Jun.

2007

Journal of China University of Mining & Technology

Vol.17

No.2

J China Univ Mining & Technol 2007, 17(2): 02900295

Deformation Analysis and Stability Evaluation of the Main Shaft at Jinchuan Mine No.3
ZHAO Qian-li1, GAO Qian1,2, ZHANG Zhou-ping3, XIAO Wei-guo3
2

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Beijing 100083, China Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on High Efficient and Safety Mining for Metal Mines, Beijing 100083, China 3 Mine No.3, Jinchuan Group Ltd, Jinchuan, Gansu 737100, China

Abstract: Unexpected, serious deformation failures have occurred during construction of a main shaft. A study of construction parameters of the main shaft is required. First, the stability of the shaft and wall-rock is investigated by numerical methods. The modeling results are as follows: The convergence of shaft liner is greater than 60 mm at a depth of 650 m; the maximum principal stress in the liner approaches 190 MPa, which exceeds the strength of the liner, so it is inevitable that the liner deform locally. Second, stability analysis of shafts with different liner thicknesses has been completed. The results have the following features: If the depth where the liner thickness is increases from 400 mm to 500 mm is 650 meters, the convergence deformation of the liner is reduced by 3.4 mm while the maximum principal stress is reduced by 5 MPa. At a depth of 250 m if the liner thickness is increased from 400 mm to 500 mm the convergence of the liner is reduced by 1.5 mm while the maximum principal stress is reduced by 10 MPa. Therefore, increasing the liner thickness has little effect on liner convergence but can reduce the maximum principal stress in the liner. The thickness of the liner can be increased to reduce the maximum principal stress and increase the capacity for shear deformation. Finally, construction techniques employing releasing-displacements have been numerically simulated. The conclusions are that as the releasing displacement is increased the convergence of the surrounding rock increases linearly while the convergence of the lining decreases linearly. The plastic zone in the surrounding rock mass at first increases linearly but then, at a release-displacement of 95 mm, expands rapidly. These conclusions show that use of suitable releasing displacement can increase the self-supporting capacity of the surrounding rock. But when the releasing displacement exceeds 95 mm the plastic zone rapidly enlarges and stability rapidly decreases. The maximum principal stress of the lining also decreases as the release-displacement increases. There is a definite inflection point in the relationships involving releasing displacement. When the releasing displacement passes this point the effect on principal stress decreases. In conclusion, a reasonable releasing displacement value when lining the shaft is 95 mm. Key words: shaft project; deformation failure; rework design; numerical analysis CLC number: TB 272

Introduction

A development project located near exploratory line number 22, north of the main ore body of mine number three, was undertaken. A main shaft and a subsidiary shaft, seventy meters apart, were prepared. The depth of the main shaft is 675 meters and its diameter is 5.3 meters (22.062 m2 cross-sectional area). During the tunneling and construction phase deformation of some segments occurred necessitating repair of the main shaft. Since deformation failure would seriously affect safety and production the causes of, and remedies for, this problem must be

understood. Research can provide a theoretical basis for the design and construction of main-shaft reinforcements. The engineering scheme suggested in this paper has been applied to the shaft with good results, leaving the shaft in a safe and stable state.

Numerical Analysis of Stability of the Main Shaft

2.1 Stable state of the main shaft The geologic conditions surrounding the main shaft are shown in Fig. 1. There are mainly four kinds of

Received 20 February 2006; accepted 05 July 2006 Project 2004-01D supported by Jinchuan Group Ltd of Gansu Province, China Corresponding author. Tel: +86-13830597286; E-mail address: Jc_zql@yahoo.com.cn

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rock strata present. Fig. 2 shows the types of support for the main shaft, shaft deformation and shaft stability. Note that there are three classes of support used for this shaft.

Fig. 1

Section view of section of the main shaft

rock was about ten times the shaft diameter. The range is divided into 25600 elements on a grid 160 by 160. Maximum and minimum principal stresses occur in the x- and y- directions while the gravitational stress is applied along z (2 = H). The original, in situ, stresses can be calculated based upon the section depth along the shaft. The maximum principal stress, 1 = 30.0425H (MPa), and the minimum principal stress, 3 = 0.51, are based upon these in situ stresses. Rock parameters can also be derived from the observed rock features and known geologic conditions along the vertical length of the shaft. Stress-strain analysis was performed for various supports and construction techniques. The sections chosen for study were located along the shaft at depths of 250, 400, 500 and 650 m from the surface. The parameters at each depth are listed in Table 1.
Table 1
Depth (m) 250 400 500

Calculation parameters at different depths

In-situ stress (MPa) Support types & parameters Ratio between releasing displacement & total displacement 30% 30% 30% Releasing displacement 150 mm

RMR 1 30 30 50 13.7 20.0 24.3 2 6.5 10.4 13.0 3 6.8

C30 concrete, =400 mm C30 concrete, 10.0 =400 mm C30 concrete, 12.1 = 400 mm 15.3 Bolt, net and sprayed concrete =400 mm

650

20

30.6

16.9

Fig. 2

Support type and deformation failure of the main shaft

2.2 Numerical analysis of stability of the main shaft A two-dimensional numerical analysis was performed on the main shaft. The analysis used the known geologic conditions and the as-constructed structure as input. The geology was described using three different types of rock. The stability of the ingate, located at the shaft bottom, will be analyzed in another article. This is a three-dimensional structure and requires 3-D modeling for a proper understanding. 2.2.1 Numerical analysis of practical support scheme of the main shaft The main shaft is, in fact, a 3-D problem[17]. However, by using section planes that intersect the shaft axis at various levels it is possible to formulate the problem as a 2-D one. A range of 8080 meters was chosen for the scope of the numerical simulation. This was based upon the 6.1 meter drifting diameter of the main shaft and the assumption that the affected region in the surrounding

A Morh-Coulomb criterion was used to determine the plastic zone. Calculation parameters, such as the rock's deformation modulus, the Poisons ratio, the cohesion or the angle of internal friction, were obtained from the classification of each rock type. A deformation modulus of E = 31.4 GPa and a poisons ratio of = 0.25 were used for the concrete. At the depth of 650 meters rock bolts, nets and sprayed concrete supports are applied, the bolt length is 1.8 meters. A cycle of drifting and support-construction is repeated every two days. The strain created during stress release should be evaluated at 30 percent of the total displacement. Without support the shaft would rapidly fail as the maximum displacement approached 200 mm. This is true in soft and broken rock, and also at the greater depths. Thus, the analysis considered displacement (strain) due to stress release as 150 mm. Fig. 3 illustrates displacement vectors at depths of H = 650 m. The figure shows that the maximum displacement of the wall rock is parallel to the major principal stress, which is along the x-direction. The convergence displacement of the shaft lining is 13.8 mm at a depth of H = 250 m and exceeds 60 mm at the depth of H = 650 m (Table 2).

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principal stress zone expands into the wall rock in an X shape; this constitutes a shearing fracture zone. Comparing the two graphics we see that the deeper the level the larger the fracture zone is.

Fig. 3 Displacement vector of surrounding rock at depth H = 650 m Table 2 Modeling results for the main shaft at different depths ( = 400 mm)
Maximum scope of plastic (m) 1.95 2.58 1.15 5.68 Maximum principal stress in lining (MPa) 50 70 46 175

Fig. 5

Plastic scope of surrounding rock at depth H = 650 m

Depth (m) 250 400 500 650

Lining Convergence of wall rock convergence (cm) (cm) 4.4 7.8 1.93 33.80 1.38 1.83 0.98 6.05

Fig. 4 shows the distribution of the Maximum principal stress at 650 meters. It can be seen that the maximum principal stress, within the surrounding rock and the lining, appears vertical to the direction of the Maximum principal stress (which is the y-direction). It is obvious that stresses in the shaft lining are higher than in the surrounding rock.

Fig. 6 Minimum principal stress of surrounding rock at depth H = 650 m

Fig. 4 Maximum principal stress of surrounding rock at depth H = 650 m

The maximum principal stress at a depth of 250 m is 50 MPa and at a depth of 650 m it rises to 190 MPa, which, in both cases, exceeds the compression strength of the lining. Therefore, local-deformation failure in the lining structure is unavoidable. Fig. 5 is the plastic zone at a depth of 650 m. The light red represents the yield range in the surrounding rock, which has now expanded to a maximum width of 5.7 m. The solid red color represents a fracture yield zone that is much larger than that at 250 m. This shows that the wall rock has fractured to a greater extent. Fig. 6 shows the minor principal stresses at depths of H = 650 m. It can be seen that the minor

The results of calculations at the four levels where H = 250, 400, 500 or 650 meters are listed in Table 2. Based on the data in this table, some conclusions are: 1) The first 542.5 meters along the shaft, above 1195.5 meters elevation, the lining converges no more than 20 mm, the surrounding rock converges no more than 80 mm and the limits for plastic deformation are within 2.6 meters of the wall. This indicates that the shaft is stable, although the major principal stress in the lining, itself, is beyond its compressive strength. This may result in local crushing fracture of the lining. 2) Below 1195.5 meters, even discounting the effects of the ingate, the lining convergence exceeds 60 mm and the surrounding rock convergence exceeds 330 mm. The plastic zone reaches 6 meters from the wall into the rock. This suggests the main shaft is unstable. The maximum major stress is nearly 175 MPa, which is beyond the lining's compressive strength limit, resulting in a large area of crushing fracture. 2.2.2 Deformation and stability analysis of the main shaft with different lining thickness Now consider two modeling schemes, one with lining thickness = 450 mm and the other with a lining = 500 mm thick. The results are listed in Table 3 and Table 4.

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Table 3

Modeling results of the main shaft at different depths ( = 450 mm)

Convergence of wall rock (cm) 4.35 7.6 1.96 28.34 Lining convergence (cm) 1.36 1.79 1.02 6.00 Maximum range of plastic zone in rock (m) 1.95 2.53 0.9 5.44 Maximum principal stress in lining (MPa) 50 65 45 175

Depth (m) 250 400 500 650

Table 4

Calculating results of the main shaft at different depths ( = 500 mm)

Convergence of wall rock (cm) 4.28 7.7 1.88 30.40 Lining convergence (cm) 1.23 1.70 0.90 5.71 Maximum range of plastic zone in rock (m) 2.48 3.12 0.85 6.19 Maximum principal stress in lining (MPa) 45 60 40 165

Depth (m) 250 400 500 650

tably reduce the stress on the lining. So, for the deep part of the shaft, the proper increment of lining thickness can decrease principal stresses and increase resistance to shear fracture. 2.2.3 Releasing displacement analysis in the surrounding rock It is necessary to release displacement and quantitatively analysis effect on releasing ground pressure during the course of the construction of the shaft [815]. The depth of calculated model takes H = 650 m and the surrounding rock type is V. The results of considering four possible releasing displacements of 0 mm, 50 mm, 100 mm and 150 mm are listed in Table 5. Fig. 7 gives the relation curves that stress and displacement in wall rock and lining.
Table 5
releasing displacements (m) 0 50 100 150

Convergence of the main shaft for four releasing displacements ( = 400 mm)
Convergence of wall rock (cm) 8.08 14.77 23.02 32.26 Maximum Lining range of plastic convergence zone in rock (cm) (m) 8.19 1.63 5.39 2.52 0.79 2.60 3.89 8.10 Maximum principal stress in lining (MPa) 250 175 100 60

Based on these tables it is found that convergence of the lining is affected by its thickness: 1) For a depth of H = 650 m, as the lining thickness increases from 400 mm to 500 mm, its convergence decreases 3.4 mm and its maximum principal stress falls 5 MPa. 2) For a depth of H=250 m, as the lining thickness increases from 400 mm to 500 mm, its convergence decreases 1.5 mm, and its maximum principal stress falls 10 MPa. Thus increasing the lining thickness does not reduce convergence of the lining by much, but can no-

Based on Table 5, and Fig. 7, some conclusions are: 1) As the displacement release increases the rock wall displacement increases proportionally and the lining displacement decreases proportionally. Hence, the lining's displacement can be reduced by allowing larger displacement pressure release.

(a) Displacement

(b) Stress

(c) Strain

Fig. 7

Curves relating displacement, stress and strain of wall rock of the main shaft at H = 650 m

2) As the displacement release increases the zone of plastic deformation in the rock first increases linearly. At some value, here 95 mm, the plastic-deformation zone rapidly increases. Hence it is necessary to control the amount of displacement pressure-release to avoid deformation failure of the shaft. 3) As seen in Fig. 7, the major principal stress decreases as the release displacement increases. As for the zone of plastic deformation, there is an inflection point, here 95 mm, where the stress begins to decrease rapidly. In Fig. 8, the distribution of the plastic deformation zone is shown. Some conclusions can be drawn by comparing the plastic zone figures at different release-displacements.

1) If the release-displacement is chosen improperly, plastic deformation will concentrate at the four corners, Fig. 8a. Under this condition the plastic zone is nearing shear failure, which would damage the surrounding rock and the lining. 2) For release-displacements around 50 mm plastic deformation occurs in a more uniform zone. Part of the plastic flow is instantaneous and elastic deformation returns after stress reduction, Fig. 8b. The proper release-displacement can apparently relieve stress concentrations in the rock and enhance stability of the shaft. 3) At 100 mm release-displacement, Fig. 8c, the distribution of plastic flow is similar to that shown in Fig. 8b except that the shear fracture zone near the

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Journal of China University of Mining & Technology

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main shaft is slightly reduced and the shear fracture zone at the wall edge has expanded deeper into the surrounding rock. 4) When the release-displacement is 150 mm the stability of the surrounding rock deteriorates. The

edge fracture zones coalesce and the shear fracture area increases. These trends are unfavorable for shaft stability. As time passes, yielding and fracture will continue until large deformations cause the structure to fail.

Fig. 8

Plastic deformation distribution for various releasing displacements

3 Conclusions
The analyses show that the original design can not meet realistic requirements at the required construction depths. To develop a better reinforcement scheme a series of numeric simulations of the shaft at different vertical levels and release displacements has been done. The general conclusion is that at the deeper parts of the shaft properly enlarging the lining

thickness and the releasing displacement can increase the shafts stability.

Acknowledgements
The research reported in this paper in parts was funded by Project Jin Ke Kuang 2004-01D supported by Jinchuan Group LTD. This grant is gratefully acknowledged.

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