Mahin Caltrans JapanEQ 051311

Briefing on the March 11, 2011 Tohoku Pacific Ocean Earthquakes and T E h k d Tsunami i
Summary of early observations from field investigations of the effects of the Great Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
Stephen Mahin Professor, UC Berkeley Mahin, Professor Director, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center
Caltrans
May 13, 1011
SCJ, JAEE & CUEE invite PEER/EERI/GEER/Tsunami T PEER/EERI/GEER/T i Team

US Team Japanese Field Team
Structural F St t l Focus: Stephen Mahin (Berkeley) Team Leader Gregory Deierlein (Stanford), g y ( ), Gilberto Mosqueda (Buffalo) Lifeline/Fire Focus: Charles Scawthorn (PEER, Wasada University) Geotech Focus: Youssef Hashash (UIUC) Steven Kramer (Washington) Kyle Rollins (BYU) Tsunami Focus: Philip Liu (Cornell) Harry Yeh (OSU)
KazuhikoKasai,CUEE(TokyoTech) KimiroMeguro(IIS,Tokyo) Coleader SaburohMidorikawa,CUEE(TokyoTech) OmerAydan(TokaiUniversity) Omer Aydan (Tokai University) AnilC.Wijeyewickrema(CUEE,TokyoTech) ShoichiKishiki(CUEE,TokyoTech) TroyMorgan(CUEE,TokyoTech) MasatoMotosaka(TohokuUniversity) AkenoriShibata(emeritus,Tohoku University) JapaneseOrganizations Japanese Organizations CenterforUrbanEarthquakeEngineering ArchitecturalInstituteofJapan JapanSocietyofCivilEngineers p y g PortsandAirportsResearchInstitute
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
The Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster Di t

Magnitude (Mw): 9.0 g ( ) Depth: 32 km Rupture zone: 500x200 km PGA: 2.9g PGA 2 9 Tsunami: >35 m Damage to homes: Shaking:> 250,000 Tsunami : 120,000 Casualties: >26 000 >26,000 Refugees: 151,000 Economic Loss: >$309 B $ Cost of Recovery: >$615 B
The Eastern Japan Earthquake: Special Ground Motion Characteristics l d h
Comparison of Slip Fault Size

(Asahi Newspaper)
From S. Midorikawa
The Eastern Japan Earthquake: Special Ground Motion Characteristics l d h
From S. Midorikawa
Northridge 1994 (M6.7) Sylmar-EW (0.60 g)
Kobe 1995 (M6.9) Takatori-NS (0.62 g )
Imperial Valley 1940 (M7.0) El Centro-NS (0.35g )
Taiwan 1999 (M7.6) TCU068-EW (0.51g )
Northern Japan (M8.2) Hachinohe Harbor-NS (0.24 g )
500
Chile 2010 (M8.8) Concepcion San Pedro-NS (0.65 g )
-500
Off-Pacific Japan 2011 (M9.1) Sendai Harbor-NS (0.64 g)
40
80
120
160
200
240
Time (s)
MidorikawaLab.
Acc.(cm/s s/s)
StrongMotionIntensity
PGADistribution PGA Di t ib ti
PGVDistribution PGV Di t ib ti
afterNIED
Kawashima
Kawashima Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
Kawashima
Numerous Aftershocks: Cumulating/Repeated D C l ti /R t d Damage
Sendai
Tokyo
From: JMA
Improve understanding of hazard posed b subduction zone events d by bd ti t
Courtesy: J. Stewart
New NGA-Subduction project in d development b PEER l by
Key Issues Identified K I Id tifi d
Tsunami and its effects
AeroAshaiCorporation
Nuclear Power Plants & Lifeline Issues
GEER
Liquefaction and settlement
Motosaka Disruption of Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster business and social systems Effect of shaking on structures
WIDE SPREAD damage due to soil liquefaction and permanent settlement l f d l
Urayasu,NearTokyo
GEER
WIDE SPREAD damage due to soil liquefaction and permanent settlement l f d l
Urayasu, NearTokyo
GEER
GEER
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster GEER
GEER
LateralSpreads andSlumps d Sl
GEER
Disp.from20cmto3m Mappedinfield Lid Lidarscanned(Kayen) d (K )

Courtesy:J.Stewart
GEER
GEER2011(Stewart) Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
Levees:MiyagiandIbarakiPrefectures
Over210kmofleveesinMiyagi,mostexperienced littleornodamage; Total:1,190distresssites,23withmajordamage Very rapid repair schedule (fixed within month) Veryrapidrepairschedule(fixedwithinmonth)
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 GEER: Cortesey - J.Stewart Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
CommonProbableFailureModes
Many occurrences of foundation liquefaction Manyoccurrencesoffoundationliquefaction andlocalsettlement Resulting minor to major damage Resultingminortomajordamage Mostleveesweredryattimeofearthquake
NaruseRiver,landsidelevee lookingupstream Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
GEER: J. Stewart
EffectofLevee Mitigation: NaruseRiver

Following2003 Miyagi Miyagi earthquake, completedmix inplaceground improvement Adjacentareas experienced distressin2011 di i 2011
Mitigatedin2004
Distressedin2011
GEER: J. Stewart
Landslides and permanent displacement of soil on hi h di l t f il highways

>3500 instances of settlement and landslides on NEXCO-East expressways
NEXCO
Soil Settlement and Landslides S il S ttl t d L d lid
http://www.thr.mlit.go.jp p g jp
http://www.thr.mlit.go.jp
http://www.thr.mlit.go.jp http://www.thr.mlit.go.jp Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
Relatively limited damage to structures due to shaking during M9 0 earthquake M9.0
DowntownSendai
Older buildings vulnerable (Sendai shown)
Older buildings vulnerable (Sendai shown)
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster Adjacent undamaged buildings
Non-Structural Damage - Sendai
Tsunami Effects
Arahama OncoastnearSendai, 4kmpenetration 4 km penetration
AeroAshaiCorporation
Tsunami attacks to south Sendai city it
Arahama:4storySchoolBuilding,VerticalEvacuationFacility
Innundationinto2nd floor
RikuzenTakata buildingsthatsurvived
~11m
KesennumaPortTown Tsunamidamagetobuildings
PEER Tsunami Engineering Research:
Probabalistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis b b l d l

Probabalistic hazards in a form consistent with ground motion hazard estimates
475 year 2500 years Probabalistic Wave Height and Velocity Estimates
32
PEER Tsunami Engineering Research:
Probabalistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis b b l d l

Probabalistic hazards in a form consistent with ground motion hazard estimates
33
Damage to Bridges
76 Highway Bridges Damaged g y g g
Conventional Bridges Near Sendai Outside of Tsunami d f Zone Elastomeric Bearing g Steel Bearings In Tsunami Zone Shinkansen Bridges near Sendai Conventional Bridges near T k Tokyo
East Nippon Expressway Corporation
Location of damaged bridges L ti fd d b id

SENDAI
Route 45
SENDAI
Conventional bridges supported by elastomeric bearings did not suffer damage
Linogawa Bridge, Route 45
Conventional bridges supported by elastomeric bearings did not suffer damage
Higashi Matsuyama Bridge, Route 45 g y g
Damage in bridges supported by steel bearings
Tenno Bridge, R t 45 T B id Route

Damage in bridges supported by steel bearings

Tenno Bridge, Route 45 g ,
Pull-out of Anchor Bolts
Pedestrian bridge
Main bridge M i b id
Sendai: Elastomeric Bearings Ruptured at Two Nearby Locations tT N b L ti
East Sendai Road, -East, bridge under construction


NEXCO-East, East Sendai Road
NEXCO-East, East Sendai Road

Bearing Damage B i D
Separation of a rubber layer and steel plate
The steel plate bent in double in a complex p manner
Lifelines: y p y p Railway Transportation Systems Disrupted
March11damage
March26,2011
26 Shinkansen bridges damaged
March11damage
March19,2011
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake JSCE After Takahashi, Disaster
Shinkansen Viaducts (1970s vintage)

JR East
Ref:Takahashi,JSCE on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster Caltrans: Briefing
Shinkansen Railway Viaducts and Repair
Ref:Takahashi,JSCE
Shinkansen Railway M7.4 Aftershock
Ref:Takahashi,JSCE
April7,2011
Shinkansen Railway Previously Retrofit
Ref:Takahashi,JSCE
Unretrofitted Shinkansen columns suffered extensive damage
Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster Courtesey:
K. Kawashima
Tsunami Damage: Shin Kitakami River Bridge
Missingspanswashedseveral hundredmetersupstream. hundred meters upstream Debrisdamisthoughtto havecontributedtofailure

Ref:Prof.Kawashima,TokyoTech
Tsunami d T i damage
Rikuzen Takada Rikuzen-Takada
RikuzenTakada Typicalcoastalbridgedamage
Route45,RikuzenKoizumi(3spanbridge,washedaway) Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster
Damage of Dampers Installed for Seismic Retrofit by Strong Tsunami
Four dampers at the right abutment
Failed elastomeric bearings
Two dampers p
Right abutment
Most Probable Failure Mechanism of Bridges d t T B id due to Tsunami i

Tsunami hydro pressure
Failure of downstream bearing due to uplift force

Courtesey: K. Kawashima
Tsunami Erosion of Bridge Abutments

Railway bridge at Takekoma Highway bridge at Rikuzen-Takada
Damage to railway beds D t il b d
Takekoma
Kawashima
Kawashima
Ground Shaking: Preliminary Findings

Bridges which were constructed or were retrofitted based on the ductility design method suffered almost no damage. Elastomeric bearings including lead rubber bearings and high damping rubber bearings which were g p g g introduced since 1990s mitigated damage of bearings. However several elastomeric bearings ruptured at two l d locations of E i f East S d i Sendai Expressway. Reason of the damage has to be clarified. clarified
Tsunami: Preliminary Findings

Bridges suffered damage from tsunami. Damage g g g likely developed from uplifting force that rotated deck toward upstream side. Japanese conjecture if failure of bearings due to uplifting force can be prevented, damage of tsunami can be mitigated. They recommended installing unseating unseating prevention device for tsunami. Restrainers like those used for unseating prevention may be effective if set in the vertical direction.
Bridges in T k B id i Tokyo
Old and interesting bridges did quite well andinteresting in general
Steel Bridge Shaking Damage
76 Highway Bridges Damaged
Steel Bridge Shaking Damage
Lifelines: Electric Power - NPP f l l

Groundshakinghadlittleeffect Tsunamiaffectedsome substations,buthadmajor impactongenerationstations impact on generation stations 8majorfossilstationsdown FukushimaNPPcrisis 11%nationalpower 11 % national power generationlost 3moreNPPsclosedforretrofit (morepending) Mandatedreductionsin consumptionand rolling consumption and rolling brownouts
Scawthorn
AeroAshai,Corporation
Fire Following E th Fi F ll i Earthquakes k

260 Immediate 345 Total
Non-structural damage contributed to high t hi h BI i commercial properties in i l ti
Courtesy: Carlos Cabrera, RMS
Business I t B i Interruption (BI) ti

Direct BI Contingent BI g
Source: www.nytimes.com
Clean room in the Renesas Electronics Microcontroller Manufacturing Facility; Hitachinaka, Ibaraki Prefecture Two weeks to complete initial damage assessments and begin repairs; partial operation targeted for June 2011 More than 2,000 external contractors have been hired to assist with repair work (Source: http://am renesas com) http://am.renesas.com)
General Motors automobile assembly facility in Shreveport Louisiana Shreveport, Facility shut down for a week in March due to parts shortages On April 22nd, Toyota announced that its manufacturing plants in North America were operating at 30% of capacity because of the parts supply situation.
In tsunami areas, light industrial facilities sustained h d heavy physical d h l damage and BI d
Ishinomaki s o a O u a o Ofunato
Rikuzentakata
Courtesy: Carlos Cabrera, RMS Cabrera
In tsunami areas, heavy industrial facilities sustained light physical damage but heavy business interruption
Ishinomaki Pulp and Paper Ofunato Cement
Nippon Paper Ishinomaki Pulp and Paper Mill
Taiheiyo Cement Corporation - Ofunato City One of its two kilns sustained damage, raw materials and fuel feeding fuel-feeding equipment were damaged rubble and damaged, debris impair its operations, and the plant had no electricity as of April 18
Concluding R C l di Remarks k
Buildings, bridges and other facilities generally g , g g y performed well under strong ground shaking
Nonstructural components (and contents) Existing (deficient) structures Critical transportation links (Shinkansen bridges) Correlation of ground shaking characteristics to structural damage requires more study
Tsunami inundation was major source of damage and over 90% of deaths.
Inundation depths > 1 to 2 meters: p
Timber and light frame buildings totally destroyed Engineered RC and steel buildings generally survived
Inundated bridges often failed Substantial business i t S b t ti l b i interruption consequences ti

Concluding R C l di Remarks k
Permanent movement of ground caused wide g spread and extensive damage
Tilting and settlement of structures Substantial damage to utilities Soil improvements seemed to work as intended Electric Power
Critical lifeline systems had extensive damage

Other utilities (water, gas, etc.) Large impact on industry and quality of life a ge pact o dust y a d qua ty o e
On-going NPP issues
Substantial business interruption consequences

Nonstructural components, equipment, contents Tsunami impacts
For M F More Information I f ti

PEER, GEER & EERI websites
http://peer.berkeley.edu
CUEE, AIJ, JSCE, ERI and many other websites in Japan ( p (see report for links)
More information M i f ti
http://committees.jsce.or.jp/report/node/40 http://committees.jsce.or.jp/report/node/42

Mahin Caltrans JapanEQ 051311

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Briefing on the March 11, 2011 Tohoku Pacific Ocean Earthquakes and T E h k d Tsunami i

May 13, 1011

SCJ, JAEE & CUEE invite PEER/EERI/GEER/Tsunami T PEER/EERI/GEER/T i Team

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster

The Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster Di t

The Eastern Japan Earthquake: Special Ground Motion Characteristics l d h

Comparison of Slip Fault Size

The Eastern Japan Earthquake: Special Ground Motion Characteristics l d h

Northridge 1994 (M6.7) Sylmar-EW (0.60 g)

Kobe 1995 (M6.9) Takatori-NS (0.62 g )

Imperial Valley 1940 (M7.0) El Centro-NS (0.35g )

Taiwan 1999 (M7.6) TCU068-EW (0.51g )

Northern Japan (M8.2) Hachinohe Harbor-NS (0.24 g )

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster

Kawashima Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster

Numerous Aftershocks: Cumulating/Repeated D C l ti /R t d Damage

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster

Improve understanding of hazard posed b subduction zone events d by bd ti t

New NGA-Subduction project in d development b PEER l by

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster

Key Issues Identified K I Id tifi d

Tsunami and its effects

Nuclear Power Plants & Lifeline Issues

Liquefaction and settlement

WIDE SPREAD damage due to soil liquefaction and permanent settlement l f d l

WIDE SPREAD damage due to soil liquefaction and permanent settlement l f d l

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster GEER

Disp.from20cmto3m Mappedinfield Lid Lidarscanned(Kayen) d (K )

GEER2011(Stewart) Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster

EffectofLevee Mitigation: NaruseRiver

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster

Landslides and permanent displacement of soil on hi h di l t f il highways

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster

Soil Settlement and Landslides S il S ttl t d L d lid

Relatively limited damage to structures due to shaking during M9 0 earthquake M9.0

Older buildings vulnerable (Sendai shown)

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster

Older buildings vulnerable (Sendai shown)

Non-Structural Damage - Sendai

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster

Tsunami attacks to south Sendai city it

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster

PEER Tsunami Engineering Research:

Probabalistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis b b l d l

PEER Tsunami Engineering Research:

Probabalistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis b b l d l

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster

East Nippon Expressway Corporation

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster

Location of damaged bridges L ti fd d b id

Conventional bridges supported by elastomeric bearings did not suffer damage

Linogawa Bridge, Route 45

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster

Conventional bridges supported by elastomeric bearings did not suffer damage