ANALOG CIRCUIT DESIGN ECE 204 L5 + L6 EXPERIMENT 1 MATHEMATICAL OPERATION USING OP-AMP

Aim: To perform basic mathematical operations using an operational amplifier using PSpice. Procedure: 1. Open active workspace in Orcad Family Release 9.2 Lite Edition. 2. Draw the given circuit. 3. Create a New Simulation Profile. 4. Select Time Domain as Analysis Type. 5. Set appropriate Run to time and click OK. 6. Run the simulation. 7. To see the variation of output voltage with input voltage change the Analysis Type to DC Sweep and increase the sum of the input with time to observe the change in output. 8. Enable the Bias Point Voltages to see the voltage value at every node. This enables us to view the input and output voltage without actually looking at the transient curves.

Formulae: Inverting Adder:

where, V1, V2 and V3 denote the input voltages VO denotes the output voltage Non-inverting Adder:

where, V1, V2 and V3 denote the input voltages VO denotes the output voltage Subtractor: where, V1 and V3 denote the input voltages VO denotes the output voltage

Integrator:

where, Vin denotes the input voltage VO denotes the output voltage Differentiator:

where, Vin denotes the input voltage VO denotes the output voltage Circuit Diagram: Inverting Adder:

Non-inverting Adder:

Subtractor:

Integrator:

Differentiator:

Observations: 1. For the inverting adder, the output is the negative sum of the input voltages provided the resistances connected with the voltage sources and the feedback resistance are all equal.

Transient Response of the inverting adder Input Voltages = 1V, 2V, 5V Voltage = -8V

Output

2. For the inverting adder, the output is the sum of the input voltages provided the resistances connected with the voltage sources are equal and the value of feedback resistance is in accordance the formula for gain.

Transient Response of the non-inverting adder Input Voltages = 1V, 2V, 5V Voltage = 8V

Output

3. For the subtractor, the output the difference of the voltages applied at the non-inverting and the inverting terminals of the op-amp. This configuration is otherwise known as a

differential amplifier (diff-amp).

Transient Response of the subtractor Input Voltages = 3V, 5V Voltage = 2V

Output

4. For the integrator, the output is a function of inverse of product of the feedback capacitor and input resistance R1 and the integration of the input voltage with respect to time. The output lags the input sine wave by .

Vin= sin t VO= cos t

5. For the differentiator, the output is a function of product of the input capacitor C1 and input resistance R1 and the integration of the input voltage with respect to time. The output lags the input sine wave by .

Vin= sin t VO= -R1C1cos t Inferences: 1. For the inverting adder, the sign of the output voltage is reversed which means that the polarity is reversed. 2. The sum of ratios of voltages of sources and the resistances connected to them equals the ratio of the output voltage to the feedback resistance. Mathematically,

Thus, increasing the value of Rf shall result in a corresponding increase in the value of VO provided it does not exceed the value of the dc voltage provided to the op-amp. 3. The sum of the input source voltages cannot exceed the value of the dc provided to the op-amp. As the sum approaches the value of dc provided to the op-amp the output voltage becomes constant and it (the modulus) does not increase with increase in the input voltage.

DC Sweep response of the output for inverting adder

4. For the non-inverting configuration, the sum of the input voltages is reflected as the output voltages only if the gain of the non-inverting configuration i.e. 1+ equals the number of resistors (in this case 3).

5. The sum of the input source voltages cannot exceed the value of the dc provided to the op-amp. As the sum approaches the value of dc provided to the op-amp the output voltage becomes constant and it (the modulus) does not increase with increase in the input voltage. This happens due to the fact that the transistors present inside the op-amp can only provide an output less than or equal to the dc voltage provided to them.

DC Sweep response of the output for non-inverting adder 6. For the integrator circuit, the output is times the integration

of the input voltage with respect to time. This happens due to the presence of the feedback capacitor that makes the input a derivative of the output or makes the output an integration of the input ( ).

7. If the output voltage value exceeds the dc provided to op-amp(by decreasing the value of R1 or/and Cf or increasing the input amplitude), we observe a clipping effect as seen in experiment 1. 8. Similarly, adding a capacitor at the input side makes output a derivative of the input and thus a differentiator is made.

Result: Thus, the study of basic mathematical operations, namely: a) Addition i. Inverting ii. Non-inverting b) Subtraction c) Differentiation d) Integration using an op-amp have been completed.

Student Name Registration Number Faculty In-charge Signature

SHASHWAT AGRAWAL 11BEC1052 VENKATA SUBRAMANIAN