TABLE OF INFORMATION FOR 2000 CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS 1 unified atomic mass unit, Proton mass, Neutron

mass, Electron mass, Magnitude of the electron charge, Avogadros number, Universal gas constant, Boltzmanns constant, Speed of light, Plancks constant,
1u = 1.66 10 27 kg = 931 MeV/c
m p = 1.67 10
2
27

UNITS Name meter

kg

PREFIXES Factor
10 9 10 10
6 3

Symbol m kg s A K mol Hz N Pa J W C V

Prefix giga mega kilo centi milli micro nano pico

Symbol G M k c m

kilogram second ampere kelvin mole hertz newton pascal joule watt coulomb volt ohm henry
2

mn = 1.67 10 27 kg me = 9.11 10 31 kg

e = 1.60 10 19 C
N0 = 6.02 10 23 mol 1
R = 8.31 J / (mol K )
23

10 2 10 10
3 6

k B = 1.38 10

J/K

10 9 10
12

n p

c = 3.00 10 8 m / s
h = 6.63 10 34 J s = 4.14 10 15 eV s

hc = 1.99 10 25 J m = 1.24 10 3 eV nm = 8.85 10 12 C 2 / N m 2 = 9.0 10 9 N m 2 / C 2

VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS FOR COMMON ANGLES

0
o

sin 0 1/2 3/5

2 /2

cos 1
3 /2

tan 0
3 /3

Vacuum permittivity, Coulombs law constant, Vacuum permeability, Magnetic constant, Universal gravitational constant, Acceleration due to gravity at the Earths surface, 1 atmosphere pressure, 1 electron volt,
k = 1 / 4

k
= 0 / 4 = 10 7 (T m ) / A

0 = 4 10 7 (T m ) / A
G = 6.67 10 g = 9.8 m / s
2
5 2

30o
37o 45o 53o 60o 90o

H F T
o

4/5
2 /2

3/4 1 4/3
3

11

m / kg s
3

farad tesla degree Celsius electronvolt

1 atm = 1.0 10 N / m = 1.0 10 5 Pa

4/5
3 /2

3/5 1/2 0

1 eV = 1.60 10

19

eV

The following conventions are used in this examination. I. Unless otherwise stated, the frame of reference of any problem is assumed to be inertial. II. The direction of any electric current is the direction of flow of positive charge (conventional current). III. For any isolated electric charge, the electric potential is defined as zero at an infinite distance from the charge. IV. The work done by a thermodynamic system is defined as a positive quantity.

ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS B EQUATIONS FOR 2000

NEWTONIAN MECHANICS

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

F = E = 1 q1q2 4p 0 r 2 F q 1 q1q2 4p 0 r

u = u0 + at
x = x0 + u 0 t + 1 2 at 2

u 2 = u 0 2 + 2 a x x0
F = Fnet = ma F fric mN ac =

u2
r

t = rF sin q
p = mv J = FDt = K = 1 mu 2 2

Dp

DUg = mgh
W = F s = Fs cos q Pavg = W Dt

a = F= f = h = J = K= k = l= m= N= P= p = r = s = T= t = U= u= W= x = m= q= t =

acceleration force frequency height impulse kinetic energy spring constant length mass normal force power momentum radius or distance displacement period time potential energy velocity or speed work position coefficient of friction angle torque

UE = qV = E avg = V = C = C = Uc = 1 4p 0 Q V
0A

V d

rii
q
i

d 1 1 QV = CV 2 2 2

A= B= C= d = E= e= F= I = l= P= Q= q = R= r = t = U= V=

I avg = R =

DQ Dt

area magnetic field capacitance distance electric field emf force current length power charge point charge resistance distance time potential (stored) energy electric potential or potential difference u = velocity or speed r = resistivity fm = magnetic flux

rl A

V = IR P = IV Cp =

P = Fu Fs = k x Us = 1 2 kx 2 m k l g

Ci
i

1 1 = Cs Ci i Rs = 1 = Rp

Ri
i

Ts = 2 p Tp = 2 p T = 1 f

1 Ri

FB = qu B sin q FB = BIl sin q B =

m0 I 2p r

FG = UG =

Gm1m2 r2 Gm1m2 r

fm = B

A = BA cos q

eavg e

Dfm Dt

= Blu

ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS B EQUATIONS FOR 2000 THERMAL PHYSICS ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS A = area c = specific heat or molar specific heat e = efficiency Kavg = average molecular kinetic energy L = heat of transformation l = length M= molecular mass m = mass of sample n = number of moles p = pressure Q = heat transferred T = temperature U = internal energy V = volume urms = root-mean-square velocity W = work done by system a = coefficient of linear expansion = mass of molecule
E = hf = pc Kmax = hf f
l =

D l = a l 0 DT
Q = mL Q = mcDT p = F A

h p

pV = nRT Kavg = 3 k T 2 B 3 RT = M 3k B T

DE = ( Dm) c 2

E= f = K= m= p = l= f=

energy frequency kinetic energy mass momentum wavelength work function

urms =

W = pDV Q = ncDT

DU = Q W DU = ncV DT
e = Q QC W = H QH QH

T TC ec = H TH

GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY

Rectangle A = bh Triangle 1 A = bh 2 Circle A = pr 2 C = 2 pr Parallelepiped V = lwh Cylinder V = pr 2 l S = 2 pr l + 2 pr 2 Sphere 4 V = pr 3 3 S = 4 pr 2 Right Triangle a 2 + b2 = c2 a sin q = c b cos q = c a tan q = b

WAVES AND OPTICS

u = fl
n = c u

n 1 sin q1 = n 2 sin q2 sin qc = n2 n1

1 1 1 + = si s0 f h s M = i = i s0 h0 f = R 2 ml L d

d = separation f = frequency or focal length h = height L = distance M= magnification m = an integer n = index of refraction R = radius of curvature s = distance u = speed x = position l = wavelength q = angle

A= C= V= S = b = h = l = w= r =

area circumference volume surface area base height length width radius

c
q

a 90

d sin q = ml xm

ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS C EQUATIONS FOR 2000 MECHANICS ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
1 q1q2 4p 0 r 2 F E = q Q E dA = F =
0

u = u0 + at
1 x = x0 + u0 t + at 2 2 u 2 = u0 2 + 2a x x0 F = Fnet = ma dp F = dt J = F dt = Dp p = mv F fric mN

W = K =

1 mu 2 2 dW P = dt DUg = mgh ac =

IF

ds

= rF t = t net = Ia I = r 2 dm = mr 2 rcm = mr m u = rw L = r p = Iw 1 K = Iw 2 2 w = w0 + at q = q0 + w0 t + 1 at 2 2 Fs = kx 1 Us = kx 2 2 2p 1 T = = w f m Ts = 2 p k l Tp = 2 p g Gm1m2 $ FG = r r2 Gm1m2 UG = r

u 2 = w2r r

a = F= f = h = I = J = K= k = l= L= m= N= P= p = r = s = T= t = U= u= W= x = m= q= t = w= a=

acceleration force frequency height rotational inertia impulse kinetic energy spring constant length angular momentum mass normal force power momentum radius or distance displacement period time potential energy velocity or speed work position coefficient of friction angle torque angular speed angular acceleration

dV E = dr 1 V = 4p 0

rii
q
i

UE = qV = Q V k 0A C = d C p = Ci C =
i

1 q1q2 4p 0 r

A= B= C= d = E= e= F= I = L= l= n =

1 1 = Cs Ci i dQ I = dt 1 1 Uc = QV = CV 2 2 2 rl R = A V = IR Rs = 1 = Rp

area magnetic field capacitance distance electric field emf force current inductance length number of loops of wire per unit length P = power Q = charge q = point charge R = resistance r = distance t = time U = potential or stored energy V = electric potential u = velocity or speed r = resistivity fm = magnetic flux k = dielectric constant

Ri
i

1 Ri

P = IV F M = qv B B d l = m0 I F =

I Id l B IB

Bs = m0 nI
fm =

dA

dfm dt e = L dI dt 1 2 U L = LI 2

ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS C EQUATIONS FOR 2000 GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY

Rectangle A = bh Triangle 1 A = bh 2 Circle A = pr 2 C = 2 pr Parallelepiped V = lwh Cylinder V = pr 2 l S = 2 prl + 2 pr 2 Sphere 4 V = pr 3 3 S = 4 pr 2 Right Triangle a 2 + b2 = c2 a sin q = c b cos q = c tan q = a b

A= C= V= S = b = h = l= w= r =

area circumference volume surface area base height length width radius

c q b 90

CALCULUS
df d f du = dx du dx

d n n 1 x = nx dx d x e = ex dx 1 d (1n x) = dx x d (sin x) = cos x dx d (cos x) = sin x dx 1 n +1 xn dx = x , n 1 n +1 ex dx = ex dx = 1n x x cos x dx = sin x

2 7 2 7

I I

I I sin x dx = cos x