Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive,
Pasadena, CA 91109 , 818-354-9136, rog@jpl.nasa.gov, * Department of Global
Ecology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA
94305, **NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt MD 20771
Http://HyspIRI.jpl.nasa.gov
rog@jpl.nasa.gov
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NRC Decadal Survey HyspIRI
Visible ShortWave InfraRed (VSWIR) Imaging Spectrometer
+
Multispectral Thermal InfraRed (TIR) Scanner
• Summary
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The Decadal Survey Call for HyspIRI
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HyspIRI Decadal Survey Mission
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Mission Concept Study Focus
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HyspIRI Mission Overview
In 2007 two mission concept studies where completed. One focused on plant
physiology and functional type (PPFT) the required the science measurements of the
VSWIR imaging spectrometer. The other focused on surface temperature and
emissivity and atmospheric science traced to multispectral measurements of the
thermal infrared (TIR).
This mission provides the surface temperature and emissivity of the Earth at high
spatial and high temporal resolution that will be used to address key science
questions in five research areas: volcanoes, wildfires, water use and availability,
urbanization, land surface composition and change.
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HyspIRI Execution Structure
The HyspIRI Working Group (HWG) will be managed by the HyspIRI Steering
Committee that representatives of the principal HyspIRI science disciplines. The
HWG will coordinate the activities of the Science Study Group, the Partnership
Coordination Group and the Mission Design Group
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VSWIR Overarching Science
Questions
• VQ1. Pattern and Spatial Distribution of Ecosystems and their Components, (EM,JG)
– What is the pattern of ecosystem distribution and how do ecosystems differ in their composition or biodiversity? [DS 195]
• VQ6. Earth Surface and Shallow Water Bottom Composition (RG, HD)
– What is the land surface soil/rock and shallow water bottom composition?
Science
Spectroscopy and Photosynthesis
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14 Photosynthesis
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Leaf Water
Atmospheric Oxygen
Leaf Chlorophyll
Carbon Dioxide
Atmospheric
4
Leaf Sugar
2 and Cellulose
0
400 700 1000 1300 1600 1900 2200 2500
Wavelength (nm) 13
Science
Terrestrial Vegetation Signature
Vegetation presents different spectral signatures as a function species-type,
biogeochemistry, phenology and health. The full available spectrum is required given the
diversity of vegetation composition and status across the globe
0.8 Leaf Water
Cellular Scattering
0.5 NPV
Reflectance
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
400.0 700.0 1000.0 1300.0 1600.0 1900.0 2200.0 2500.0
Wavelength (nm) 14
Vegetation Functional Type Analysis, Santa Barbara, CA
Dar Roberts, et al, UCSB MESMA Species Type 90% accurate
Phytoplankton groups have different pigment suites that give them unique spectral
“fingerprints” that can be used to measure their presence and to understand their roles in
aquatic ecosystems.
(sr-1)
Chlorophyceae A
Proclorococcus
0.01
Cryptophyceae
Dinophyceae
rs
Raphidophyceae
0.005 Haptophyceae
Bacillariophyceae
Synechococcus
Rhodophyceae
0
2 5 10 15 20 30 40 50
400 500 600 700
Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm) Chlorophyll a (mg m-3)
Fingerprinting
Biochemical
Biogeochemical
Analysis
Coral Algae
James Goodman,
Airborne UPRMspectroscopy measurements of coral reef ecosystem, Hawaii.
imaging 18
HyspIRI VSWIR Science Questons
The Need for Continuous Spectral Measurements
• Plant and phytoplankton functional types and species have biochemical and biophysical
properties that are expressed as reflectance and absorption features spanning the spectral
region from 380 to 2500 nm.
• Individual bands do not capture the diversity of biochemical and biophysical signatures of
plant functional types or species.
• Changes in the chemical and physical configuration of ecosystems are often expressed as
changes in the contiguous spectral signatures that relate directly to plant functional types,
vegetation health, and species distribution.
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HyspIRI Science Measurements
- VSWIR (aka PPFT)
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HyspIRI Imaging Spectroscopy
Science Measurements
Science Questions:
• What is the composition, function, and health of
land and water ecosystems?
• How are these ecosystems being altered by
human activities and natural causes?
Imaging spectrometer: 87kg / 38W • How do these changes affect fundamental
Schedule: 4 year phase A-D, 3 years operations ecosystem processes upon which life on Earth
All components have flown in space depends?
Aquatic Terrestrial
PPFT at 60 m 22
HyspIRI VSWIR
Science Measurement Characteristics
Spectral
Range 380 to 2500 nm in the solar reflected spectrum
Sampling <= 10 nm {uniform over range}
Response <= 10 nm (full-width-at-half-maximum) {uniform over range}
Accuracy <0.5 nm
Radiometric
Range & Sampling 0 to 1.5 X max benchmark radiance, 14 bits measured
Accuracy >95% absolute radiometric, 98% on-orbit reflectance, 99.5%
stability
Precision (SNR) See spectral plots at benchmark radiances
Linearity >99% characterized to 0.1 %
Polarization <2% sensitivity, characterized to 0.5 %
Scattered Light <1:200 characterized to 0.1%
Spatial
Range >150 km (12 degrees at 700 km altitude)
Cross-Track Samples >2500
Sampling <=60 m
Response <=60 m sampling (FWHM)
Uniformity
Spectral Cross-Track >95% cross-track uniformity {<0.5 nm min-max over swath}
Spectral-IFOV-Variation >95% spectral IFOV uniformity {<5% variation over spectral range}
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HyspIRI VSWIR Science Measurements
Characteristics
Temporal
Orbit Crossing 11 am sun synchronous descending
Global Land Coast Repeat 19 days at equator
Rapid Response Revisit 3 days (cross-track pointing)
Sunglint Avoidance
Cross Track Pointing 4 degrees in backscatter direction
OnOrbit Calibration
Lunar View 1 per month {radiometric}
Solar Cover Views 1 per week {radiometric}
Surface Cal Experiments 3 per year {spectral & radiometric}
Data Collection
Land Coverage Land surface above sea level excluding ice sheets
Water Coverage Coastal zone -50 m and shallower
Solar Elevation 20 degrees or greater
Open Ocean Averaged to 1km spatial sampling
Compression >=3.0 lossless
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HyspIRI VSWIR Science Measurements
Key SNR and Uniformity Requirements
Uniformity Requirement
Cross Track Sample
Depiction
-Grids are the detectors
-dots are the IFOV centers
Wavelength
Requirement
Spectral Cross-Track >95% cross-track uniformity {<0.5 nm min-max over swath}
Spectral-IFOV-Variation >95% spectral IFOV uniformity {<5% variation over spectral range}
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Mission Concept
Heritage: NASA Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3)
Called for in the NRC Decadal Survey
M3 Spectrometer Passed Preship review 3 May 2007
- Mouroulis Offner Design (PPFT)
- Convex e-beam grating (PPFT)
- 6604a MCT full range detector array, multiplexor & signal chain (PPFT)
- Uniform slit (PPFT)
- 0.5 micron adjustment mounts lockable for flight
- Aligned to 95% cross-track uniformity (PPFT)
- Aligned to 95% spectral IFOV uniformity (PPFT)
- Meets high SNR requirements (PPFT)
- Passive radiator (PPFT)
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TIR Science Questions and
Measurements
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TIR Overarching Science
Questions
•TQ1. Volcanoes/Earthquakes (MA,FF)
– How can we help predict and mitigate earthquake and volcanic hazards through detection of transient
thermal phenomena?
H2 (m28) 1000 m
0.7 H3 (a10)
• 3-5 µm band saturates at 0.6 H4 (a11)
H5 (a12)
1400K 0.5
H6
0.4 H7
• 7.5-12 µm bands saturate 0.3
H8 (m32)
at 400K 0.2
0.1
0
3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00
Wavelength (um)
TIR at 60 m
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HyspIRI TIR Science Measurements
Summary Measurement Characteristics
Spectral
Bands (8) 3.98, 7.35, 8.28, 8.63, 9.07, 10.53, 11.33, 12.05 (µm)
Bandwidth 0.084, 0.32, 0.34, 0.35, 0.36, 0.54, 0.54, 0.52 (µm)
Accuracy <0.01 µm
Radiometric
Range Bands 2-8= 200K – 400K; Band 1= 1400K
Resolution < 0.05 K, Linear Quantization to 14 bits
Accuracy < 0.5 K 3-sigma at 250K
Precision (NEdT) < 0.2K
Linearity >99% characterized to 0.1 %
Spatial
IFOV 60 m
MTF >0.2 at FNy
Scan Type Whiskbroom
Swath Width 600 km (±25.5°at 623 km altitude)
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TIR Science Measurements
Characteristics Continued
Temporal
Orbit Crossing 11 am sun synchronous descending
Global Land Repeat 5 days at equator
OnOrbit Calibration
Lunar View 1 per month {radiometric}
Blackbody Views 1 per scan {radiometric}
Surface Cal Experiments 1 per month {radiometric}
Spectral Surface Cal Experiments 1 per year
Data Collection
Land Coverage Land surface above sea level Day/Night
Always-on
Downlink Stations Svalbard and Fairbanks
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2007 HyspIRI Mission Concept
2007 Launch Vehicle HyspIRI
Taurus 3210
Capability to 626 km sun-sync
(per KSC website): 790 kg
1.5 m
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Current Activities
Workshop
White Paper
Website
http://hyspIRI.jpl.nasa.gov
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Summary
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FPR2
Summary - HyspIRI
The HyspIRI instruments and mission have high relevant heritage, and
correspondingly low risk, in conjunction with a modest cost.
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Slide 35
List arguments for getting IIP money (without mentionning IIP - competition ) without being inconsistent with high TRL for elements.
IIP would propose to increase maturity at the system level ( and provide science benefits as a bonus)
Francois Rogez, 29/07/2007
HyspIRI Imaging Spectroscopy
Science Measurements
Science Questions:
• What is the composition, function, and health of
land and water ecosystems?
• How are these ecosystems being altered by
human activities and natural causes?
Imaging spectrometer: 87kg / 38W • How do these changes affect fundamental
Schedule: 4 year phase A-D, 3 years operations ecosystem processes upon which life on Earth
All components have flown in space depends?
Aquatic Terrestrial