -Nov. 20th.-

Lord -Cornwallis- with his Troops immediately began his march, and had not the enemy at -Fort Lee,- been apprised of his moving towards them, by a Countryman, after he had proceeded a good distance, he would have surrounded two thousand men at the -Fort,- who escaped in the utmost confusion, leaving all their Artillery, and large Quantities of Stores and provisions; their Tents standing, and Kettles with Victuals boiling upon the Fires His Lordship encamped that night near the -Fort,- making use of the -Enemys- Tents, huts and other Articles. Sullivan, p. 84. [Glyn gives the impression that the troops laid out, while Sullivan suggests that they used available shelter; possibly the troops used shelter or not according to where they were deployed. SR.] November 21st. General Orders: Head Quarters English Neighborhood New Jersey November 21st All the Troops to encamp except the Grenadiers and Light infantry as soon as their Camp Equipage shall arrive. Glyn, p. 18. November 24. Glyn: Head Quarters English Neighborhood New Jersey Novber 24th The Brigade of guards to strike Tents to morrow Morning & be in readiness to march. Glyn, p. 18. November 25. Glyn: November 25th We marched at nine laid on our Arms all Night on the heights beyond Hackinsack, having passed the Bergen Meadows. Glyn, p. 18. Head Quarters Newbridge Novber 25th After Orders The Reserve to strike their Tents & be in readiness to march precisely at four oclock to morrow Morning by the right. The Guards Hessian Grenadiers & chasseurs to be in readiness to march at five oclock to morrow morning also the 1st & 2nd Battalions of Light Infantry. Glyn, p. 18. Baurmeister: On the 25th of November, the 4th Brigade went into camp at New Bridge, while the 2nd occupied the camp at English Neighborhood, which Colonel von Donop had just evacuated to march to Hackensack. On the 26th General Cornwallis forded the Passaic with his entire corps and remained during the night without tents near the village of Ackquackanonk, where the 4th Brigade under General Grant came up on the 27th, which was a day of rest. Baurmeister, p. 72-73. November 27. Glyn: After Orders Novber 27th

Tents to be struck and the Troops to be in readiness to march at nine oclock to morrow Morning. Glyn, p. 19. November 28. Baurmeister: On the 28th the corps set out to march again. The right column under Colonel von Donop encamped in the Newark Mountains, while the left column was marched to the Newark region by Lord Cornwallis himself. Not until the 28th did General von Mirbachs brigade, under the command of Colonel Rall cross the North River under fort Knyphausen in boats and encamp at English Neighborhood in Jersey - without tents. Baurmeister, p. 73. Glyn: Novber 28th [1776.] We marched to Newark & were there cantoned, the Enemy had evacuated it only in the Morning & had left their Quarters in great haste; We found the Rooms in the Houses very unclean from the filth and dirt of the Rebel Troops. Glyn, p. 19. November 29. Baurmeister: On the 29th this [Mirbachs] brigade went into camp in Hackensack. a town which extends four English miles along the highway. General Cornwallis also set out with his corps on this day and went into cantonment around Elizabethtown. One battalion of light infantry and the 1st Hessian Jger Company held outposts at Rahway, where on the 30th the corps went into cantonment, extending to Woodbridge. One light infantry battalion was at Amboy, and another, together with the 2nd Hessian Jger Company, was quartered at Connecticut Farms Meeting. Baurmeister, p. 73. November 30. Glyn: Newark Novber 30th Brigade Orders The Tents of the Brigade to be sent immediately to Elizabeth Town under the escort of a Sejeant and 20 Private, who will return with the Waggons this Night. A Quarter Master with the Camp Colour Men to go with this Baggage to take charge of it till delivered to the proper officer, who will transport it to Staten Island. Glyn, p. 19. Glyn: Head Quarters Newark Novber 30th We marched through Elizabeth Town to Raway and and at six in the Evening, we received orders to continue our March to Woodbridge, where we lay on our Arms all Night. Glyn, p. 19. December 1. Taking up winter quarters in New Jersey: Baurmeister: Colonel Rall was ordered to deposit all dispensable baggage on

Staten Island and follow General Cornwalliss corps as far as Newark. Here Colonel Rall doubled his pickets when he learned that a considerable body of rebels under General Williamson was approaching. His patrols also brought in a prisoner, who had been attempting to drive away cattle. On this same day General Howe went to Jersey and ordered the Waldeck Battalion to embark at the Kings Wharf in this city and sail to Amboy. General Stirns brigade was also garrisoned here, partly in barracks and partly in uninhabited houses. The houses are provided with ships mattresses, fireplaces, several benches, a common table in each room, kettles, and a few iron pots - certainly making rather poor quarters. While there is no shortage of wood, coal, light, and provisions, there is a decided lack of the comfort which the soldier expects, desires, and needs in winter quarters. Baurmeister, p. 74. December 6. Baurmeister: On the 6th Colonel Ralls brigade went into cantonment in Elizabethtown and relieved two hundred English infantryman who joined the corps in Brunswick. Baurmeister, p. 74. December 7. Baurmeister: On the 7th Colonel Rall continued his march as far as Maidenhead, leaving Lossbergs Regiment in Elizabethtown until the Waldeck Battalion should come to relieve it. At first Colonel Rall had instructions to march to Brunswick, but after he had started out he received orders to proceed to Maidenhead - a very fatiguing march of twenty-six English miles. The regiments were compelled to spend two nights without quarters or tents though they finally sought shelter in scattered houses. Baurmeister, p. 74. December 12. Glyn notes that Lord Cornwallis prepared for leave in England, turning over command of the Crown forces in New Jersey to General Grant. Winter Quarters, New Jersey, 1776-1777. Following the successful conclusion of the 1776 campaign, Howes army settled town in New York, which the British would occupy for the remainder of the war. Operations continued in New Jersey however, and part of the army, including much of the elite Grenadiers and Light Infantry, operated there until it was deemed safe to go into winter quarters. Of this period, Captain Harris wrote: We marched via Newbridge, Newark, and Elizabeth Town, to new Brunswick. So soon as winter quarters are settled, I depart for New York, where all my effects are in store, but where I most heartily wish they had never gone, as they will, in all probability, be greatly damaged. Wilkin, p. 190. December 19.

Lieutenant William Hale, Grenadier Company, 45th Regiment of Foot, to his Father; Brunswick, New Jersey, Dec. 19th, 1776 General Grant, who at present commands in the Jerseys, will not permit any of us to go to York, in consequence of which I have neither bed nor baggage; my clothes are all on my back and I am obliged to wrap my cloak and blanket around me while I get my rags mended; we have no butter, wine or vegetables, though a Market is promised. A room is allotted me in this Town, with only three doors in it, papered and well furnished, eight Mahogany chairs, the bottoms compose my bed, a book case and tables are the principal ornaments... Wilkin, p. 219. [Hale was deprived of his personal baggage, though he was really only a stones throw from New York. He was forced to improvise a bed; perhaps by arranging the chairs front-to-front and tying them together - not very commodious, but better perhaps, than lying upon the floor. Several accounts by British Officers of this phase of the campaign note the cramped quarters and the difficulty of obtaining supplies.] [The notion of sleeping upon chairs was not unknown in civilian circles. James Boswell, a guest on the Scottish Isle of Coll in 1773, wrote: Monday 4 October I have a mortal aversion at sleeping in the same bed with a man; and a young Highlander was always somewhat suspicious as to scorbutic symptoms. I once thought of sleeping on chairs; but this would have been uncivil and disobliging to a young gentleman who had been very civil and obliging to us. Upon inspection, as much as could be without observing it, he seemed to be quite clean, and the bed was very broad. So I lay down peaceably, kept myself separated from him, and reposed tolerably. Boswell 1773, p. 254. Boswell uses the term scorbutic as though it relates to contagious scabies or the itch, while the term scorbutic is usually used to describe symptoms of scurvy, an unrelated nutritional deficiency. It was also not uncommon for guests to share a bed with another, especially when traveling. SR.] December 20. Sir William Howe to Lord George Germain. New York, Dec. 20, 1776... I cannot too much commend Lord Cornwalliss good services during this campaign, and particularly the ability and conduct he displayed in the pursuit of the enemy from Fort Lee to Trenton, a distance exceeding eighty miles, in which he was well supported by the ardour of his corps, who cheerfully quitted their tents and heavy baggage as impediments to their march. Ross, I, p. 25. 1777. Ca. January 3. Lieutenant John Macdonald, 42nd (Royal Highland) Regiment of

Foot:

Here it happened my turn to go with the baggage of the army to Brunswick. The weather was very bad, with snow, frost, and sleet alternately. The road was still worse in returning with ammunition and prisoners, and the baggage horses being very ill-shod, and as ill-fed, it was the fourth day before we got back to Princetown, though

constantly on duty. Here, finding the 42d with the bulk of the army had marched towards Trenton, I followed, and late at night found them near that place, and I had a little rest on a wisp of rotten hay. Next morning the army followed the rebels to Princetown; but proved too late to save the 17th from a severe handling from a large body of them on their way to the Blue Mountains. But Lord Cornwallis, dreading the danger of Brunswick; where so much valuable stores lay, marched with all expedition to save that place, from whence the 42d was detached to Piscataqua, and arrived there on the evening of the 3d January 1777; and I give the reader all this trouble to tell him that then I finished my eighty-two miles march with only one bad nights rest. p. 221. Jan. 13. Lt. Col. William Harcourt, 16th Light Dragoons, to Earl Harcourt. Brunswick, the 13th. Jan., 1777... With respect to your very kind offer, I have only to say that, so far from wishing you to have the trouble of sending any thing from England, I have not as yet been able to make use of any of the many comforts which your generosity enabled me to furnish myself with. The truth is, that the scrambling life we have hitherto led, the probability of sometimes losing ones baggage, the continual /alerte/ in which we have been for these last three weeks, and lastly, the want of a good Cook, have hitherto made it impossible for me to keep a table, tho I shall soon hope to accomplish it. Scull, p. 229. January 16. Lieutenant and Captain Thomas Dowdeswell to the Marquis of Rockingham, Rariton Landing, New Jersey, January 16, 1777: The Army in the Jerseys, under Lord Cornwallis, is now in miserable cantonments with their right to Amboy, & their left to Brunswick Six or seven officers with their Servants are obliged to lay upon the Floor in the same Room for want of Quarters, nor have we had our Cloathes off since the 31st of last Month. The first thing our English Soldiers look for is Shoes. We are much in want of them, many of our men not being able to march with us, on that account. Dowdeswell, p. 133-36. Febuary 12. In a retrospect of the 1776 campaigns, Captain William Dansey of the Light Infantry Company, 33rd Regiment of Foot wrote: On board the Chambre, Amboy, February 17, 1777 You know I was determined when I left home to want for Nothing, and I have many very good things by me; but I can make no use of for here. Two Shirts and other Necessaries just as a Soldier are enough for any Officer under the rank of General. Dansey, July, 1951, p. 106. Captain Sir James Murray of the Light Infantry Company, 57th Regiment of Foot wrote of winter quarters in the Jersies: Amboy, N. Jersies Febry. 25th, 1777... I have suffered an interruption of several days in my proceedings by a little excursion which I was under a necessity of making to New Brunswick... I found our friends there living very

comfortably 12 and 14 to a room... Murray, J, p. 42. Ensign George Inman of the 17th Regiment of Foot wrote in his memoir of field service during this time: ...The Season of the Year being severe, snow on the ground and for Nights having no other Bed than hard frozen earth or Ice and no other covering than a cloak oftentimes induced me to Reflect on past times when I used to sleep on soft downy Beds... Inman, p. 240. Hunter: On our arrival at Brunswick we expected to have gone into barracks with the Grenadiers, but we were very much disappointed. The men were quartered in barns, and the officers of three Companies in one room, without anything to eat but salt pork, and half the battalion ordered on piquet on a bleak hill without any cover but some paling and straw made into a shed, a large fire at our feet - one side roasted and the other frozen. I shall never forget it. ...indeed, the whole army for the greatest part of the winter always turned out an hour before daybreak, and drew up in line in expectation of being attacked. This was a most harassing winter for the troops at Brunswick. They were on piquet every third night, and generally marched out five or six miles twice every week to cover foraging parties. The Light Infantry were in barns the whole winter, and twelve officers in a small room, lying upon straw, and a very genteel Royalist family in an inner room, the only way out of which was through ours. In this situation we remained for the winter. St. George, [Hunters fellow Lieutenant and close friend] -being a man of fortune,built a room, with a fireplace, in the garret, where he and I intended being very snug and comfortable, but never were two gentlemen more disappointed, or more laughed at. We had got fresh straw for our beds, and made a fire in our little room; but when it began to burn the stink was so intolerable that we could not stay in it, and owing to the cold it was quite impossible to sleep in this room without fire, so we were obliged to return to our former quarters, to the great entertainment of everybody. We could not imagine what had caused such a stink, but on examining the mortar very closely we found out the cause; whether some filth had put in as a joke or by accident we could not discover. Hunter, p. 25-26. In February 1777, Lieutenant John Peebles of the Grenadier Company of the 42nd Royal Highland Regiment of Foot had recently returned to New York from service at Newport, Rhode Island. A dedicated and chatty diarist as well as a seasoned veteran, Peebles outlined his preparations for field service: Wednesday 12th. Febry. [1777, Eagle Transport, Fly Market, near New York.] fine clear weather & frosty, went aboard and got our heavy baggage ashore & lodged in the store, & meant to have got our cloathing aboard but Mr. Serjt. Stewart gets drunk & neglects his business. Bot a Portmanteau & a pair of boots 7. filled my portmanteau with Campaign articles & left all the rest of my baggage (except the Canteen Box & my Bedding) vizt. 2 Trunks, box with Bedsted, little case, & tent &ca. in the Regtal. Store... Peebles, p. 89. [Peebles retained his bedding; such as a mattress and blankets, but sent his folding bed, little case, two trunks and tent into storage.

It would be interesting to know what the little case was for. What Peebles considered most necessary, he transferred from the trunks to his new Portmanteau; a soft, cylindrical leather case easily slung upon the back. Much to their chagrin Peebles and the British Grenadiers as well as much of the elite of the British Army found themselves far from the relative comfort of New York. They were kept on constant alert on the New Jersey side, quartered in small villages or as in the case of Peebless troops, in the dank confines of a moored transport ship due to lack of sufficient houses and barns to put the troops in. SR.] Hunter summarized this period: The Light Infantry were always in front of the army, and not allowed tents. We generally quartered our men in farmhouses and barns, or made huts when houses were not conveniently situated, and we were always so near the to enemy that the men never pulled off their accoutrements, and were always ready to turn out at a minutes warning. Hunter, p. 26-27. Captain Charles Cochrane 4th Regiment of Foot, 1st. Battalion of Light Infantry, to Archibald, ninth Earl of Dundonald. New Jersey, Brunswick, 8th March, 1777... We have had rather a disagreeable winter of it. The light infantry, with which corps I am, have been much harassed during the winter, and are miserably ill lodged; my whole company, which consists of 53 men, are obliged to live in one small room, and I am in a pigeonhole, with 11 officers, where we eat, drink, and sleep. I dont believe a man of this army, ever since the affair of Tronton [sic], where the fatal security of the Hessians brought us into that sad scrape, have had their clothes off; for my part, except one fortnight, I have not been uncased these ten months. I have a Galloway plaid, which Jack sent me; this, a blanket, and a skin of a bear, is my principle baggage and bed. It is the healthiest and most agreeable life in the world, could one divest themselves of reflection, and have no eye towards futurity, or the main chance... Ch. Cochrane. Paterson, p. 28. In March of 1777, Lieutenant Ward of the 33rd Regiment of Foot had been missing his baggage since December: Lost in December last, a deal box containing a bed-stead and curtains, with sundry men and womens apparel, supposed by mistake in shipping them on board a sloop carrying baggage from New-York to Amboy, for the 33rd regiment. The baggage of the 26th regiment was loading at Amboy the same time; it is thought probable that the said box might be mixed with that baggage. Whoever will bring or give intelligence of the said box to Lieut. Ward of the 33rd regiment, or H. Gaine, so that the said box may be had again, shall receive ten dollars reward, and all expences paid. - New York Gazette and Weekly Mercury. March 17, 1777. Stryker, p. 317. --------Sources to 1776-77 New York - New Jersey: Bamford, William; Bamfords Diary, in Maryland Historical Magazine, Part 2: Vol. XXVIII (1933).

Boswell, James; Boswells Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides with Samuel Johnson, 1773. Pottle, Frederick A., and Bennett, Charles H., eds. Mc Graw-Hill, NY, 1936. Baurmeister, Carl Leopold; Revolution in America. Confidential letters and Journals 1776-1784 of Adjutant General Major Baumeister of the Hessian Forces. Translated and annotated by Bernard A. Uhlendorf. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1957. Reprint, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 1973. Cohen, Sheldon S., ed; Captain William Leslies Paths to Glory, in New Jersey History, CVIII (1990). Dowdeswell, Thomas; The Operations in New Jersey - An English Officer Describes the Events of December 1776. Tyler, J. E., ed. In New Jersey Historical Society Proceedings. Vol. 70, April 1952, p. 133-36. Evelyn; William Glanville; Memoir and Letters of Captain W. Glanville Evelyn, of the 4th Regiment, (Kings Own,) from North America, 17741776. Scull, G. D., ed; Parker & Co., Oxford, 1879. Reprint, Arno Press, 1971. Glyn, Thomas. The Journal of Ensign Thomas Glyn, 1st. Regiment of Foot Guards on the American Service with the Brigade of Guards, 1776-1777. Bass, Linnea, ed., Palatine, IL, 1987. Graydon, Alexander; Memoirs of His own Time. John S. Littel, ed. Philadelphia, 1846. Reprint, Arno Press, NY, 1972. Haslewood, William; Journal of a British Officer during the American Revolution. Kellogg, Louise Phelps, ed. In Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. VII, No. 1, June, 1920. Heath, William; Memoirs of Major-General Heath. Containing Anecdotes, Details of Skirmishes, Battles, and other Military Events, During the American War. Boston, 1798. Reprint, William Abbatt, 1901, reprint, New York Times and Arno Press, 1968. HMC, III; Historical Manuscripts Commission. Report on the Manuscripts of the Late Reginald Rawdon Hastings, Esq., of the Manor House, Ashby de la Zouch. Vol. III. Bickley, Francis, ed. His Majestys Stationery Office, London, 1934. HMC Rutland: Historical Manuscripts Commission The Manuscripts of His Grace the Duke of Rutland, K. G., preserved at Rutland Castle. Vol. III. Her Majestys Stationery Office, Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1894. [Google Book Search.] Howe Orderly Book; Howe, William Orderly Book, June 30 - October 4 1776. General Orders from 30th June to 5th. Octr. 1776: General orders by His Excellency the Honble. Wm. Howe From 30th. June & ending 5th. October 1776. Collection of Morristown National Historical Park. Wisconsin Historical Society microfilm #P79-3244. Transcribed by Steve Gilbert, 1992. Hunter, Martin; The Journal of General Sir Martin Hunter. Hunter,

Anne, and Bell, Elizabeth, eds. Edinburgh, The Edinburgh Press, 1894. Inman, George; George Inmans Narrative of the American Revolution. In The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. Vol. VII. No. 3., 1883. Kemble, Stephen, Journals of Lieutenant-Colonel Stephen Kemble - Order Books of Lieutenant - Colonel Stephen Kemble, Adjutant General and Deputy Adjutant General to the British Forces in America, 1775 - 1778. Collections of the New York Historical Society for 1883. New York. The New York Historical Society, 1884. Reprint, Gregg Press, Boston, 1972. Lushington, the Rt. Hon. S. R.; The Life and Services of General Lord Harris, G. C. B., during his Campaigns in America, the West Indies, and India. John W. Parker, West Strand, London, 1840. [Google Book Search.] Murray, Sir James; Letters From America, 1773 to 1780, Being the letters of a Scots Officer, Sir James Murray, to his home during the War of American Independence. Robson, Eric, ed; Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1950. Macdonald, John; Major John Macdonald Selections from his Autobiography. In The Celtic Magazine: A Monthly Periodical devoted to the Literature, History, Antiquities, Folk Lore, Traditions, and the Social and Material Interests of the Celt at Home and Abroad. Collected by Alexander Mackenzie, F. S. A. Scot. Vol. X. A & W Mackenzie, Inverness, 1885. [Google Book Search.] Mackenzie, Frederick, The Diary of Frederick Mackenzie Giving a Daily Narrative of his Military Service as an Officer of the Regiment of Royal Welch Fuziliers During the Years 1775 - 1781 in Massachusetts, Rhode Island and New York. 2 vols. Cambridge MA; Harvard University Press, 1930. reprint The New York Times and Arno Press, NY 1969. Paterson, James; History of the County of Ayr: with a Genealogical Account of the Families of Ayrshire. Volume II. Thomas George Stevenson, Edinburgh, 1852. [Google Book Search.] Peebles, John; John Peebles American War, 1776-1782. Gruber, Ira, ed. Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA 1998. Peebles Orderly Book; 4th Battalion of Grenadiers Orderly Book, 30 June - 15 November 1776. Courtesy of Don Hagist. Peebles Diary, Notebook 2. (Peebles Diary, GD 21/492, 2, SRO) Scottish Record Office. Price, Lt. Col. O., ed. The Iron Duke - The Regimental Magazine of the Duke of Wellingtons Regiment. Dover, Kent, England. Jan. 1951 to April 1953. Ross, Charles, ed.; The Correspondence of Charles, First Marquis Cornwallis. Three volumes. Vol. I. Second Edition. John Murray, London. 1859. Schlzer, August Ludwig; Letters of Brunswick & Hessian Officers During the American Revolution. [Translated from Schlzers Letter Exchange, Gottingen, 1776-1782.] Stone, William L., ed; Albany, NY, 1891. reprint, Da Capo Press, NY 1970.

Scull, Gideon Delaplace; The Evelyns in America: compiled from Family papers and other Sources, 1608-1805. Parker and Company, Oxford. 1881. Serle, Ambrose; The American Journal of Ambrose Serle, Secretary to Lord Howe, 1776-1778. Edward H. Tatum Jr., ed. Huntington Library, San Marino, Ca., 1940. Reprint, Arno Press, 1969. Stirke, Henry; A British Officers Revolutionary War Journal, 17761778. Bradford, S. Sydney, ed; in Maryland Historical Magazine, #56, (June, 1961). Stryker, William S., A.M. LL.D.; Documents Relating to the Revolutionary History of the State of New Jersey. Volume I. Extracts from American Newspapers. Vol. I 1776 - 1777. John L. Murphy Publishing Co., Trenton, New Jersey, 1901. [Google Book Search.] Stuart-Wortley, the Hon. Mrs. E. ed; A Prime Minister and His Son: From the Correspondence of the 3rd Earl of Bute and of Lt. General the Hon. Sir Charles Stuart, K. B. John Murray, London, 1925. Sullivan, Thomas; From Redcoat to Rebel: The Thomas Sullivan Journal. Boyle, Joseph Lee, ed; Heritage Books, Bowie, Md 1997. Wilkin, Captain W. H., ed., Some British Soldiers in America. London, 1914. -