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Learn the dierences among tea roses, English roses, shrub roses and more. Find out the best varieties of each type of rose the repeat bloomers, the most fragrant, the disease resistant, plus varieties for specic situations: such as humid areas and the seashore. Articles also over design ideas, companion plants and practical care.
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STEP-BY-STEP

Planting a Climbing Rose

Text by JANET H. SANCHEZ Illustrations by ELAYNE SEARS
CLIMBING ROSES ARE VERSATILE PLANTS, Useful

1. Select the Site

Like other roses, climbing sorts do best with at least six hours a day of sun. The soil at the site should be well drained. (If your soil doesn't drain well, consider planting in a raised bed. Roses hate having wet roots.) Roses also benefit from good air circulation, which helps prevent foliar diseases, though they are not happy in continuous, heavy winds. If you plant on a trellis next to a wall, you can improve the air circulation by positioning the support at least three inches away from the wall.

for decorating a wall or fence or providing colorful shade for an arbor. You can also train a climbing rose to cover a tripod or pillar to add height and interest to a border of low-growing plants. There are many varieties available, ranging from relatively small eight-footers to rampant, 30-foot growers that will quickly cover a small tree. Some blossom only in spring, while others are repeat bloomers; their flowers range from small to large, and come in all the favorite rose colors. It's important to note that climbing roses don't actually climb in the ways of true vines, such as ivy or grapes, which attach themselves to a support by way of tendrils or suction disks. Instead, roses scramble through shrubs and trees with the help of their thorns. To get them to grow on a trellis or other structure, you'll need to tie the canes to the support. When selecting a climbing rose for your garden, consider its hardiness as well as its ultimate size, which will determine its suitability for the site and the support you have in mind. For advice, check with local nurseries or the American Rose Society (see the box opposite). Depending upon the season, you can set out roses either as bareroot plants or in containers. Bareroot roses are sold in winter and early spring, before they leaf out. Containerized plants, shown here, are available later in spring and throughout the planting season; purchasing one will allow you to select a rose while it is in bloom.

2. Prepare the Soil To give your climbing rose a good start in life, prepare a planting area several feet in diameter by digging the soil to a depth of a foot or more. Then spread a three- to four-inch layer of organic matter, such as compost or well-rotted manure, plus an all-purpose fertilizer (in the amount recommended on the label) over the area and work these amendments into the soil. If possible, let the soil settle for a few weeks before planting.

28 HORTICULTURE

3. Plant
Dig a hole as deep as the container and about eight inches wider than it. If you are planting near a solid wall, place the hole at least 15 inches away from it to allow enough space for root development. Remove the rose from its container and use your fingers to loosen any coiled roots. Then set the root ball in the hole, spreading out the loosened roots. If your plant is budded, rather than growing on its own roots, planting depth is important. Most growers in cold-winter regions (USDA Zones 7 and below) position their roses so that the bud unionthe swollen knob where the graft was made at the crownwill sit an inch below soil level. In warmer climates, the bud union should sit slightly above soil level. If necessary, add or take away soil from under the root ball to adjust the planting depth. You can set roses growing on their own roots at the same depth as they were growing in the container. Fill in the hole with soil, firming it with your hands, and water well.

4. Begin Training
Cut away any dead or badly damaged canes. If the canes are too short to reach the support structure, leave them to grow and tie them later. However, if they are long enough, fasten them loosely to the structure with strong string or strips of cloth. Don't use wire, which will eventually constrict growth. As the canes grow, continue tying them in place as needed. When they approach the desired height, begin training the canes horizontally along the support; this will encourage the buds along the stem to grow and eventually flower. If the canes are allowed to grow vertically, they will tend to bloom only at the tip.

S. Provide Summer Care

You'll need to water newly planted roses frequently, keeping the soil moist, but not soggy. An inch or so of mulch, such as bark, dried grass clippings, or compost, will help maintain an even moisture level and reduce weed growth. On repeat bloomers, remove any blossoms once they have faded, to encourage more flowers. Feed your rose once or twice during the summer with a complete fertilizer. In cold climates, stop fertilizing six or eight weeks before cold weather sets in, so the plants won't put out tender new growth, which is susceptible to frost damage, late in the season.

C H O O S I N G T H E R I G H T ROSE Local groups of the American

Rose Society and their consulting rosarians (trained experts) are excellent sources of information on regional adaptability of specific roses. Call them at 800-637-6534, 318-938-5402, or visit them on the web at www.ars.org.-J.H.S.

MAY

Roses
for Mixed Company
Long bloom, disease resistance & compact size are the essential traits
HELEN DILLON (and ever-smaller gar-

IN OUR AGE OF DEMOCRACY

dens), roses have got to learn to live alongside other plants; we can't have any more of their picky insistence on private beds all to themselves. Aristocrats of the plant world they may be, but once you start to evaluate them on their performance in a mixed gathering, you'll see what extraordinarily versatile and useful plants some of them are. Some roses simply will not tolerate the company of other plants. The China rose 'Louis XIV, for example, which faints at the onset of mildew, is excessively greedy, and permanently in a state of such delicate health that to produce a flush of its black-crimson, velvet flowers is almost too much effortthe Sun King himself couldn't have been more demanding. 'La France' is another beldam of particular tastes; I've packed her off in despair. If she won't adapt to the hurly-burly of the mixed border, she's not for me, despite her distinguished pedigree as the very first hybrid tea. Rampant growers are just as unsuitable for the mixed border. In the past I've had both The yellow Austin rose 'Graham Thomas' makes a splendid companion for dark blue delphiniums.

APRIL 1 9 9 8 43

HELEN DILLON'S BEST ROSES FOR THE MIXED BORDER Red: 'Frensham' (floribunda; 2'A ft.), 'Orange Triumph' (polyantha; 2-21/2ft.), 'Trumpeter' (floribunda; 3 ft.) Pink: 'Dainty Bess' (hybrid tea; 2 1/2 ft.), 'Irene Watts' (China; 2 ft.), 'Souvenir de Saint Anne's' (Bourbon; 4 ft.) Yellow: 'Arthur Bell' (floribunda; 4-5 ft.), 'Golden Wings' (shrub; 6 ft.), 'Graham Thomas' (Austin; 5-10 ft.) Apricot: 'Buff Beauty' (hybrid musk; 6 ft.), 'Golden Celebration' (Austin; 4 ft.), 'Mrs. Oakley Fisher' (hybrid tea; 4-5 ft.) White: 'Blanc Double de Coubert' (rugosa; 6 ft.), 'Margaret Merril' (floribunda; 4 ft.), 'Winchester Cathedral' (Austin; 4-6 ft.)

Above left: Rosa glauca, a foliage plant par excellence. Above right: A highly fragrant pair: R. Xdorata 'Pallida' with Philadelphus 'Belle Etoile'. Rosa filipes 'Kiftsgate' and the rambler 'Belvedere' growing up old pear trees. These tremendously vigorous climbers, with huge flower clusters in white and pink respectively, are indeed a dreamy sight in bloom. But they had to goit wasn't possible to garden anywhere in the vicinity of their viciously thorny, 10foot-long young canes. Then there is the matter of foliage, Clean foliage is of the essence. Take the alba 'Celeste'most divine among roses, with melting flowers in silvery pink set off by blue-green leavesone of my favorites. In June, that is. But come September, in this garden at any rate, what a mess: no more flowers, and any leaves still on the bush (most are on the ground at that stage) are a fascinating mix of red-spider stipple, rust, and blackspot. Such temperamental beauties are only for the most spacious gardens, where the plants can be tucked away, to be visited in their midsummer prime. Other roses fail to meet the criteria of a "good garden plant" because they are fussy or once-flowering, however heavenly their flowers may be. Into this category fall roses such as 'Souvenir du Docteur Jamain', 'Charles de Mills', and 'Madame Hardy', all of which I worship and don't care whether they're good value in the garden or not. Fortunately, some roses seem to cross the divide. For example, 'Heritage' (4-6 ft.), one of David Austin's new English roses, has the most exquisite cup-shaped flowers in delicate shell pink; it is entirely suitable for solitary admiration but also quite tough enough to be used as a component of the mixed border. 'William Lobb', one of the old moss roses, flowers only once (in a lovely murky purple) but has such good foliage that I don't mind. Moreover, you can prune it hard or not at all, so it can be anything from four to seven feet. And I never stop singing the praises of Rosa glauca (6-8 ft.).The leaves are amazingly beautiful, an indescribable mixture of gray, blue green, and purple; it is, in fact,

HORTICULTURE

my number-one choice as a foliage rose. Though R. glauca is hard to top, the new leaves of many roses are crimson-flushed in spring and add another season of beauty when interplanted with scarlet tulips or dusky red polyanthus primulas, such as those in the Cowichan Garnet Group. So what are the criteria for roses that are to be grown in a mixed border? Primarily, I want flower power. And I want my roses to behave. That said, I have to confess that I am ambivalent about some of these "good doers"; in my hot-color border, in fact, there are roses that I don't actually likeas roses, that is. But as garden plants, they are hard to beat. Do you know the hybrid tea 'Alexander' (to 6 ft.)? Its flowers are an uncompromising coral orange. Furthermore, the rather small flowers appear atop tall stems, the lower portions of which are usually devoid of leaves. But I have arranged matters so that for most of the summer you see the flowers through a violet cloud of Verbena bonariensis, a delicious combination, while the lower portions of the bush are nicely disguised by chalky blue macleaya leaves. 'Trumpeter' (3 ft.) is a floribunda of ferocious coloringa startling vermilionbut what a cracking good plant when diluted by dark Heuchera 'Purple Petticoats' and a backing of ruby-flowered Salvia microphylla. The shortgrowing (to 16 in.) floribunda 'Marlena' is another rose I'm not specially fond ofthe formation of her petals is somewhat loosebut her red is quite splendid and precisely the color I want. Other valuable roses in this border are 'Orange Triumph' (2- 21/2ft.), one of the old polyanthas; 'Bengal Crimson' (4 ft.), supposedly an ancient Chinese hybrid with wonderfully silky recurved petals; and the hybrid tea 'Josephine Bruce' (2-3 ft.), surely the archetypal red roseher knobby knees much the better for being concealed by a river of blue forget-me-nots. But the paragon of the hot border has to be the floribunda 'Frensham' (2/2 ft.): four healthy bushes yield a nonstop presentation of soft crimson blossom.

HERBACEOUS COMPANIONS FOR ROSES achilleas Alchemilla mo/fa alliums

Anthriscus sylvestris 'Ravenswing' aquilegias astrantias campanulas Corydalis ochroleuca

dianthus foxgloves geraniums lavender lilies

Lunaria annua

nepetas perovskia
Phlox paniculata

potentillas (herbaceous species) primulas salvias

Sisyrinchium striatum

'Hermosa', a surprisingly hardy (at least Zone 6) China rose, stays a compact three feet and produces its fragrant, plump, pale pink flowers all summer long.

verbascums violas

HARDINESS

AND

OTHER

P R A C T I C A L M A T T E R S : It is difficult to lay down hard-and-fast rules about hardiness for roses, given the complex ancestry of most of the popular hybrids. Moreover, the hardiness limit of many roses can be extended by mounding soil around the base of the plant for the winter or taking other protective measures. In general, species, shrub, and "old" roses (gallicas, albas, damasks, mosses, etc.) are the hardiest, many into USDA Zone 4. Polyanthas and David

The large (to 6 ft.) shrub "Golden Wings' is everything a border rose ought to be: tough, hardy, and generous with its exquisite, fragrant, amber-stamened flowers.

Austin's English roses come next; they are hardy to about Zone 5. Floribundas and hybrid teas are Zone 6 plants, and China roses are usually listed as hardy only t o Zone 7, although many, such as 'Irene Watts' and 'Hermosa', come through most Zone 6 winters with little trouble. All roses need sun, decent soil, well enriched with compost or rotted manure, and regular feeding and

watering. However, there are other important considerations that come into play when roses are included in a mixed border: When you are planting a bush, be sure to position it for ease of deadheading; clambering into the bed to remove spent blossoms is annoying. Deadheading is important not only for appearance, but also to encourage new flowers. Do not be reluctant to prune your bushes to the height required to suit the display. This may be taller o r shorter than usual. In the densely planted conditions of a mixed border, roses need careful thinning of old canes to prevent the center of the bushes from becoming too congested. Roses chosen for their perfume should be easily accessible to the nose.H.O.

I can't wait to get to the yellows so I can mention two particular favorites, 'Golden Wings' and the Austin rose 'Graham Thomas'. Every time I look at 'Golden Wings', a shrub rose that reaches six feet, I remark to myself what a superb plant it is. I have it growing in a tangle of geraniums, omphalodes, sweet rocket, and hellebores in the muckiest, shadiest, most rotten bit of ground you can imagine. It never gets watered and I usually forget to deadhead it, but nevertheless it flowers into November. The single flowers are an exquisite pale lemon with each petalfinelypenciled inside; they also have a refreshing scent. 'Graham Thomas' (5-10 ft.), as befits a rose bearing so august a name, is a particularly beautiful yellow, the flowers deepening to the color of butter in the center. I have it growing with the prolific blue-purple Salvia forsskaolii, and I'm about to plant another group with the gray-leaved, dusky-flowered Salvia verticillata 'Purple Rain'. 'Arthur Bell' (4-5 ft.) and 'Sunsprite' (2/2 ft.) are other useful floribundas for the yellow color range. Hybrid musks are both adaptable and the happiest of mixers. With healthy leaves, a new flush of flowers always on the way, sometimes marvelous hips (the four-foot 'Penelope' for example), and a musky scent that carries on damp evenings, what more could you ask? In a cramped space, they can even be trained as small climbers, where a true climber would be too bigI've used 'Cornelia' thus for many years. China roses are brilliant in the mixed border. You may already know charmers such as the creamy salmon 'Perle d'Or' (3 ft.) or yellow-changing-to crimson Rosa Xodorata 'Mutabilis' (3-6 ft.; formerly R. chinensis 'Mutabilis'), but what about delectable 'Irene Watts'? With a long display of gentle peachy-pink, quite large flowers on a little two-foot bush, she'd fit into the smallest flower bed. Properly pink and nearly as sweet, 'Hermosa', at three feet, is another small-garden selection. But all accolades must go to the "Last Rose of Summer," Rosa Xodorata 'Pallida' (formerly R. chinensis 'Old Blush'), the inspiration of the ballad by Thomas Moore (17791852). As I write, the four-foot bush is aglow with cupshaped rose-pink flowers, still fragrant despite the chilly autumn afternoon. 'Tis the last rose of summer Left blooming alone, All her lovely companions Are faded and gone. Helen Dillon is the author of The Flower Garden (Sterling, 1995) and Garden Artistry (Macmillan, 1995)- She lives and gardens in Dublin, Ireland.
For sources of plants featured in this article, turn to page 90.

46

HORTICULTURE

making arrangements | rose elegance

DESIGN

&

P H OTO G R A P H BY LE S B R A K E

H O R T I C U LT U R E

White rose
Les has grown this unknown rose cultivar since 1989, overwintering it in a dugout on his Alaska property. Its very effective in a simple arrangement.

Filipendula glaberrima
Les worried nding a companion for the rose would be hard, because he didnt want to distract from its beauty. The delicate lipendula did the trick.

24

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'Color Magic'

'Mikado'

'Honor'

'Broadway' 'Touch of Class' 'Brandy' Tropicana

'Peace' 'Secret

40

HORTICULTURE

ALL-AMERICA

Hybrid TeaRos
RAYFORD CLAYTON REDDELL

Photography by SAXON HOLT

ALL-AMERICA ROSE SELECTIONS, INCORPORATED, a nonprofit research organization,

was founded in 1938 for the purpose of evaluating new roses thought to be worthy of a special stamp of approval. Except for 1951, when no selection was made, between 1940 and 1998, 163 roses have been designated All-America Selections. Currently,sixtypesofrosesare eligible as entries: hybrid teas, floribundas, grandifloras, miniatures, climbers, and, since 1985, landscape roses. The dozen roses pictured here all happen to be hybrid teas, and among them are several stars, especially 'Color Magic', my personal favorite; 'Honor', arguably the finest white hybrid tea in commerce; and 'Peace', surely the most famous rose in the world. TheAARSwinnersin the hybrid tea di usually present their blossoms one to a stem. Longer stems are preferred to shorter ones, disease resistance is a plus, and fragrance helps, too, although it isn't essential for an award, as proven by 'Touch of Class', an awarded hybrid tea without a trace of scent. To make up for this lack, the blossoms of 'Touch of Class' are picture perfect with petals that unfurlsymmetricallyarounda bull's-eye center. Not all All-America winners are certain to shine in your garden, because success with specific selections often depends on local conditions. Still, the All-America seal remains the best guide to superior among new roses. ) is the authorofThe Rose Books,1994)and Full Bloom

For sources of roses pictured here, turn to page 84.

JANUARY 1998 41

Breeders work hard to create roses that will survive through generations-

recent roses whose sase of cam, disease resistance, and hardiness are making them mainstays of present and future gardens.

,<

'A

+?

7
SCHNEIDER

, .7,77LL

without a fuss

by P E T E R

photographs by

IAN ADAMS

I Plant Profile

Rosa Red Flower Carpet

groundcovering shrub USDAZone 5

R. 'Champlain'
compact shrub Zone 3

R. Gelber Engel
fiagrantflmibunda zone 5

R. 'Snowbelt'
whitepolyantha Zone 5

1R. 'John Davis'

climbing shrub Zone 3

always find a tough pink damask rose, perhaps 'La Ville de Bruxelles', which enjoyed impressive circulation in this part of Ohio. In the tracts of homes built after World War I1 you might not find 60year-old 'Peace' bushes, but 'The Fairy' will almost certainly be there, a thicket of tangled branches still covered in tiny powderpuff blooms each summer. Today we have houses sprouting in the fields where corn and spelt once g e .This year's new development follows a landscaping rw
APRIL 2007

!.<

Tous ut pmtly William M n ' Is a~td'h'? I adian Explorer roses, bred from Rasa ' ~ g o s and R k i a &. William Baffln' Os

formula that provides each new house with, in addition to irnported turf, a 'Crimson King' maple, a 'Cleveland Select' pear, three 'Gold Mound' spireas, a circle of 'Stella de Oro' dayliies, and a 'Knock Out' rose.
BREEDING SURVIVORS

It's hard to competewith daylilies and spirea. The rose world may finally be shiftingon its axis. Instead of seeking easier ways to grow a

plant that can be difficult-by marketing them in boxes, for example, that take all of the thinking out of planting, or developing more effective chemical sprays-the rose industry has finally turned its attention to creating roses that are truly trouble-free. Witness the legions of pink-potted Flower Carpet roses sold at home-improvement and discount stores. Even indifferentor poorly trained store personnel cannot kill the roses in this series. No water? No problem. Standingin water?No problem. Pot tipped over?They

grow anyway. Planted in a real garden by someone who will love them, Flower Carpet roses don't look back. In principle, the series, which includes pink, coral, gold, red, yellow and white versions, provides abundant smallblooms on a compact,glossy-leaved plant. 'Appleblossom Flower Carpet' is a pale mutation of the original deep pink 'Flower Carpet', but the others are independent creations, some only distantlyrelated to the original. In my garden, the pink and red Flower Carpetsbloom more profusely than the yellow and gold ones, and are less likely to show anyblackspot. While the Flower Carpets are often called "groundcover" roses, one should not expect them to smother weeds. In a northern climate, they will not give total coverage if planted on greater than 15inch centers. The Flower Carpets fit well at the front of a border or alongsidepaths, and can fill dBicult-to-reach area where height is not required. Their glossy leaves hold their own when there isn't a lot of bloom. Unlike some roses with enhanced winter hardiness, the Flower Carpets withstand heat well. They are all sold on their own roots, and gardenershave discovered that they are very easy to propagate that way It isn't surprisingthat the Flower Carpet roses were developed in Germany. German gardeners face strict environmental regulations and cannot use fungicidespraysroutinelysold over the m t e r in the United States. German breeders have responded to this challenge, and almost all recent German rose introductions come with outstanding disease resistance. Commendable examples include 'Home &Garden' and 'Heaven on Earth', floribundas with large spraysofbig blooms in clear pink and peach,respedwely,and Gelber Engel, a vigorous yellow floribundaarriving at shrub proportions by the end of the season. For voluptuous,low-maintenancecut flowers, it would be hard to beat the rich pink hybrid tea Parole, and the new Golden Gate may really be the idealyellow dimbig rose for all climates.

any

Low care lingo: Words to know

Two terms often appear in the descriptions of lowmaintenance roses. One is disease wlstant. Here catalog writers are being honest ho rose will be disease proof in all situations,but some are truly disease mistant That is, they do not develop blackspot or powdery mildew until well after other varieties are defoliated or disfigured. We also read o self-cleaning roses. This refers to f ti varieties that require no deadheading or summer pruning F before blooming again. Because they do not develop hips, sf; i . these roses begin work on e second cycle o bloom as >'>" f e 'TI soon as the first begins to fade. T catalog writers, s - . ,,, o M cleaning must sound more appealing than sterile.-PS
, I

ALL SORTS In the genetics of roses, fragrance is linked to disease susceptibility.

'

T',I?

-,

)rf
';5fp

So as breeders work to improve disease resistance, fragranceis often lost. David Austin has solved this problem in The Mayflower. At one garden in Britain it is famously planted under a blackspotty old climber, whose diseased leaves rain down upon it to no obvious effect. In my own garden The Mayflower is a tough small shrub, more wiry than elegant, with richly fragrant soft pink blooms that appear regularlythroughout the summer. In further proof that Austin has arrived at disease resistance by a road less taken, its foliage lacks the

glossy sheen of the German-bred disease-resistantroses. Of the nearly 1500different roses I now grow, only one has never shown any sign of any disease in my garden. Baby Love offers cheerful yellow single-petaled flowers on a compact shrublet. Its rounded habit makes it ideal grafted as a half-standard (or tree rose) and it's perfectly happy in a large tub. Because it needs no spraying, Baby Love also works very well near vegetable gardens. Baby Love received a gold medal from Britain's Royal National Rose Society when it was introduced in 1993, but has found more commercial success in the United States. The bidowing apricotAPRIL 2007

ABOVE: Roses and yews in the

author's Ohio garden. Schneider grows roughly 1,200 varieties of roses and compiles The CombinedRose List, an annual descriptive list of roses in commerce and their sources.

ABOVE: The shrub mse Colette comes from French breeders known for developing resilient mses. RIGHC: The

author, Peter Schneider, with Wllliam Baffin' roses.

pink shrub rose Colette, bred by Meilland of France, is another example of a low-maintenance rose that has found its greatestfame far from home. And the Canadian Explorer roses, bred from Rosa rugosa and R. kordesii, provide low-maintenance rose solutions for gardeners north and south of the border. Some, such as 'William Baffin' and 'John Cabot' can reach mammoth proportions. Pink 'Lambert Closse' mimics hybrid tea form on a bush that stays in bounds, and currant red 'Champlain' has an attractive low, spreading habit and a real eagerness to bloom.
THE FUTURE

W all of the bright pink Knockout roses planted around al of the i l new houses of 2006 still be around a generation from now? I imagine rose explorers of the future using the house to help identify the rose: "Three-car garage?Outdoor kitchen?The pink shrub rose must be Knockout." Or we may see its descendants have more staying power. Already, one of these, Home Run, seems a superior rose-loads of deep red, single-petaled blooms on an extraordinarily well-mannered low shrub. Every year more low-maintenance roses appear, making it easier to sayyes to the world's favorite flower. Of course, ifyou prefer rose growing to remain a challenge,there are still thousands ofvarietiesthat won't let you down. H For sources of plants featured in t i artide, turn t page 94. hs o
APRIL 2007

Roses
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