SMART ANTENNA

Varsha Bola, Manoj Carpenter 8th semester, Electronics & Communication, student, Vivekananda Institute of Technology-East Varshabola0037@gmail.com,manoj005bindas@gmail.com Abstract
A Smart Antenna consists of several antenna elements, whose signals are processed adaptively in order to exploit the spatial domain of the mobile radio channel. Usually the signals received at the different antenna elements are multiplied with complex weights W and then summed up the weights are chosen adaptively not the antenna itself, but the whole antenna system including the signal processing is called adaptive.
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I. INTRODUCTION
A Smart Antenna is an antenna system which dynamically reacts to its environment to provide better signals and frequency usage for wireless communications. There are a variety of smart antennas which utilize different methods to provide improvements in various wireless applications. Smart antennas (also known as adaptive array antennas, multiple antennas and recently MIMO) are antenna arrays with smart signal processing algorithms used to identify spatial signal signature such as the direction of arrival (DOA) of the signal, and use it to calculate beamforming vectors, to track and locate the antenna beam on the mobile/target. Smart antennas have two main functions: DOA estimation and Beamforming.

A 2.5 meter long pole, along which was carried a wire, was used as a radiating and receiving aerial element. Until then wireless radiating transmitting and receiving elements were known simply as aerials or terminals. Marconi's use of the word antenna (Italian for pole) would become a popular term for what today is uniformly known as the antenna.

III. SMART ANTENNAS TODAY

Several different versions of smart antennas are either in development or available on the market today. Appliqu smart antenna systems can be added to existing cell sites, enabling software-controlled pattern changes or software-optimized antenna patterns that have produced capacity increases of up to 35-94% in some deployments. Appliqu smart antenna systems provide greater flexibility in controlling and customizing sector antenna pattern. Beamwidth and azimuthal orientation over that of standard sector antennas. A second approach, embedded smart antennas, uses adaptive array processing within the channel elements of a base station. The smart antenna processing takes place in the base station signal path, using a custom, narrow beam to track each mobile in the network. Embedded smart antenna system trials have been proven to deliver 2.5-3 times the capacity of current 22.5G base stations.

Figure Smart Antenna

II. HISTORY
Early smart antennas were designed for governmental use in military applications, which used directed beams to hide transmissions from an enemy. Implementation required very large antenna structures and timeintensive processing and calculation. The origin of the word antenna relative to wireless apparatus is attributed to Guglielmo Marconi. In 1895, while testing early radio apparatus in the Swiss Alps, Marconi experimented with early wireless equipment.

IV. TYPES OF SMART ANTENNA

There are basically two approaches to implement antennas that dynamically change their antenna pattern to mitigate interference and multipath affects while increasing coverage and range and regarding the choices in transmit strategy. There are two types of Smart Antenna 1. Switched Beam System 2. Adaptive Array Antenna V. ADVANTAGES 1. Increased number of users Due to the targeted nature of smart antennas frequencies can be reused allowing an increased number of users. More users on the same frequency space means that the network provider has lower operating costs in terms of purchasing frequency space. 2. Increased Range As the smart antenna focuses gain on the communicating device, the range of operation increases. This allows the area serviced by a smart antenna to increase. This can provide a cost saving to network providers as they will not require as many antennas/base stations to provide coverage. 3. Geographic Information As smart antennas use targeted signals the direction in which the antenna is transmitting and the gain required to communicate with a device can be used to determine the location of a device relatively accurately. This allows network providers to offer new services to devices. Some services include, guiding emergency services to your location, location based games and locality information.

7. Easily integrated 8. Smart antennas are not a new protocol or standard so the antennas can be easily implemented with existing non smart antennas and devices. CONCLUSION
Smart antennas offer several advantages over omnidirectional or sector antennas. These include increased coverage through range extension, increased capacity achieved through interference reduction or SDMA, and mitigation of multipath fading and intersymbol interference. The dual purpose of a smart antenna system is to augment the signal quality of the radio-based system through more focused transmission of radio signals while enhancing capacity through increased frequency reuse. Smart antennas can be integrated into evolving North American cellular and PCS systems to keep pace with the increasing number of subscribers. The smart antenna systems and their types which we are using to avoid the multipath and co-channel interference have advance features like higher efficiency, higher reliability than the normal antennas. By using these antennas, there is a reduction in the equipment size so these are expected to use in the future wireless systems. Using smart antennas the total number of user increased, bandwidth increases, and system will become more secure, multipath rejection, easily integrated in Smart Antenna system. The smart antennas design leads to a far more complicated, expensive and larger in size antennas than traditional antennas as a result of which the faults or problems may be harder to diagnose and more likely to occur. The research is undergoing to overcome these disadvantages and designing of the better system.

4. Security
Smart antennas naturally provide increased security, as the signals are not radiated in all directions as in a traditional omni-directional antenna. This means that if someone wished to intercept transmissions they would need to be at the same location or between the two communicating devices.

5. Reduced Interference Interference which is usually caused by transmissions which radiate in all directions are less likely to occur due to the directionality introduced by the smart antenna. This aids both the ability to reuse frequencies and achieve greater range. 6. Increased bandwidth The bandwidth available increases form the reuse of frequencies and also in adaptive arrays as they can utilize the many paths which a signal may follow to reach a device.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
All I would like to thank almighty God & I would like to acknowledge the contributions and support provided by my family, friends and teachers towards completion of this paper.

REFERENCES
Lehne, PH & Pettersen, M & Telenor R&D. 1999, An overview of smart antenna technology for mobile communications systems, IEEE Communications Surveys, http://www.comsoc.org/pubs/surveys

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