RFM Lab Manual

Microwave Test Bench
Operating Manual
Ver 1.1

141-B, Electronic Complex,
Pardesipura, Indore- 452 010 India
Tel.: 91-731- 4211500
email: info@nvistech.com
Toll free : 1800-103-5050

Nvis Technologies 2
Table of Contents
1. Gunn Power Supply 4
Technical Specifications 5
Front Panel Control 6
Operating Instructions 7
Safety Precautions 8
2. Klystron Power Supply 8
3. SWR Meter 12
Operating Theory and Instructions 14
Techniques in measurements 15
4. Experiments
Experiment 1 19
Study of the characteristics of Klystron Tube and to determine its
electronic tuning range (For MT9000)
Experiment 2 24
To determine the frequency & wavelength in a rectangular wave-
guide working on TE
10
mode
Experiment 3 27
To determine the Standing Wave-Ratio and Reflection Coefficient
Experiment 4 31
To measure an unknown Impedance with Smith chart
Experiment 5 34
Study of V-I characteristics of Gunn Diode (For MT9001)
Experiment 6 37
Study of following characteristic of Gunn Diode (For MT9001)
a. Output power and frequency as a function of voltage.
b. Square wave modulation through PIN diode.

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Experiment 7 40
To measure the polar pattern and the gain of a wave-guide horn
Antenna. (For MT9002)
Experiment 8 49
Study of function of multi-hole directional coupler by measuring
the following parameters:
b. Main line and Auxiliary line SWR
c. Coupling factor and directivity
Experiment 9 53
Study of Magic Tee
Experiment 10 56
Study of Circulator/Isolator
Experiment 11 59
Study of Attenuator (Fixed and Variable type)
Experiment 12 62
Phase shift measurement
Experiment 13 64
Measurement of Dielectric Constant
Experiment 14 71
Study of voice communication by using microwave test bench
Experiment 15 72
Study of square law behaviour of a microwave crystal detector
Experiment 16 74
Study of Resonant Cavity
Experiment 17 76
Study of PC to PC communication using microwave test bench
5. Identification of Microwave Components 78
6. Warranty 82
7. List of Accessories 82

Nvis Technologies 4
Gunn Power Supply NV101A
1. Gunn Power Supply :
Gunn Power Supply comprises of an electronically regulated DC Power Supply
and a square wave generator designed to operate Gunn oscillator and PIN
modulator simultaneously.
The DC voltage is variable from 0 to 10 volts. The frequency of square wave
can be continuously varied from 800 to 1200 Hz. The front panel meter can read
the Gunn voltage and the current drawn by the Gunn diode.
The Power Supply is designed to protect Gunn diode from reverse voltage
application from over voltage transients and from low frequency oscillations.
2. Gunn Oscillator :
Gunn oscillator has been designed as a stable and spectrally pure microwave
source. The oscillator has a Gunn diode mounted in a waveguide cavity which is
tunable over the range 8.5 to 11.5 GHz by a micrometer controlled tuning
plunger. Output power available is 5 mW 10 mW.
3. PIN Modulator :
The CW output of the Gunn oscillator can be a square wave pulse modulated by
superimposing the modulating voltage on the Gunn diode bias voltage. It is
however rather difficult to achieve good modulation due to varying impedance
of Gunn diode with temperature. Moreover the generating circuit of modulating
voltage should have low output impedance and should be able to deliver as
much as 300 to 500 mA. These disadvantages can be overcome by using an
external PIN diode modulator operating on the CW output of the Gunn
oscillator.
The PIN Modulator is a transmission line i.e. wave guide shunted with a PIN
Diode. The impedance of diode varies with the bias applied to it. At negative or
zero bias the diode presents very low impedance, thus reflecting the signal. At
positive bias, the diode presents very high impedance and therefore does not
affect the signal propagating along the transmission line.
Since the propagating power is reflected during the period when positive
voltage is on the PIN Diode, it is advisable to place an isolator between the
Gunn Oscillator and PIN Modulator, to protect the former.

Nvis Technologies 5
Technical Specifications
Display : LCD (16 X 2)
Voltage Range : 0 to 10V
Current : 750 mA maximum
Stability : 0.1 % for + 10% mains variation
Ripple : 1.0 mV typical
Mode Select : Continuous wave
Internal Modulation (Square wave output)
Audio Modulation
PC data Modulation
Int. Modulating Frequency : 800 to 1200 Hz
Int. Modulating Voltage : 0 10 Vpp variable
Output Connector : BNC for Gunn Bias
PC-Interface : RS232
Dimension (mm) : 273 x 197 x 80


Nvis Technologies 6
Front Panel Control

Figure 1
1. Power : Push switch for supplying power to instrument.
2. Mode select : By this selection switch one can select CW/Int Modulation/PC
data/ Audio Input signal as PIN supply output.
In CW modes no signal provided from PIN supply output i.e no modulation
takes place.
In Internal mode output of PIN supply is square wave.
In PC data Mode output of PIN supply is data from PC.
In Audio Mode output of PIN supply is Audio wave.
3. Audio Input : We can connect a Mic to give audio signal as a PIN supply to
PIN modulator
4. Gunn supply: 0 - 10 V Gunn supply output is available here.
5. PIN Supply : Selected output for modulation is available here.
6. PIN Bias : Amplitude control for the PIN supply (square wave) from 0 to
10Vpp.
7. Mod. Frequency : Frequency control for the PIN supply (square wave).
8. LCD Display : 16 X 2 LCD display for Gunn supply voltage and current
measurements.
Rear Panel Control
1. PC Interface : RS232 connector for PC interface.

Nvis Technologies 7
Operating Instructions
The following operating instructions should be followed for operating the Gunn
source.
Gunn Power Supply :
1. Before switching On the Power Supply, keep Gunn Bias and Pin Bias knobs
fully anticlockwise.
2. Connect the Gunn oscillator to the Gunn Bias Terminal of Gunn Power Supply
with BNC to BNC cable. Now you can switch on the power.
3. Rotate the Gunn bias knob gradually to the operating voltage.
4. For amplitude modulation of CW output of Gunn Oscillator connect Pin Bias
supply to Pin Modulator by cable, keep the Mode select switch at internal
modulation i.e. Square wave position. Rotate the pin bias knob in clock-wise
direction. Maximum depth of modulation is obtained when the pin bias knob is
fully clock-wise.
5. When detector is used along with SWR meter, turn the Mod. Frequency Knob
till maximum reading is obtained on the SWR Meter.
6. Before switching Off the Power Supply rotate the Gunn Bias and Pin Bias
knobs fully anticlockwise and disconnect Gunn Oscillator and Pin Modulator.
Gunn Oscillator:
1. Increase the Gunn Supply Voltage to the operating voltage .The Gunn
Oscillator Cavity is tunable by a movable short which is connected to a
micrometer.
2. If the Gunn oscillator fails to give output check the Gunn-diode current .If the
meter fails to indicate current the Gunn Diode may have burnt/failed. Never
test the Gunn Diode by a multi-meter.
3. Negative or more than positive +12V should never be applied to the Gunn
Oscillator, which will cause a permanent damage to Gunn Diode.
PIN Modulator :
1. If the CW output of the Gunn Oscillator is required to be amplitude modulated,
the Pin Modulator should be connected to the output of X-band Gunn source
such that power flow through the modulator is in direction of arrow marked on
it and press mode select switch for getting modulation.
2. If amplitude modulation with 1 KHz frequency and 50% duty cycle is required
for SWR measurements, bias the Pin modulator using the Power Supply as
described earlier.
3. A 3dB fixed attenuating vane is fitted in Pin modulator's waveguide section to
Isolate Gunn Diode and Pin Diode. Thus a DC biasing to. Pin Modulator by 10
to 20mA DC current, the output will be 3dB down.
4. In case CW output is required, the Pin Modulator should be removed from the
test setup.


Nvis Technologies 8
Safety Precautions
1. Before connecting the Gunn Power Supply to the Gunn Oscillator and Pin
modulator, switch On the Gunn Power Supply and check Gunn bias varying
the control knob from 0 to 10V. If this voltage exceeds 12V for any position
Gunn Bias Control, do not connect the Power Supply to the Gunn Oscillator.
2. If the voltage variation is proper, rotate the Gunn Bias Knob fully anti-
clockwise and follow the operating instructions.
3. If during operation of the Gunn Oscillator, the meter reads more than 12V and
Gunn Bias Control loses control of supply, disconnect the Gunn Oscillator from
Power Supply immediately.
4. If on rotating the Gunn Bias Control Knob in the clock-wise direction the Gunn
Supply Voltage saturates at about 3 to 5 Volts again disconnect the Power
Supply immediately. The Power Supply needs servicing in case of this situation.

Klystron Power Supply NV102
Klystron Power Supply, is a state-of the-art solid-state, regulated Power Supply for
operating low power Klystrons such as 2K25.
It incorporates a number of proprietary features :
1. Regulated Beam Supply and Repeller Supply voltages.
2. LED Digital metering for Beam voltage, current and Repeller voltage.
3. Compact and Reliable.
4. Modular construction for easy maintenance.
In addition to AM and FM modulation of Beam current, a provision for externally
modulating the Klystron supply with desired signal waveform has been provided.
Klystron Power Supply utilizes the quality components and rugged construction. A
careful handling of the instrument will provide years of trouble free service. The
equipment is divided in two parts one is high voltage unit and other is modulation
unit. It makes it user friendly.

Nvis Technologies 9

Beam Supply : Voltage : 240 - 420 VDC, Variable
Current : 50 mA
Regulation : 0.5 % for 10% I/P variation
Ripple : < 5m Vrms
Repeller Supply : -18V to -270V DC Variable
Regulation : 0.25%, for 10% I/P variation
Filament Supply : 6.3 VDC (adjustable on rear panel)
Over-Load Trip Current : 65mA
Modulation : AM (Square) FM (Saw-tooth)
Frequency Range 500-2000 HZ 50-150 Hz
Amplitude 0-110 Vpp 0-60 Vpp
External : For External Modulating Signal
Display : Digital display for
1. Beam voltage
2. Beam Current
3. Repelled voltage
Modulation Selector : CW/AM/FM/EXT
3 Digital Panel meter : 2V
Meter Selector : Beam Voltage (V)/ Current (I)/ Rep. (Repeller)
Connectors : a. 8-Pin Octal Socket
b. BNC for External Modulation
Power Supply : 230 V AC 10%, 50Hz
Dimensions (mm) : 345 x 283 x 153


Nvis Technologies 10
Front Panel Control

Figure 2
1. Power : Push button switch for supplying the power to instrument.
2. Display : for monitoring beam voltage (in volts), Repeller voltage and beam
current (mA).
Beam voltage : 240 V to 420 V DC
Repeller voltage : -18 V to -270 V DC
Beam current : 0 to 50 mA
3. Meter Select Switch: For selecting display mode in V shows Beam voltage
(volts), I shows Beam current (mA) and REP shows Repeller voltage in
volts.
4. HT : Output On/Off switch.
5. Beam voltage : Adjust potentiometer, it is vary from 240 to 420 V DC.
6. Repeller voltage : Adjust potentiometer, it is vary from -10V to -270V DC.
7. 8 Pin octal socket : Pin 8 1 = Beam voltage
Pin 8 5 = Rep. Voltage
Pin 2 7 = Heater voltage
8. External mode : To provide external modulating signal.

9. FM modulation : Frequency potentiometer controls the frequency or the sweep
modulating signal (50150 Hz). Amplitude potentiometer controls the amplitude
or sweep modulating signal ( 0 60Vpp)
10. AM modulation: Frequency potentiometer controls the frequency or the square
wave modulating signal (500 2000 Hz). Amplitude potentiometer controls the
amplitude or square wave modulating signal (0 110Vpp).
11. Modulation Selection switch : For selecting modulation types CW mode No
modulation signal applied to the beam voltage. AM modeA square wave
modulating signal is applied to the beam voltage. FM modeA sweep
modulation is applied to the beam voltage, Ext modeExternal modulating
signal is accepted for modulation or beam current through BNC connector.
12. Earphone Socket : Here we can connect a MIC to give audio signal as a
modulating signal.
Rear Panel Control
1. External /Audio : If Ext selected then you can give any external modulating
signal to External BNC given at a front panel. If Audio is selected you can
connect a microphone for giving modulating signal to Audio input socket on
front panel.
2. FM O/P : For observing saw tooth signal which is used for FM.
3. Heater adjust : After unsealing the cap we can change the heater supply.

SWR Meter NV103A
The model NV 103A SWR meter is a high gain low noise, tuned voltmeter operating
at fixed frequency. It is designed for making standing wave measurement in
conjunction with a suitable detector and slotted line or wave guide section. It may be
used as null detector in bridge circuit and as fixed frequency indicator. It is calibrated
to indicate directly SWR or dB when used with square law devices such as crystal
diode. It is adjusted for operation at 980Hz to 1020 Hz to avoid harmonics of the line
frequency.

Display : LCD (16 X 2)
Sensitivity : 0.1V for 200 input impedance
Noise Level : Less than 0.02V
Range : 0 60dB in 10dB steps
Input : Un-biased low and high impedance crystal
biased crystal (200 and 200K)
Display Select : SWR 1 9
dB 0 10
Modes : Normal
Audio
PC (this mode can be used only with Gunn
based bench)
Gain Control : Adjusts the reference level, variable range 0-
10dB (approximately)
Input Connector : BNC (F)
Input Frequency : 1000Hz 10%
Power : 230 Volts AC 10%, 50Hz
Dimension (mm) : 300 222 122

Front Panel Control

Figure 3
1. Power : Push button switch for supplying power to instrument.
2. Audio Output : This socket is provided for connecting headphone.
3. Mode select : This switch is given to select different modes of SWR meter.
Modes are :
Normal : In this mode the 1 KHz square wave detected output is given to input
of SWR meter. All the measurement of gain and SWR should be measure in this
mode.
Audio : Select this mode if the input of pin modulator is a audio signal.
PC : Select this mode if the input of PIN modulator is PC data.
(this mode can be used only with Gunn based bench)
4. Crystal : It is an input impedance selector switch for low and high inputs i.e.
High 200K- Low 200.
5. SWR/dB : This switch provided to select display modes either it reads in dB
power or SWR of device.
6. Input : BNC (Female) connector for connecting signal to be measured.
7. Range Switch : A seven position attenuator minimum in 10 dB steps.
8. Gain Coarse : Control for adjustments of meter or any other convenient
reading.
Gain Fine : Control for fine adjustments of meter or any other convenient
reading.

9. LCD display in SWR & dB : LCD display, for measuring SWR and gain.
Rear panel Control
1. PC Interface : This is provided for connecting RS232 cable for pc
communication.
2. Comparator Adjust : For PC to PC communication adjust the potentiometer
such that output BNC should give the received PC signal which are transmitted
from transmitter PC.
3. Output : Detected signal can be observed on CRO from output BNC,

Operating Theory and Instructions

Auxiliary equipment required :
For SWR measurement, following equipments are required :
1. Signal Source :
The signal source should cover the desired frequency range and be amplitude
modulated at operating frequency of the SWR meter. Generally square wave
modulation is used which reduces to a minimum the effects of harmonic and
frequency modulation. In any application, it is necessary to minimize interaction
between the oscillator and the load. In these cases, an isolation device should be
used.
2. Cables or waveguides :
The cable or the wave guide used for connecting the source to a slotted match
the source impendence over the desired frequency range
3. Slotted Section :
The slotted section should cover the desired frequency and be equipped with an
accurate scale or indicator.
4. Detector :
The detector should be square law (out put proportional to RF power input)
device such as a Barretter or a crystal diode operated at low signal level. A
Barretter is reasonable square law when used at low signal level but in general
this cannot be said in all cases with crystal diode. However the sensitivity of
crystal is considerably better than with Barretters so that crystals are widely
used as detectors for SWR measurements.
5. Known loads :
Various termination are required (i.e. a fixed and a movable short circuit) to
establish reference points and to aid in calibrating the test setup.

Techniques in Measurements
Keep SWR/ dB switch at dB position.
Basically, the measurement of a standing wave ratio consists of the probe carriage at a
voltage maximum position and setting the gain to obtain a reading of 0.0dB i.e.
SWR=1.0. By keeping SWR/dB switch at SWR position we can read SWR directly.
The probe carriage is then moves along with the slotted line to a voltage minimum or
gain minimum and now note the corresponding reading at SWR position. The SWR is
shown directly on the LCD display.
But there are other cases, specially in design and development, where complete
knowledge of the terminating equipment is desired. This can be obtained by
measuring SWR and phase in the standing wave pattern.
Generally, the impedance characteristic of the load is obtained by measuring the
position of the voltage minimum. This position is compared to a shifted position of
the voltage minimum which occurs when a known load replaces the load under test at
reference point on the slotted line. The distance between these two minima is entered
on a smith chart and the reactive component is determined. For convenience the
known load usually a short circuit or shorting plate and the reference point is the load
connection.
Detector probe penetration :
A general rule in slotted line work is that the penetration of a sampling probe into the
line should be held to a minimum. The power extracted by the sampling probe caused
distortion in the standing-wave pattern. This effect usually becomes greater as probe
penetration is increased and can be explained by considering the probe as and
admittance shunting the line.
Impedance in the standing-wave pattern varies along the line from maximum at a
voltage maximum to a minimum at a voltage minimum. The shunt admittance
introduced by the probe lowers these impedance this causing the measured SWR to be
lower than the true SWR and shifting both the maxima & minima from their neutral
position. The shift will be greater at a voltage maximum that at a voltage minimum.
Besides absorbing power and affecting the standing-wave pattern the probe will also
cause reflections in the line. These reflections will travel towards the signal source. If
the signal source is not matched, these reflections are re-fleeted towards the load and
will cause additional errors in low SWR measurements.
An exception to the minimum penetration rule occurs when it is desired to examine in
details a voltage minimum in a high SWR measurement. For this work, greater probe
penetration can be tolerated because the voltage minimum corresponds to low
impedance point in the line. However only at a voltage minimum you can tolerate
substantial probe penetration.

Precaution when crystal detectors used :
With unloaded crystal, select the input impedance which gives maximum sensitivity.
Usually, the XTAL 200 ohm position will give the best sensitivity. However, some
crystal diodes may given higher output in the XTAL-200 K ohms position. Maximum
sensitivity is desirable so probe penetration in the slotted line can be kept to a
minimum.
Operation procedures :
Low SWR Measurements (10 and below):
a. Turn on the instrument. For a maximum stability allow approximately 5
minutes to warm up.
b. Select Normal mode with the help of Mode select.
c. Set Crystal Switch for the type of detector that is to be used in our case it
is 200ohm.
d. Connect the detector cable to the input of the SWR meter.
e. Set Gain (Coarse & Fine) controls to approximately maximum Power.
f. Set range switch on 40-db or 50-db position. Adjust probe penetration to
obtain maximum reading.
g. Peak the meter reading by adjusting the modulation frequency of the signal
source. Reduce probe penetration to keep reading on display.
h. Peak the meter reading by tuning the probe detector. Reduce the gain
control knob or attenuator to keep reading on display.
i. Peak the meter reading by moving the probe carriage along the line.
Reduce gain control knob or attenuator to keep reading on meter.
j. Adjust Gain controls and output power from the signal source to obtain
exactly 0.0dB reading i.e. SWR=1.
k. Move the probe carriage along the line to obtain minimum reading in dB,
without disturbing the probe or any setting.
l. Now keep SWR/dB switch at SWR position.
m. Read SWR, Which is directly the SWR of the load?
Note :
1. If the reading at the minimum is less than -10dB on the meter then meter
displays Switch Range so we have to switch to the next higher sensitivity
range(clockwise).
2. If the reading at the maximum is more than 0 dB on the meter than meter
displays Over Range so we have to switch to the next appropriate range
(anticlockwise).
3. However all readings on the display in dB must be added in the range selector
switch position.

High SWR Measurements (Above 10) :
When the SWR is high, probe coupling must be increased if a reading is to be
obtained at the voltage minimum. However, at the voltage maximum, this high
coupling may result in a deformation of the pattern with consequent error in reading,
In addition to this error caused by probe loading there is also a danger of error
resulting from the change in detector characteristics at higher R.F. levels.
Double Minimum Method :
In the double minimum method, it is necessary to establish the electrical distance
between the points where the output is double the minimum.
1. Repeat steps a to i in the low SWR measurement procedure.
2. Move the probe carriage along the line to obtain minimum reading and note the
probe carriage position.
3. For reference, adjust gain controls to obtain reading of 3.0dB (or any other
reference can be taken).
4. Move the probe carriage along the line to obtain a reading of 0.0dB on each side
of the minimum.
5. Record as d1 and d2 the probe carriage position at the two equal readings
obtained in step 4.
6. Short the line and measure the distance between successive minima. Twice this
distance is, the guide wavelength.

The SWR can be obtained by substituting this distance into the expression.
( ) d2 d1
g
SWR

Where g is the guide wave length d1 and d2 are the location of the twice-minimum
points.
The method overcomes the effect of probe loading since the probe is always set
around a voltage minimum where larger probe loading can be tolerated however it
does not overcome the effect of detector characteristics.

Calibrated attenuator Method :
Another method for measuring high SWR's is to use a calibrated variable attenuator
between the signal source and the slotted line. Adjust the attenuator to keep the
rectified output of the crystal diode equal at the voltage minimum and voltage
maximum points. The SWR in dB is the difference in the attenuator settings.
1. Repeat steps a to i in low SWR measurements procedure.
2. Move the probe carriage along the line for a voltage minimum, adjust the
attenuator to give a convenient indication on the meter, note the attenuator
setting.
3. Move the probe carriage along the line to a voltage maximum, adjust the
attenuator to obtain the same indication on the meter as established in step 2,
and note the attenuator setting,
4. The SWR may be read directly (in dB) as the difference between the first and
second readings. While this method overcomes the effect of detector variations
from a square Law characteristic, the effect of probe loading still remains. Be
careful; always use minimum probe penetration.
Location of voltage maximum or voltage minimum :
From the discussion on probe loading it has shown that it is more desirable to locate
the voltage minimum than the voltage maximum since the effect of probe loading is
less at the minimum. However, the location of voltage minimum by a single
measurement, particularly on low SWR, is usually inaccurate because of its
broadness, thus making the true minimum position hard to determine. An accurate
method of locating the voltage minimum is to obtain the position of the probe carriage
at two equal output readings on either side of the minimum and then averaging these
two readings.

Experiment 1
Objective :
Study of characteristics of the Reflex Klystron Tube and to determine its
electronic tuning range
Apparatus required :
1 Klystron Power Supply
2 Klystron tube with Klystron mount
3 Isolator
4 Frequency meter
5 Variable attenuator
6 Detector mount
7 Wave guide stand
8 SWR meter and Oscilloscope
9 BNC cable
Theory :
The Reflex Klystron makes the use of velocity modulation to transform a continuous
electron beam into microwave power. Electrons emitted from the cathode are
accelerated & passed through the positive resonator towards negative reflector, which
retards and finally, reflects the electrons and the electrons turn back through the
resonator. Suppose an rf-field exists between the resonators the electrons traveling
forward will be accelerated or retarded, as the voltage at the resonator changes in
amplitude.

Schematics Diagram of Klystron 2K25
Figure 4

The accelerated electrons leave the resonator at an increased velocity and the retarded
electrons leave at the reduced velocity. The electrons leaving the resonator will need
different time to return, due to change in velocities. As a result, returning electrons
group together in bunches, as the electron bunches pass through resonator, they
interact with voltage at resonator grids. If the bunches pass the grid at such a time that
the electrons are slowed down by the voltage then energy will be delivered to the
resonator; and Klystron will oscillate. Figure 4 shows the relationship between output
power, frequency and reflector voltages.

Square Wave modulation of the Klystron
Figure 5
The frequency is primarily determined by the dimensions of resonant cavity. Hence,
by changing the volume of resonator, mechanical tuning of klystron is possible. Also,
a small frequency change can be obtained by adjusting the reflector voltage. This is
called Electronic Tuning
The same result can be obtained, if the modulation voltage is applied on the reflector
voltage as shown in the figure 5
Procedure :
Carrier Wave Operation :
1. Connect the components and equipments as shown in figure 6

Setup for study of Klystron Tube
Figure 6

2. Set the Variable Attenuator at the maximum position (at no attenuation).
3. Set the mode switch of klystron Power Supply to CW position, beam voltage
control knob to full anti-clock wise and reflector voltage control knob to fully
clock wise and the meter select to Beam position.
4. Keep SWR meter at 50dB attenuation and coarse and fine potentiometers on
mid position and crystal impedance at 200ohm.
5. Keep SWR/dB switch at dB position.
6. Set the multi-meter in DC microampere range.
7. Switch 'On' the klystron Power Supply & cooling fan for klystron tube.
8. Set the meter select to beam voltage position and rotate beam voltage knob
clockwise slowly. Observe beam current on the meter by changing the meter
switch to beam current position. 'The beam current should not increase more
than 25mA.
9. Change the reflector voltage slowly and observe the reading on the SWR meter.
Set the voltage for maximum reading in the meter. If no reading is obtained,
change the plunger position of klystron mount and detector mount. Select the
appropriate range on SWR Meter. Now replace SWR meter to multi-meter.
10. Tune the plunger of klystron mount for the maximum output.
11. Rotate the knob of frequency meter slowly and stop at that position, when there
is less output current on multi-meter. Read directly the frequency between two
horizontal line and vertical line markers. If micro meter type frequency meter is
used, read micrometer frequency and find the frequency from its calibration
chart.
Square Wave Operation :
1. Connect the equipments and components as shown in the figure 7

Figure 7
2. Set Micrometer of variable attenuator for no attenuation.
3. Set the range switch of SWR meter at appropriate position, crystal selector
switch to 200ohm impedance position, mode select to normal position.
4. Now in KPS Set Modulation selector switch to AM- Mod. Position. Beam
voltage control knob to fully anticlockwise position. Reflector voltage control
knob to the fully clockwise position and meter select switch to 'beam' position.

5. Switch On the Klystron Power Supply, SWR meter and cooling fan.
6. Change the beam voltage knob clockwise up to 300V.
7. Keep the AM amplitude knob and AM frequency knob at the mid-position.
8. Rotate the reflector voltage knob to get reading in SWR meter.
9. Rotate the AM amplitude knob to get the maximum output in SWR meter.
10. Maximize the reading by adjusting the frequency control knob of AM.
11. If necessary, change the range switch of SWR meter if the Reading in SWR
meter is grater than 0.0db or less than -10dB in normal Mode respectively.
Further the output can also be reduced by Variable Attenuator for setting the
output for any particular position.
12. Connect oscilloscope in place of SWR Meter and observe the square wave
across detector mount.
Mode Study on Oscilloscope :
1. Set up the components and equipments as shown in figure 8
2. Set Mode selector switch to FM-Mode position with FM amplitude and FM
frequency knob at mid position. Keep beam voltage control knob fully
anticlockwise and reflector voltage knob to fully clockwise.

Figure 8

Modes of 2K25
Figure 9

3. Keep the time/division scale of Oscilloscope around 100Hz frequency
measurement and volt/ div to lower scale.
4. Switch On the klystron Power Supply and oscilloscope.
5. Keep the meter switch of klystron Power Supply to beam voltage position and
set beam voltage to 300V by beam voltage control knob.
6. Keep amplitude knob of FM modulator to maximum position and rotate the
reflector voltage anti-clockwise to get modes as shown in figure 9 on the
oscilloscope. The horizontal axis represents reflector voltage axis, and vertical
axis represents output power.
7. By changing the reflector voltage and amplitude of FM modulation, any mode
of Klystron tube can be seen on an Oscilloscope.

Experiment 2
Objective :
To determine the frequency & wavelength in a rectangular waveguide working
in TE
10
mode
2 Klystron tube
3 Isolator
4 Frequency meter
6 Slotted section
7 Tunable probe
8 Wave guide stand
9 SWR meter
10 Matched termination.
Theory :
Mode represents in wave guides as either
TE m, n/ TM m,n

Where
TE Transverse electric,
TM Transverse magnetic
m Number of half wave length variation in broader direction.
n Number of half wave length variation in shorter direction.
)
2 1
(
2
d d
g

Where d
1
and d
2
are the distance between two successive minima/maxima
It is having highest cut off frequency hence dominant mode.
For dominant TE
10
mode in rectangular wave guide o, g and c are related as
below.
2 2
0
1 1 1
c g
+
Where
o is free space wave length
g is guide wave length

c is cutoff wave length
For TE
10
mode,
m
2a
c
Where m = 1 in TE
10
mode and a' is broad dimension of waveguide. The following
relationship can be proved
C =
Where
c = 3 x 10
8
m/s is velocity of light and f is frequency.
Procedure :
1. Set up the components and equipments as shown in figure 10
2. Set the variable attenuator at maximum position (at no attenuation).
3. Keep the control knobs of SWR Meter as below :
Range dB : 50 dB position
Crystal : At 200ohm Impedance
Mode select : Normal Position
Gain (Coarse & Fine) : Mid Position
SWR/dB : dB position
4. Keep the Control knobs of Klystron Power Supply as below.
Mod- Switch : AM
Beam Voltage Knob : Fully anticlockwise
Reflector Voltage : Fully clockwise
AM-Amplitude Knob : Fully clockwise
AM-Frequency : Mid Position

Setup for study of frequency & wave length measurement
Figure 10
5. Switch on the klystron Power Supply, SWR meter and cooling fan.

6. Turn the meter switch of Power Supply to beam voltage position and set beam
voltage at 300V with the help of beam voltage knob, current around 15 to
20mA.
7. Adjust the reflector voltage to get some reading in SWR Meter.
8. Maximize the reading with AM amplitude and frequency control knob of Power
Supply.
9. Tune the plunger of klystron mount for maximum reading.
10. Tune the reflector voltage knob for maximum reading on SWR meter.
11. Tune the probe for maximum reading in SWR meter.
12. Tune the frequency meter to get a 'dip' on SWR meter and note down the
frequency directly from frequency meter and detune the DRF
13. Move the tunable probe along with the slotted line to get the reading in SWR
meter. Move the tunable probe to a minimum reading position. To get accurate
reading, it is necessary to increase the SWR meter range dB switch to higher
position, record the probe position i.e. d
1

14. Move the probe to next minimum position and record the probe position again
i.e. d
2
.
15. Calculate the guide wavelength as twice the distance between two successive
minimum positions obtained as above.
1 2 g = 2 (d - d )

16. Measure the wave-guide inner broad dimension 'a' which will be around 22.86
mm for X band and Calculate
c = 2a
For TE10 mode
17. Calculate the frequency by following equation:
2
c
1
2
g
1
c
0
c
f +
Where
c =3 x 10
8
meter/sec. i.e. velocity of light.
18. Verify with frequency obtained by frequency meter.
19. Above experiment can be verified at different frequencies.

Experiment 3
Objective :
To determine the Standing Wave-Ratio and Reflection Coefficient
2 Klystron tube
3 SWR meter
4 Isolator
5 Frequency meter
7 Slotted line
8 Tunable probe
9 Wave guide stand
10 Matched Termination
11 BNC cable
12 S-S tuner
Theory :
It is a ratio of maximum voltage to minimum voltage along a transmission line is
called SWR, as ratio of maximum to minimum current. SWR is measure of mismatch
between load and line.
The electromagnetic field at any point of transmission line may be considered as the
sum of two traveling waves: the 'Incident Wave' propagates from generator and the
reflected wave propagates towards the generator. The reflected wave is set up by
reflection of incident wave from a discontinuity on the line or from the load
impedance. The magnitude and phase of reflected wave depends upon amplitude and
phase of .the reflecting impedance. The superposition of two traveling waves, gives
rise to standing wave along with the line. The maximum field strength is found where
two waves are in phase and minimum where the line adds in opposite phase. The
distance between two successive minimum (and maximum) is half the guide
wavelength on the line. The ratio of electrical field strength of reflected and incident
wave is called reflection between maximum and minimum field strength along the
line.


Double Minima Method
Figure 11

Hence SWR denoted by S is
min
max
E
E
S
r
E
I
E
r
E
I
E
+

Where
E
I
= Incident Voltage
E
r
= Reflected Voltage
Reflection Coefficient, is
0
0
Z Z
Z Z
I
E
r
E
+

Where
Z is the impedance at a point on line,
Zo is characteristic Impedance.
The above equation gives following equation
1
1
+
S
S



Setup for SWR measurement
Figure 12
Procedure :
1. Set up the equipment as shown in the figure 12
2. Keep variable attenuator at maximum-position (at no attenuation).
Crystal : 200 ohm
Mode Switch : Normal Position
Gain (Coarse & Fine) : Mid Position
SWR/dB switch : dB position

4. Keep the control knobs of klystron Power Supply as below:
Mod-Switch : AM
Beam Voltage Knob : Fully Anticlockwise
Reflector Voltage Knob : Fully clockwise
AM Frequency & amplitude
Knob : Mid Position
5. Switch On the klystron Power Supply, SWR meter and cooling fan.
6. Keep the meter switch of klystron Power Supply to beam Voltage position and
set the beam voltage at 300V.
7. Rotate the reflector voltage knob to get reading in SWR Meter.
8. Tune the output by tuning the reflector voltage, amplitude and frequency of AM
modulation.
9. Tune for Maximum reading by tuning the plunger of Klystron Mount. Then tune
for maximum reading by tuning the probe.
10. If necessary change the range dB switch, variable attenuator position and gain
control knob to get reading in the SWR meter.
11. Move the probe along with slotted line, the reading will change.

a. Measurement of low and medium SWR
i. For low SWR set the S.S. tuner probe for no penetration position.
ii. Move the probe along with slotted line to get maximum reading in
SWR Meter in dB.
iii. Adjust the SWR Meter gain control knob or variable attenuator until
the meter indicates 0.0dB in normal modes. SWR for 0.0dB is 1.0
by keeping switch at SWR we can read it directly.
iv. Keep all the Control knobs as it is, move the probe to next minimum
gain position.
v. Keep SWR /dB switch at SWR position.
vi. Read the SWR from display and record it.
vii. Repeat the above step for change of S.S. Tuner probe penetration &
record the corresponding SWR.
viii. If the SWR is grater than 10dB, then you have to use the following
procedure.
b. Measurement of High SWR (Double Minimum Method)
i. Set the depth of S.S. Tuner slightly more for maximum SWR.
ii. Move the probe along with Slotted line until a minimum is
indicated.
iii. Adjust the SWR meter gain control knob and variable attenuator to
obtain a reading of 3 dB (or any other reference) at SWR Meter.
iv. Move the probe to the left on slotted line until maximum reading is
obtained i.e. '0' dB (or power should be increased by 3 dB). Note
and record the probe position on slotted line. Let it be d
1
.
v. Repeat the step 3 and 4 and then move the probe right along with
slotted line until maximum reading is obtained in normal dB mode
i.e upto 0dB. Let it be d
2
.
vi. Measure the distance between two successive minima position.
Twice of this distance is wave guide length g.
g = 2 (d1- d2)
vii. Calculate SWR by following equation.
( )
2
d
1
d
g
SWR

For different SWR, calculate the refection coefficient.

Experiment 4
Objective :
To measure an unknown Impedance with Smith chart
1 Klystron Tube 2K25
3 Klystron Mount
4 Isolator
5 Frequency meter
7 Slotted Line
8 Tunable Probe
9 SWR meter
10 Wave guide stand
11 S.S. Tuner
12 Matched Termination.
Theory :
The impedance at any point of a transmission line can be written in the form R + jX.
For comparison SWR can be calculated as
R
R
S
1
1

Reflection Coefficient

0
0
Z Z
Z Z
R
+

Where
Z
o
= Characteristics impedance of w/g at operating frequency
Z = Load impedance at any point.
The measurement is performed in following way :
The unknown device is connected to the slotted line and the SWR = S
o
and the
position of one minima is determined. Then unknown device is replaced by movable
short to the slotted line. Two successive minima positions are noted. The twice of the
difference between minima position will be guide-wave length. One of the minima is
used as reference for Impedance measurement. Find the difference of reference
minima and minima position obtained from unknown load. Let it bed. Take a Smith
chart taking '1' as center; draw a circle of radius equal to So. Mark a point on
circumference of chart towards load side at a distance equal to d/g. Join the center

with this point. Find the point where it cut the drawn circle. The coordination of this
point this will show the normalized impedance of load.

Setup for Impedance measurement
Figure 13
Procedure :
1. Set up the equipments as shown in the figure 13.
2. Set the variable attenuator at no attenuation position.
3. Connect S.S. tuner and matched termination after slotted line.
Crystal : 200 ohm
Gain (Course & Fine) : Mid Position
5. Keep the Control knobs of Klystron Power Supply as below :
Mod Switch : AM
Beam Voltage Knob : Fully anticlockwise
Reflector Voltage : Fully clockwise
AM-Amplitude : Fully Clockwise
AM-Frequency Knob : Mid Position
6. Switch "On' the Klystron Power Supply, SWR meter and cooling Fan.
7. Turn the meter switch of Power Supply to beam voltage position and set beam
voltage at 300V with help of beam voltage knob.
8. Adjust the reflector voltage to get some reading in SWR Meter.
9. To get the maximum reading, tune the AM amplitude and frequency control
knob from Power Supply.
10. Tune the reflector voltage knob for maximum reading.
11. Tune the tunable probe for maximum reading in SWR meter.
12. Tune the frequency meter knob to get dip on the SWR meter, and note down the
frequency directly from frequency meter.

13. Keep the depth of pin of S.S. Tuner to around 3-4mm and lock it.
14. Move the probe along with slotted line to get maximum reading.
15. Adjust SWR meter gain control knob and variable attenuator unit such that the
meter indicates 0.0dB on the normal dB mode.
16. Move the probe to next minima point.
17. Now change SWR/dB switch to SWR position.
Note down the SWR = S
o
from the meter. Also note down the probe position, let it be d.

Standing waves in impedance measurement
Figure 14
18. Note the position of two successive minimum positions. Let it be as d
1
and d
2
.
Hence.
1 2 g = 2 (d - d )

Calculate
g
d

19. Take a Smith chart taking '1' as center; draw a circle of radius equal to So. Mark
a point on circumference of chart towards load side at a distance equal to d/g.
Join the center with this point. Find the point where it cut the drawn circle. The
coordination of this point this will show the normalized impedance of load.


Experiment 5
Objective :
Study of V-I characteristics of Gunn Diode
1. Gunn oscillator
2. Gun Power Supply
3. PIN modulator
4. Isolator
5. Frequency meter
6. Variable attenuator
7. Detector mount
8. Wave guide stands
9. SWR Meter
10. Cables and accessories.
Theory :
The Gunn Oscillator is based on negative differential conductivity effect in bulk
semiconductors, which has two conduction bands minima separated by an energy gap
(greater than thermal agitation energies). A disturbance at the cathode gives rise to
high field region, which travels towards the anode. When this high field domain
reaches the anode, it disappears and another domain is formed at the cathode and
starts moving towards anode and so on. The time required for domain to travel from
cathode to anode (transit time) gives oscillation frequency.
In a Gunn Oscillator, the Gunn diode is placed in a resonant cavity. In this case the
Oscillation frequency is determined by cavity dimension. Although Gunn oscillator
can be amplitude modulated with the bias voltage. We have used separate PIN
modulator through PIN diode for square wave modulation.
A measure of the square wave modulation capability is the modulation depth i.e. the
output ratio between, On and Off state.
Procedure :
1. Set the components and equipment as shown in the figure 15.
2. Initially set the variable attenuator for maximum attenuation.
3. Keep the control knob of Gunn Power Supply as below:
Gunn Bias Knob : Fully anticlockwise
Pin bias Knob : Fully anti-clockwise
Pin Mod frequency : Mid position
Mode switch : CW Mode



Setup for Study of V-I characteristics of Gunn Diode
Figure 15
4. Keep the control knob of SWR meter as below:
Crystal : 200 ohm
5. Set the micrometer of Gunn Oscillator for required frequency of operation.
6. Switch On the Gunn Power Supply SWR Meter and cooling fan.
7. Measure the Gunn diode current corresponding to the various voltage controlled
by Gunn bias knob through the panel, do not exceed the bias voltage above 10
volts.
8. Plot the voltage and current reading on the graph as shown in figure 16
9. Measure the threshold voltage which, corresponds to maximum current.

I-V Characteristics of Gunn Oscillator
Figure 16
Note : Do not keep Gunn bias knob position at threshold position for more than 10-15
seconds. Otherwise due to excessive heating, Gunn Diode may burn.


Sr. No. V (Volt) I (mA)
1
2
3
4
5
6


Experiment 6
Objective :
Study of the following characteristic of Gunn Diode
1. Output power and frequency as a function of Bias Voltage.
2. Square wave modulation through PIN diode.
1. Gunn oscillator
2. Gun Power Supply
3. PIN modulator
4. Isolator
5. Frequency meter
7. Detector Mount
8. Wave guide stands
9. SWR meter
10. Cables and accessories.

Setup for the study of the Gunn Oscillator
Figure 17
Procedure :
1. Set the components and equipment as shown in the figure 17
2. Initially set the variable attenuator for maximum attenuation (for no
attenuation).
3. Keep the control knob of Gunn Power Supply as below:
Gunn Bias Knob : Fully anticlockwise
Pin bias Knob : Fully anti-clockwise
Pin Mod frequency : Mid position
Mode switch : Internal mod. Position

4. Keep the control knob of SWR meter as below :
Crystal : 200 ohm
5. Set the micrometer of Gunn oscillator for required frequency of operation
6. Switch on the Gunn Power Supply, SWR Meter.
a. Out Put Power and Frequency as a Function of Bias Voltage.
i. Increase the Gunn bias control knob upto 10V.
ii. Rotate PIN bias knob to around maximum position.
iii. Tune the output in the SWR meter through frequency control knob of
modulation.
iv. If necessary change the range dB switch of SWR meter to higher or
lower dB position to get reading on SWR meter display. Any level can
be set through variable attenuator and gain control knob of SWR
meter.
v. Measure the frequency using frequency meter and detune it.
vi. Reduce the Gunn bias voltage from 10V in the interval of 0.5V or 1.0V
and note down corresponding reading of output at SWR meter in dB
and corresponding frequency by frequency meter. (Do not keep Gunn
bias knob position at threshold position for more than 10-15 seconds.
Otherwise due to excessive heating, Gunn Diode may burn).
vii. Draw the power vs. Voltage curve and Frequency vs. Voltage curve
and plot the graph.
viii. Measure the pushing factor (MHz /Volt) which is frequency sensitivity
against variation in bias voltage for an oscillator. The pushing factor
should be measured around 8 volt bias. For example
Volt (V) Power (dB) Frequency (GHz)


b. Square Wave Modulation
i. Move the Gunn bias voltage Knob slowly so that panel meter of Gunn
Power Supply reads 10V.
ii. Keep the Gunn Power Supply in Internal modulation mode.
iii. Tune the PIN modulator bias voltage and frequency knob for
maximum detected output on the oscilloscope.
iv. Coincide the bottom of square wave in oscilloscope to some reference
level and note down the micrometer reading of variable attenuator.
v. Now with the help of variable attenuator coincide the top of square
wave to same reference level and note down the micrometer reading.
vi. Now Connect detector mount to SWR Meter and note down the dB
reading in SWR Meter for both the micrometer reading of the variable
attenuator.
vii. The difference of both dB reading of SWR meter gives the modulation
depth of PIN modulator.

Experiment 7
Objective :
To plot the radiation pattern & find out the gain of a waveguide Antenna
1. Microwave source (Gunn or Klystron) with Power Supply
2. Frequency meter
3. Isolator
5. Detector mount antennas
6. SWR meter & accessories.
Theory :
If a transmission line propagating energy is left open at one end, there will be
radiation from this end. In case of a rectangular wave-guide this antenna presents a
mismatch of about 2:1 and it radiates in many directions. The match will improve if
the open wave-guide is a horn shape.
The Radiation pattern of an antenna is a diagram of field strength or more often the
power intensity as a function of the aspect angle at a constant distance from the
radiating antenna. An antenna pattern is of course three dimensional but for practical
reasons it is normally presented as a two dimensional pattern in one or several planes.
An antenna pattern consists of several lobes, the main lobe, side lobes and the back
lobe. The major power is concentrated in the main lobe and it is required to keep the
power in the side lobes arid back lobe as low as possible. The power intensity at the
maximum of the main lobe compared to the power intensity achieved from an
imaginary omni-directional antenna (radiating equally in all directions) with the same
power fed to the antenna is defined as gain of the antenna.
3dB Beam Width :
This is the angle between the two points on a main lobe where the power intensity is
half the maximum power intensity.
When measuring an antenna pattern, it is normally most interesting to plot the pattern
far from the antenna.
Far field pattern is achieved at a minimum distance of
0
2
2D
- (for rectangular Horn antenna)
Where
D is the size of the broad wall of horn aperture
0
is free space wave length.

It is also very important to avoid disturbing reflection. Antenna measurement are
normally made at outdoor ranges or in so called anechoic chambers made of
absorbing materials.
Antenna measurements are mostly made with unknown antenna as receiver. There are
several methods to measure the gain of antenna. One method is to compare the
unknown antenna with a standard gain antenna with known gain. Another method is
to use two identical antennas, as transmitter and other as receiver. From following
formula the gain can be calculated.

Where
P
t
is transmitted power
P
r
is received Power,
G
1
, G
2
is gain of transmitting and receiving antenna
S is the radial distance between two antennas
o is free space wave length.
If both, transmitting and receiving antenna are identical having gain G then above
equation becomes.

In the above equation P
t
, P
r
and S and o can be measured and gain can be computed.
As is evident from the above equation, it is not necessary to know the absolute value
of P
t
and P
r
only ratio is required which can be measured by SWR meter.

Setup for the Antenna Radiation Pattern Plotting
Figure 18

Procedure :
Antenna Radiation Pattern Plotting :
1. Set up the equipments as shown in the figure, keeping the axis of both antennas
in same axis line & for start connect horn antennas at both the ends.
2. Energize the Microwave source for maximum output at desired frequency with
square wave modulation by tuning square wave amplitude and frequency of
modulating signal of Gunn Power Supply or KPS and by tuning the detector as
per the procedure described in experiment1.
3. Obtain maximum reading (0 dB) at any convenient range switch position of the
SWR Meter by gain control knob of SWR meter or by variable attenuator.
4. Rotate the receiving horn in 2 or 5 steps and note the corresponding dB
reading. When necessary change the range switches to next higher range and
add 10dB to the observed value.
5. Draw a radiation pattern (power v/s angle).
6. Now you can replace the antenna by another given antenna at receiver position.
7. From Polar plot determine 3dB beam width of the horn antenna.
Gain Measurement :
1. Set up the equipments as shown in figure. Both horn antennas should be in line.
2. Keep the range dB switch of SWR meter at appropriate position.
modulating amplitude and frequency potentiometers and by tuning of detector.
4. Obtain maximum reading in SWR meter with variable attenuator.
5. Replace the transmitting horn by detector mount and change the appropriate
range dB position to get the reading (do not touch the gain control knob) Note
and record the range dB position and reading.
6. Calculate the difference in dB between the power measured in step 4 and 5.
Convert the dB in to power ratio which will be P
t/
P
r
.Calculate the gain by following
equation.

The same set-up can be used for other frequency of operation.



Antenna Pattern Diagram
Figure 19
Procedure for NV9002A
To take radiation pattern with the help of motorized unit
1. Arrange the setup as given in figure 20

Figure 20
2. Connect PC interfacing cable between Motorized unit & PC comport.
3. Connect the output of detector mount to the input of Unit.
4. To observe the output, connect the output BNC of unit to CRO.
square wave modulation by tuning square wave amplitude and frequency of
modulating signal of Gunn Power Supply or KPS and by tuning the detector as
per the procedure described in experiment1
6. Adjust the square wave gain between .5 to 1V at output BNC of Unit, with the
help of AM amplitude, Beam voltage, repeller voltage or by adjusting the
distance.
7. Install the software by running setup file.
8. Open the S/W window and click the config & reset button.
9. Motor will move & come back to its home position. After reaching at home
position click the plot button.
10. Radiation pattern will display on the screen.
11. Now other parameters can be measured by using measurement button.
Here the polar plots of different types of antennas are given below, but these can vary
depends on, surrounding conditions and parameters adjusted.


Dielectric Antenna Figure 21

E-Plane Sectorial Horn Antenna Figure 22


H-Plane Sectorial Antenna Figure 23

Parabolic Antenna Figure 24


Pickup Horn Antenna Figure 25

Pyramidal Horn Antenna Figure 26


Standard Gain Horn Antenna Figure 27

Slotted Broad Wall Antenna Figure 28


Slotted Narrow Wall Antenna Figure 29


Experiment 8
Objective :
Study the function of multi-hole directional coupler by measuring the following
parameters :
1. To Measure main-line and auxiliary-line VSWR.
2. To Measure the coupling factor and directivity
1. Microwave source
2. Isolator
3. Frequency meter
5. Slotted line
6. Tunable Probe
7. Detector mount
8. Matched Terminator
9. MHD coupler
10. Wave guide stand
11. Cables & accessories
12. VSWR meter
Theory :
A directional coupler is a device with it is possible to measure the incident and
reflected wave separately. It consists of two transmission line, the main arm and
auxiliary arm, electromagnetically coupled to each other. Refer to the figure. The
power entering port 1 the main arm gets divided between port 2 and 3 and almost no
power comes out in port 4. Power entering port 2 is divided between port 1 and port 4.

Directional Coupler
Figure 30
Coupling (db) = 10 log
10

1
]
1
3
P
1
P
where port 2 is terminated
Isolation = 10 log
10

1
]
1
3
P
2
P
where P
1
is matched.

With built-in termination and power is entering at port 1. The directivity of the
coupler is a measure of separation between incident and the reflected wave. It is
measured as the ratio of two power outputs from the auxiliary line when a given
amount of power is successively applied to each terminal of the main lines with the
port terminated by material loads.
Hence
Directivity 0 (dB) = Isolation - Coupling = 10 log
10

1
]
1
1
P
2
P

Main line VSWR is SWR measured looking into the main line input terminal when
the matched loads are placed. At all other ports.
Auxiliary line VSWR is SWR measured in the auxiliary line looking into the output
terminal, when the matched loads are placed on other terminals.
Main line insertion loss is the attenuation introduced in transmission line by insertion
of coupler. It is defined as insertion:
Loss = 10 log
10

1
]
1
2
P
1
P
when power is entering at port 1.
Procedure :

Setup for measurement of SWR of MHD Coupler
Figure 31


1. Main Line SWR Measurement
a. Set up the equipments as shown in the figure 31
b. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency operation as
described. (procedures given in the operation of klystron and Gunn
oscillator)
c. Follow the procedure as described for SWR measurement experiment
(Low and medium SWR measurement).
d. Repeat the same for other frequency.
2. Auxiliary Line SWR Measurement

Figure 32
a. Set up the components and equipments as shown in the figure 32
described operation of Klystron and Gunn Oscillator
c. Measure SWR as described in the experiment of SWR measurement (low
and medium SWR measurement).
d. Repeat the same for other frequencies.


3. Measurement of Coupling Factor, Insertion Loss
a. Set up the equipments as shown in the figure.
described operation of Klystron.
c. Remove the multi-hole directional coupler and connect the detector mount
to the frequency meter. Tune the detector for the maximum output.
d. Set any reference level of power on SWR meter with the help of variable
attenuator, gain control knob of SWR meter, and note down the reading.
(Reference level let it be X)
e. Insert the directional coupler as shown in second figure with detector to
the auxiliary port 3 and matched termination to port 2, without changing
the position of variable attenuator and gain control knob of SWR meter.
f. Note down the reading on SWR meter on the scale with the help of range-
dB switch if required. (Let it be Y)
g. Calculate coupling factor, which will be X-Y in dB.
h. Now carefully disconnect the detector from the auxiliary port 3 and match
termination from port 2 without disturbing the set-up.
i. Connect the matched termination to the auxiliary port 3 and detector to
port 2 and measure the reading on SWR meter. Suppose it is Z.
j. Compute insertion loss X-Z in dB.
k. Repeat the steps from 1 to 4.
l. Connect the directional coupler in the reverse direction, i.e. port 2 to
frequency meter side, matched termination to port 1 and detector mount to
port 3, without disturbing the position of the variable attenuator and gain
control knob of SWR meter.
m. Measure and note down the reading on VSWR meter; let it be Y
d
.
n. Compute the directivity as Y-Y
d

o. Repeat the same for other frequencies.

Experiment 9
Objective :
Study of Magic Tee
1. Microwave source
2. Isolator
4. Frequency meter
5. Slotted line
6. Tunable probe
7. Magic Tee
8. Matched termination
9. Wave guide stand
10. Detector mount
11. SWR meter and accessories.
Theory :
The device magic Tee is a-combination of the E and H plane Tee. Arm 3, the H-arm
forms an H plane Tee and arm 4, the E-arm forms an E plane Tee in combination with
arm 1 and 2 a side or collinear arms. If power is fed into arm 3 (H-arm) the electric
field divides equally between arm 1 and 2 in the same phase, and no electrical field
exists in arm 4. Reciprocity demands no coupling in port 3 (H-arm). If power is fed in
arm 4 (E-arm), it divides equally into arm 1 and 2 but out of phase with no power to
arm 3. Further, if the power is fed from arm 1 and 2, it is added in arm 3 (H-arm), and
it is subtracted in E-arm, i.e. arm 4.

Magic Tee
Figure 33

The basic parameters to be measured for magic Tee are defined below.
1. Input SWR
Value of SWR corresponding to each port, as a load to the line while other ports
are terminated in matched load
2. Isolation
The isolation between E and H arms is defined as the ratio of the power
supplied by the generator connected to the E-arm (port 4) to the power detected
at H -arm (port 3) when side arms I and 2 are terminated in matched load.
Hence,
Isolation (dB) = 10 log
10

1
]
1
3
P
4
P

Similarly, isolation between other parts may also be defined
3. Coupling coefficient.
It is defined as C
ij
= 10
/ 20

Where
= attenuation / isolation in dB
'i is input arm
'j is output arm.
Thus = 10 log
10

1
1
]
1
j
P
i
P

Where
P
i
is the power delivered to arm i
P
j
is power detected at j arm.

Setup for the study of Magic Tee
Figure 34

Procedure :
1. SWR Measurement of the Ports
a. Set up the components and equipments as shown in figure keeping E arm
towards slotted line and matched termination to other ports.
b. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation and
tune the detector mount for maximum output.
c. Measure the SWR of E-arm as described in measurement of SWR for low
and medium value.
d. Connect another arm to slotted line and terminate the other port with
matched termination. Measure the SWR as above. Similarly, SWR of any
port can be measured.
2. Measurement of Isolation and Coupling Coefficient
a. Remove the tunable probe and Magic Tee from the slotted line and
connect the detector mount to slotted line.
b. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation and
tune the detector mount for maximum output.
c. With the help of variable attenuator and gain control knob of SWR meter,
set any power level in the SWR meter and note down. Let it be P
3
.
d. Without disturbing the position of variable attenuator and gain control
knob, carefully place the Magic Tee after slotted line keeping H-arm
connected to slotted line, detector to E arm and matched termination to
arm 1 and 2. Note down the reading of SWR meter. Let it be P
4
.
e. Determine the isolation between port 3 and 4 as P
3
-P
4
in dB.
f. Determine the coupling coefficient from equation given in the theory part.
g. The same experiment can be repeated for other ports also.
h. Repeat the above experiment for other frequencies.

Experiment 10
Objective :
Study of Isolator and Circulators
1. Microwave source
2. Power Supply for source
3. Isolators
4. Circulators
5. Frequency meter
7. Slotted line
8. Tunable probe
9. Detector mount
10. SWR meter
11. Test isolation and
12. Circulation and accessories
Theory :
Isolator : An isolator is a two-port device that transfers energy from input to output
with little attenuation and from output to input with very high attenuation.

Figure 35
Circulator : The circulator is defined as a device with ports arranged such that energy
entering a port is coupled to an adjacent port but not coupled to other ports. Refer to
the figure. A wave incident on port 1 is coupled to port 2 only, a wave incident at port
2 is coupled to port 3 only and so on.

Figure 36
Following are the basic parameters of isolator and circulator for study.

1. Insertion loss
The ratio of power supplied by a source to the input port to the power detected
by a detector in the coupling arm, i.e. output arm with other port terminated in
the matched load, is defined as insertion loss or forward loss. .
2. Isolation
It is the ratio of power fed to input arm to the power detected at not coupled port
with other port terminated in the matched load
3. Input VSWR
The input VSWR of an isolator or circulator is the ratio of voltage maximum to
voltage minimum of the standing wave existing on the line when one port of it
terminates the line and other have matched termination.
Note : When port which is not coupled to input port is terminated by matched
termination it marks as Isolator. (Two port device).
Procedure :
1. Input VSWR Measurement
a. Set up the components and equipments as shown in the figure 37 with
input port of isolator or circulator towards slotted line and matched load on
other ports of it

Measurement of VSWR of Isolator or Circulator
Figure 37
b. Energize the microwave source for particular operation of frequency.
c. With the help of slotted line, probe and SWR meter. Find SWR, of the
isolator or circulator as described for low and medium SWR
measurements.
d. The above procedure can be repeated for other ports or for other
frequencies.
2. Measurement of Insertion Loss and Isolation.

a. Remove the probe and isolator or circulator from slotted line and connect
the detector mount to the slotted section. The output of the detector mount
should be connected SWR meter.

Setup for Measurement Loss & Isolation of Isolator & Circulator
Figure 38
b. Energize the microwave source for maximum output particular frequency
of operation. Tune the detector mount for maximum output in the SWR
Meter.
c. Set any reference level of power in SWR meter with the help of variable
attenuator and gain control knob of SWR meter. Let it be P
1
.
d. Carefully remove the detector mount from slotted line without disturbing
the position of set up. Insert the isolator/circulator between slotted line
and detector mount. Keeping input port to slotted line and detector at its
output port. A matched termination should be placed a third port in case
of circulator.
e. Record the reading in the SWR meter. If necessary change range -dB
switch to high or lower position and 10dB change for one step change of
switch position. Let it be P
2
.
f. Compute insertion loss on P
1
P
2
in dB.
g. For measurement of isolation, the isolator or circulator has to be
connected in reverse i.e. output port to slotted line and detector to input
port with another port terminated by matched termination (in case
circulator) after setting a reference level without isolator or circulator in
the set up as described in insertion loss measurement. Let same P
1
level is
set.
h. Record the reading of SWR meter inserting the isolator or circulator as
given in step 7. Let it be P
3
.
i. Compute isolation as P
1
- P
3
in dB.
j. The same experiment can be done for other ports of circulator.
k. Repeat the above experiment for other frequencies if required.

Experiment 11
Objective :
Study of Attenuators
1 Microwave source
2 Isolator
3 Frequency meter
5 Slotted line
6 Tunable probe
7 Detector mount
8 Matched termination
9 SWR meter.
Theory :
The attenuators are two port bi-directional devices which attenuate power when
inserted into the transmission line.
Attenuation A (dB) = 10 log
10

1
]
1
2
P
1
P

Where
P
1
= Power absorbed or detected by the load without the attenuator in the line.
P
2
= Power absorbed/detected by the load with attenuator in line.
The attenuators consist of a rectangular wave guide with a resistive vane inside it to
absorb microwave power according to their position with respect to side wall of the
wave-guide. As electric field is maximum, at center in TE
10
mode, the attenuation will
be maximum if the vane is placed at center of the wave-guide. Moving from center
toward the side wall, attenuation decreases in the fixed attenuator, the vane position is
fixed where as in a variable attenuator, its position can be changed by help of
micrometer or by other methods.
Following characteristics of attenuators can be studied
1. Input SWR.
2. Insertion loss (in case of variable attenuator).
3. Amount of attenuation offered into the lines.
4. Frequency sensitivity i.e. variation of attenuation at any fixed position of vane
and frequency is changed.


Procedure :
1. Input SWR Measurement
a. Connect the equipments as shown in the figure 39
b. Energize the microwave source for maximum power at any frequency of
operation.
c. Measure the SWR with the help of tunable probe, Slotted line and SWR
meter as described in the experiment of measurement of low and medium
SWR.
d. Repeat the above step for other frequencies if required.

Setup for VSWR, Insertion Loss & Attenuation measurement of Attenuator
Figure 39
2. Insertion Loss /Attenuation Measurement
a. Remove the tunable probe, attenuator and matched termination from the
slotted section in the above set up.
b. Connect the detector mount to the slotted line, and tune the detector
mount also for maximum deflection on SWR meter (Detector mount's
output should be connected to SWR meter).
c. Set any reference level on the SWR meter with the help of gain control
knob of SWR meter. Let it be P
1
. Now connect the attenuator in between
slotted line & detector mount.
d. Set the variable attenuator to zero attenuation position and record the
reading of SWR meter. Let it be P
2
. Then the insertion loss of test
attenuator will be P
1
- P
2
dB.
e. Now, change the micrometer reading and record the SWR meter reading
in dB. Find out Attenuation value for different position of micrometer
reading and record the readings to plot a graph.
f. In the same way you can test the fixed attenuator which can give you only
the single attenuation value.
g. Now change the operating frequency and all the step can be repeated for
finding frequency sensitivity of variable attenuator.
Note : For measuring frequency sensitivity of variable attenuator the position of
micrometer reading of the variable attenuator should be same for all frequencies in
operation.


Micro meter reading of
variable attenuator (mm)
SWR reading
(dB)


Experiment 12
Objective :
Study the Phase Shifter
1. Microwave source
2. Isolator
4. Frequency meter
5. Slotted section
6. Tunable probe
7. Phase shifter
8. Precision Movable short
9. SWR Meter
10. Cables and accessories
Theory :
A phase shifter consists of a piece of Wave-guide and a dielectric material inside the
wave-guide placed parallel to Electric vector of TE
10
mode. The phase changes as
piece of dielectric material is moved from edge of wave-guide towards the center of
the waveguide.
Procedure :
1. Set up the equipment as shown in the Figure 40

Setup for Study of Phase Shifter
Figure 40
2. First connect the Matched termination at the end of slotted line.

3. Energize the microwave source for maximum output at particular frequency of
operation.
4. Find out the g (guide wavelength) with help of tunable probe Slotted line and
SWR meter. It is the twice the distance between two minimas on the slotted line.
5. Now connect the precision movable short at the place of matched termination &
find out the minima for this setup.
6. Note and record the reference minima position of precision movable shortfrom
its micrometer. Let it be X
7. Remove carefully the movable short from the slotted line without disturbing its
current position. Place the phase shifter to the slotted line with its micrometer
reading at zero and then place the movable short to the other port.
8. The reference minima will shift from its previous position, rotate the micrometer
of movable precision short to get the reference minima again and note the
micrometer reading of movable short.
9. Now Open the phase shifter in suitable steps & record the corresponding
micrometer reading of movable short. Measure the phase shift as per the given
example.
Micro meter reading of Phase
shifter
Micro meter reading of Precision
movable short
2 mm
4 mm
6 mm
8 mm
10 mm
Calculation :
We can calculate phase shift in terms of degree by
g = 360 (One cycle)
For example : If g = 4.32 cm
Phase shifter position is moved to 2mm. Now the reference minima gets changed.
Vary the precision movable short to get the reference minima position say 0.5 cm now
the shift in phase is
Since, 4.32 cm = 360
So phase shift for 0.5cm will be
=
4.32
0.5 x 360
= 56

Experiment 13
Objective :
Measurement of Dielectric Constant (Liquid & Solid)
1. Low-Loss solid dielectrics.
2. Liquid dielectrics or solutions.
1. Gunn Power Supply
2. Gunn Oscillator
3. Frequency Meter
4. Tunable Probe
5. Variable Attenuator
6. Slotted Section
7. Detector Mount
8. Sample (Dielectric)
9. SWR Meter
10. Solid Cell,
11. Liquid Dielectric Cell.
Theory :
Consider a solid sample or length l
loaded in rectangular waveguide against short

circuit that touches it well.
D & D
R
are the positions or first voltage minima of the sanding wave pattern when
waveguide is unloaded & loaded with the dielectric. The respective distance from the
short circuit will be (l + l
) & (l
R
+ l)
The impedance are equal so
Z
o
& Z
are respectively the characteristic impedance of empty & dielectric filled

waveguide &
are respective propagation constant.

Expanding tangent sum angel i.e
+
l
) l D D ( tan
R
=

l
l tan

Dielectric constant can be calculated by
1
a 2
1
l
l a
2
g
2 2
r
+
,
_
,
_
,
_

Where
r
Dielectric Constant

Procedure :
A. For Solid Dielectric :
1. Assemble the equipment as shown in below Figure 41

Figure 41
2. Energize the microwave power source & obtain suitable power level in the SWR
meter.
3. Micrometer position of solid dielectric should be fully closed.
4. With no sample in the shorted waveguide, measure & record in table position of
standing wave minima, starting from an arbitrary plane. Compute guide
wavelength (distance between successive minima being g/2).
5. Take position of first minima as reference minima i.e.
6. Using frequency meter determine the frequency of the excited wave & compute
free space wavelength (
o
= C/F). If frequency meter is not used compute it
using the
a 2 ;
l l l
C
2
C g
2
o
,
_
,
_
,
_

For dominant mode
7. Remove the solid dielectric cell & insert gently the dielectric sample into the
solid dielectric cell such that it should touch the plane of waveguide i.e. end the
sample.
8. Measure & record in table the position of standing wave voltage minima shifted
due to dielectric the position of first minima is taken as D
9. Find out SWR as in previous experiment.
10. Measure & record waveguide dimension.
11. Refer the calculations, Dielectric constant for finding the value of Dielectric
Constant.

Table :
a. Waveguide dimension a = cm, b = .. cm
(for x band a = ... b = ..)
b. Cut-off wavelength
c
=
m
a 2
cm
c. Frequency of operation = . GHz


B. Liquids & Solutions :
1. Assemble the equipment as shown in below Figure 42.

Figure 42
2. Energize the microwave power source & obtain the suitable power level in the
indicating meter.
3. With no liquid in the cell, read & record in table position or standing wave
minima i.e. D
R
starting from any arbitrary plane. Compute guide wavelength the
distance with alternate minima being
g
/2.
4. Using frequency meter determine the frequency of the excited wave & compute
free space wavelength.
5. Carefully fill the cell with the liquid sample. Measure & record in table the
position of standing wave voltage minima shifted due to dielectric the position
of first minima is taken as D
6. Find out SWR as in previous experiment.
7. Measure waveguide dimension.
Table :
a. Waveguide dimension a = cm, b = .. cm
b. Cut-off wavelength
= 2a cm
c. Frequency of operation f = . GHz
d. Free-space wavelength = c/f = cm




Calculations :
1. Compute propagation constant =
g
2

2.
Now we know that trans-cendaintal equation
tan
( )
+
l
D D l
R
=
X
X tan

so put the corresponding values of parameter then you will get a value that will we

X
X tan

now choose three lowest values of X say X1, X2, X3 corresponding to solutions
as above from the standard table.
3. Computer corresponding dielectric constant.

=

4. Repeat steps 1 to 4 for second sample
5. Plot two curves one for each sample solution of transcended equation versus
the intersection gives true of.
Sample Calculations :
The following observations are for Teflon.
a =
900 . 0 D
R
=
1842 . 0
l =0.4497 D =
6930 . 0
g =
7628 . 1 approximate value or = 2.000

i. This 5643 . 3
7628 . 1
14 . 3 2

ii.
( )
4497 . 0 5643 . 3
) 6930 . 0 01742 4497 . 0 ( 5643 . 3
tan
l
D D l tan
R


=
X
X tan
1334 . 0
Values of X from tables
X = 2.786, 5.638,
X
1
X
2
X
3
For X
1,
032 . 2
1
7628 . 1
900 . 0 2
1
4497 . 0
786 . 2 900 . 0
2
2
2
1

+
,
_
,
_
,
_

This value (2.032) is very near to 2.000 ; so it is correct value.

Experiment 14
Objective :
Study of voice communication by using microwave test bench
1. Gunn Based Setup (Klystron Based Setup)
3. Slotted Section
4. Detector Mount
5. Frequency Meter
6. SWR Meter.

Figure 43

Procedure :
1. Setup the common structure of the bench.
2. Connect the Microphone in Audio input socket
3. Select audio mode from GPS mode select switch
4. Connect the detector output to SWR meter.
5. Select audio mode from SWR mode select switch
6. Connect a Headphone in audio output socket in SWR Meter.
7. Tune the controls for maximum output from headphone.
8. Now you can observe the audio signals. Audio signal strength is changing by
variable attenuator or the DIP produced by moving frequency meter etc.
Note : This experiment is only observational type. Please do not measure any
parameter.

Experiment 15
Objective :
Study of square law behaviour of a microwave crystal detector
1. Microwave power source,
2. Source of Power Supply,
3. Frequency meter,
4. Variable attenuator,
5. Detector mount,
6. Power meter or SWR meter,
7. Variable attenuator,
8. H-Plane tee,
9. Waveguide stands and accessories.
Theory :

Figure 44
1. Assemble the set-up as shown in figure 44
2. Measure input power from one port of the Tee by using power meter.
3. While attenuator is set for minimum attenuation, switch on microwave power
source and set it for maximum power output.
4. Set the attenuator till micro ammeter reads zero.
5. Increase the power using variable attenuator in steps of 1 mW, indicated by
power meter. Measure and record in table, corresponding current till maximum
power level.
6. Draw the curve between output current and input power. The graph represents
the square law characteristics of crystal detector.

For Example :


Experiment 16
Objective :
Study the Resonant Cavity
1. Microwave Power Source
2. Source of Power Supply
3. Frequency Meter
5. Detector Mount
6. SWR Meter
7. Resonant Cavity.

Figure 45
Procedure :
1. Set up the common Gunn oscillator source bench as shown in figure without
cavity resonator.
2. Set the micrometer position of Gunn oscillator in zero position.
3. Take the corresponding power reading in SWR meter or power meter.
4. Now vary the micrometer by 0.5mm & take the corresponding power reading in
SWR meter or in power meter.
5. Now again vary micrometer by 1mm & take the corresponding reading.
6. Again vary the micrometer in steps of 0.5mm & take corresponding power
reading.
7. Prepare a chart of micrometer reading of Gunn Oscillator & Power Output.
8. Without disturbing the bench inserts Resonant Cavity between Slotted section &
Detector Mount.
9. Set again Micrometer of Gunn oscillator in Zero position & take the
corresponding power reading in SWR Meter.
10. Now vary the micrometer of Gunn oscillator in steps of 0.5mm & take the
corresponding power reading in SWR meter.

11. Now Prepare a chart Between Micrometer position of Gunn oscillator & power
reading in SWR meter.
12. Now compare the power reading without resonator cavity & power reading with
resonator cavity.
13. Now observe the reading carefully & note where the difference is maximum.
14. Set the micrometer of Gunn oscillator in that position, where the difference is
maximum.
15. In this position measure the frequency of gun oscillator by DRF meter. This
frequency will be the resonant frequency of resonator cavity/waveguide cavity

Experiment 17
Objective :
Study of PC to PC communication by using Microwave Test Bench
1. Gunn Oscillator
2. Gunn Power Supply
3. Isolator
4. PIN Modulator
6. Detector Mount
7. SWR Meter

Figure 46

Procedure :
1. Setup the above structure of the bench.
2. Connect Gunn oscillator and pin modulator to Gunn bias and pin bias of Gunn
Power Supply.
3. Keep mode select switch of Gunn Power Supply in PC position.
4. Connect interfacing cable to 1
st
PC.
5. Install the PC to PC communication software in both the PCs.
6. Select PC mode from mode select switch of SWR meter.
7. Connect the interfacing cable from SWR meter (rear panel) to 2
nd
PC.
8. Connect Detector output to CRO.
9. Switch On the Gunn Power Supply and set it at 10V (approximately).
10. Select 1
st
PC as transmitter and 2
nd
PC as a receiver on the software window.
11. Select appropriate comports and press Start Communication on both the PC.
12. Now send some data from transmitter PC and watch the detected signal on
CRO. If it is coming properly (it should be more that 80 mV Vpp always for this
experiment) then connect it to input of SWR meter.
13. Observe the BNC output (Rear panel of SWR meter) on CRO, while
transmitting the data, if it is not receiving on receiver PC then adjust the
comparator potentiometer to get the output.
14. Observe the transmitted data on receiver PC.

Identification of Microwave Components

Gunn Oscillator (10 MW) - NV201 Isolator NV204

PIN Modulator NV202 Slotted Section NV207

Frequency Meter NV205 Variable Attenuator NV206



Detector Mount NV209 Tunable Probe NV208

Klystron Mount NV203 Coaxial Adapter NV225

Phase Shifter NV238 C. D. Coupler 20dB NV229

E Plane Bend NV232 E Plane Tee NV221



Fixed Attenuator NV217 Matched Termination NV212

Magic Tee NV223 T-Circulator NV230

Multi hole Directional Coupler (10dB) NV228 SS Tuner NV220

Precision movable short NV235 Slotted Antenna Broad Wall
NV241


Slotted Antenna Narrow Wall NV242 Parabolic Antenna NV247

Waveguide Cavity NV234 Waveguide Twist NV216

Dielectric Antenna NV243 H Plane Sectorial Horn NV245

Pickup Horn Pyramidical Horn Standard Gain Horn
NV240 NV246 NV239

Warranty
1) We guarantee the product against all manufacturing defects for 24 months from
the date of sale by us or through our dealers. Consumables like dry cell etc. are
not covered under warranty.
2) The guarantee will become void, if
a) The product is not operated as per the instruction given in the operating
manual.
b) The agreed payment terms and other conditions of sale are not followed.
c) The customer resells the instrument to another party.
d) Any attempt is made to service and modify the instrument.
4) The non-working of the product is to be communicated to us immediately giving
full details of the complaints and defects noticed specifically mentioning the
type, serial number of the product and date of purchase etc.
The repair work will be carried out, provided the product is dispatched securely
packed and insured. The transportation charges shall be borne by the customer.

List of Accessories
For One Bench :
1. BNC to BNC Cable ..............................................................................2 Nos.
2. N type (M) to BNC Cable (GPS) ............................................................ 1 No.
3. Mains Cord............................................................................................2 Nos.
4. Demo Video CD..................................................................................... 1 No.
5. PC to PC Communication Software (with Gunn based bench) ................ 1 No.
6. RS232 Interfacing Cable (with Gunn based bench ) ..............................2 Nos.
7. e-Manual ................................................................................................ 1 No.

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Microwave Test Bench

loaded in rectangular waveguide against short

are respectively the characteristic impedance of empty & dielectric filled

are respective propagation constant.

7628 . 1 approximate value or = 2.000

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