An Analysis of the Translation Techniques Used in the Filipino Translation of the Short Story Doubt

Wilfreda P. Jorge-Legaspi Department of Filipino and Philippine Literature, College of Arts and Letters University of the Philippines, Diliman wilfreda_legaspi@upd.edu.ph / wpjlegaspi@gmail.com Abstract This study is an analysis of the translation techniques used by Carpio in the Filipino translation of the English short story Doubt by Wong Meng Voon. It aims to find out the following information: techniques of Newmark used in the translation, techniques of Carpio which are not in Newmark, borrowing techniques, and weaknesses of the Filipino translation. The segmentation method was used in the analysis of the translation. Results of the analysis show that twenty translation techniques were utilized in the translation. Out of these twenty, fifteen techniques were based on the translation procedures of Newmark. The other five techniques used by Carpio are not found in Newmarks procedures. The study also shows that adoption and naturalisation were used as borrowing techniques. These two were still classified into four specific techniques. Among the four procedures, direct borrowing from English proved to be the most commonly used technique. With regards to the weaknesses of the translation, nine categories were identified in the analysis. The results of the study in general, present some important implications. First there are twenty techniques which can be used in translating a short story. Second, translators in Filipino cannot fully rely on the translation procedures of Newmark because of the varied needs and demands of translating English into Filipino. Third, consultation and exchange of opinions between the translator and analyst are important means of gathering other relevant data for analysis. And the last, segmentation method if to be used in translation analysis requires enough knowledge and understanding of the language and culture of the translation being studied Key Words: translation techniques, Filipino translation, Doubt, segmentation, borrowing technique

Introduction The idea that there is no perfect translation, only good translation is a common belief of many translators. Any original work when translated into other language will always be incomparable to the original. This may be true, mainly because of two different linguistics systems involved in the translation process the source language and the target language. According to Santiago (1976:42), ang alin mang salin ay huwad lamang ng orihinal, at sapagkat huwad ay di maaaring hindi ito maiba kahit papaano sa orihinal. In a simple sense, any translation is a fake of the original. Therefore, there will always be a difference between the original text and the translated text. It is natural that any original text translated by ten different translators, will result to ten different translations. But as to which is the best among the ten translations is a difficult question to answer. This is where an analysis, criticism or evaluation of a translation becomes a necessity. Raymond Van Den Broeck (1985) presented a model of translation criticism that focused on the comparative analysis of the original and target text. His main objective in the model is to identify the level of factual equivalence of the original and target text through these three stages. First, textemic analysis of the source text (ST) that leads to adequate translation. Second, comparison of the target text (TT) elements that corresponds to textemes. And last, generalising description of the differences between the actual source text and target text. In planning a comprehensive criticism of a translation, Newmark (1988b:186) enumerated five important topics. These are: 1) brief analysis of the source language text focusing on its intention and function; 2) translators interpretation of the source language texts purpose, method, and target reader; 3) selective but representative detailed comparison of the target text with the source text; 4) evaluation of the translation in translators terms and critics terms; and 5) assessment of of the place of translation in the target language culture. Another system of analysis discussed by Straight (1981:41-45) has something to do with three dimensions in evaluating a translation. These are the cultural and linguistic knowledge of translator, the objectives of the translation, and the use of intuition. Aurora Batnag (1985) used a method of analysis in her translation commentary which presents a systematic but tedious work of evaluation. This is called the segmentation method. It is a process of analysis where every sentence of the ST and TT are divided into meaningful segments called translational units. These units then were paired and matched side by side in both ST and TT. This is necessary in order to see the factual equivalence in meaning, the correctness, and possible weakness of the translation. 2

Objectives, Scope and Method of Study This paper is primarily a study of the translation techniques used by Dr. Rustica Carpio in the Filipino translation of the short story Doubt by Wong Meng Voon. The general objective of the study is to analyze and compare the ST in English with the TT in Filipino using segmentation method. Specifically, this study aims to identify and explain the following: 1) translation procedures of Newmark that were used in the target text; 2) other translation procedures used by Carpio that are not found in Newmark; 3) borrowing techniques used in the translation; and 4) possible weaknesses of the translation. The scope of this study is limited to one short story from the anthology, Glimpses of the Past: Stories from Singapore and Malaysia by Wong Meng Voon and published by Hoong Fatt Press, Singapore in 1981. The stories in the book were originally written in Chinese and translated to English by the same author Wong Meng Voon who is a well known writer in Singapore. The book won a Translation Prize from the National Book Development Council of Singapore in 1978. The anthology was translated into Filipino by Dr. Rustica Carpio who is also a writer, translator, stage and film actress, educator, and former dean of the College of Languages and Mass Communication in Polythecnic University of the Philippines, Sta. Mesa, Manila. Its Filipino translation titled, Sulyap sa Lumipas: Mga Kuwento Mula sa Singapore at Malaysia was published by Solidaridad Publishing House, Manila in 1989, through the support of Toyota Foundation. Only one short story from the anthology was analyzed as random representation of all the stories in the book. The segmentation method as a tool of analysis is another factor for the delimitation of study to just one story. The illustration below presents the format of analysis using the segmentation method.

Source Text (ST)

Target Text (TT)

Commentary

Techniques

The Source Text column contains the translational units of the English text, while the Target Text column contains the equivalent translational units in Filipino. The Commentary part presents the critiques, explanations, remarks, and suggestions about the segment being analyzed. Stated on the fourth column are the abbreviations used to identify the translation technique applied for each segment. To make the process of analysis more systematic, the following steps were undertaken. 1) Initial reading and analysis of the ST and TT for comprehension; 2) Re-reading and analysis of the ST and TT for segmentation; 3) Segmentation of the ST and TT into paragraphs using capital letters of the English alphabets for coding; 4) Segmentation of each paragraph into sentences using Arabic numerals for coding; 5) Segmentation of each sentence into meaningful translational units using Arabic numerals with periods for coding; 6) Matching of each translational unit of the ST and TT; 7) Analysis of each pair of translational units of the ST and TT, giving attention to the following: structure, lexicon, content or meaning, technique of borrowing, and technique of translation; and 8) Writing of comments and remarks based on the analysis.

Theoretical Basis for Analysis of the Techniques The eighteen translation procedures of Newmark (1988a:30-31 and 1988b:81-93) were used as tools for identifying the techniques. Each procedure presents a description on how it can be applied in translating a text like the short story Doubt. This is the summary description of each technique with some examples. 1) TRANSFERENCE is equivalent to adoption, transcription, or loan words where a peculiar cultural word in the ST is borrowed directly without a change in spelling (e.g. English: cake = Filipino:cake / Italian: pizza = Filipino:pizza). 2) ONE TO ONE TRANSLATION is a literal translation that gives a one on one corresponding equivalent of word, phrase or clause (e.g. French: un beau jardin = English: a beautiful garden = Filipino: isang magandang hardin). 4

3) THROUGH TRANSLATION is also called loan translation which is used to translate common collocations, name of organisation, and other institutional term (e.g. English: brainwashing = Filipino: paghuhugas-isip (Tiongson:1975) / English: defense mechanism = Filipino: mekanismong pananggalang (Iniego:1973). 4) NATURALISATION succeeds transference where the source language word is adapted first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal phonological and morphological form of the target language (e.g. French: coup d etat = Filipino: kudeta). 5) LEXICAL SYNONYMY means translation to the closest or most appropriate TL equivalent due to abundance of synonyms (e.g. English: old house = Filipino: lumang bahay / English: ancestral house = Filipino:matandang bahay / English: old man = Filipino: matandang lalaki). 6) TRANSPOSITION is also called shift, where one grammatical unit is replaced by another. (e.g. English: stone mill (adj.+noun) = Filipino: gilingang bato (noun+adj.) / English: The baby cried (subj.+pred.) = Filipino: Umiyak ang bata (pred.+subj.) 7) MODULATION is translating with minor modification in meaning or a change of viewpoint due to different context (e.g. English: reinforcement = Filipino: karagdagang lakas (military)/pagbibigay gantimpala (education)/pagpapatupad (law). 8) CULTURAL EQUIVALENT is an approximate translation where a SL cultural word is translated to an equivalent TL cultural word. (e.g. American English: coffee break = British English: tea break = Filipino: merienda) 9) DESCRIPTIVE EQUIVALENT is also called amplification which gives the equivalent meaning through phrasal description and function of the word. (e.g. Bicol: laing-native and spicy Bicolano dish of gabi leaves with coconut milk / Chinese: kueh-isang uri ng kakanin) 10) FUNCTIONAL EQUIVALENT is considered a useful and accurate means of translation by deculturalising a cultural word. i.e. choosing the most common and accepted word in the culture of the SL (e.g. English: refreshment = Filipino: pampalamig (instead of malamig na inumin) English: uncooked peanuts = Filipino: hilaw na mani (instead of hindi pa lutong mani) 11) RECOGNISED TRANSLATION is the use of official and generally accepted translation of any institutional term. (e.g. English: signature = Filipino: lagda / English: secretary = Filipino: kalihim / English: dean = Filipino: dekano/dekana)

12) ADDITION is also called grammatical expansion for clarity of meaning. It becomes an imprecise translation procedure if it results to overtranslation. (e.g. English: No money? Oh, I have, I have. = Filipino: Walang pera? May pera ko, may pera ko.) 13) REDUCTION is grammatical contraction without changing or destructing the meaning of the original. (e.g. English: Ill take them along tomorrow. = Filipino: Babaunin ko iyon bukas) 14) COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS is splitting up of a lexical unit into meaningful components or parts for purposes of clarity. 15) PARAPHRASE is an amplification or explanation of a segment which may results to overtranslation and is recommended to be used in anonymous text that is poorly written. 16) COMPENSATION is said to occur when a loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated or found in another part. 17) IMPROVEMENTS is used to correct any typographical and grammatical error or clumsy writing in the original text. 18) COUPLET is the application of two or more translation procedures in one translation unit. In the eighteen translation procedures of Newmark, two of these are considered borrowing techniques, namely: transference or adoption and naturalisation. These two techniques are insufficient in the context of translating from English to Filipino. In a study of Santiago (1979), he presented four borrowing techniques of Filipino from English. The first is called English 1 (E1) which is direct borrowing from English (e.g. English: coach = Filipino: coach / English: zinc oxide = Filipino: zinc oxide). The second is English 2 (E2) where there is a change in the spelling form of Filipino (e.g. English: birthday, teacher = Filipino: bertdey, titser). The third is Spanish 1 (S1) where the borrowing in English is equated with a Spanish word without a change in spelling form (e.g. English: blouse = Spanish: blusa = Filipino: blusa). And the fourth is Spanish 2 (S2) which is borrowing from English, equated with Spanish, then respelled according to Filipino orthography (e.g. English: room, story = Spanish: cuarto, istoria = Filipino: kuwarto, istorya) With regards to the weaknesses of translation, three categories were identified and described as basis for analysis. The language weakness refers to any linguistic problems like wrong choice of words, wrong position of words, inappropriate equivalent, inconsistency of word usage, and one to one correspondence that results to telegraphic or baroque equivalent (i.e. unnatural phonologic sound and syntactic form). 6

The second category is overtranslation which refers to added meaning or idea not found in the original text. This maybe in the form of unnecessary words, phrases or sentences that can cause a change in meaning of the original text. Undertranslation is the third category of translation with missing, deleted or omitted part of the original text that results to loss of meaning.

Summary of Analysis There are twenty (20) translation techniques in all the three hundred sixty two (362) cases studied. Out of these 20, fifteen (15) techniques are from Newmark and five (5) are originally from Carpio. The following fifteen techniques from Newmark were arranged from the highest number of cases to the lowest number of cases: transposition, reduction, functional equivalent, addition, modulation, naturalisation, cultural equivalent, transference, couplet, compensation, recognised translation, amplification, one to one translation, lexical synonymy, and paraphrase (See Appendix A for the distribution of cases). In 362 cases, the use of transposition is a very prominent translation technique with 155 cases or 42.82% of the total number of cases. The result of analysis also showed that transposition from English to Filipino can still be classified into four types. 1) Change in sentence structure (i.e. subject + predicate = predicate + subject) Hsiao Yings uncle /was sitting in the living room. = Nakaupo sa sala / ang tiyo ni Hsiao Ying. 2) Change in word order (i.e. verb+adverb = adverb+verb / adjective+noun = noun+adjective) and said / happily = at masayang / sumagot wooden / house = bahay / na bato

3) Transposition of a part of a sentence to a different sentence (FF 1) The guests seemed to be very interested in the mother and daughter. Tila nagkainteres sa mag-ina ang mga panauhin at patuloy na nagtatanong sa maybahay kung sino sila. (FF2) They kept asking their hostess who they were, and the hostess becoming impatient replied awkwardly, They are one of our relatives. They live in old Chinatown, selling kueh. Ang babae na parang nawawalan ng pasensya ay alanganing sumagot, mga kamag-anak namin sila. Doon sila nakatira sa lumang Chinatown, nagtitinda ng kueh. 7

4) Construction of one complex sentence from two simple sentences (BB5) The red hula hoop circled in quick tempo. (BB6) It sometimes whirled upwards to Lucys chest and to Lucys neck. Ang pulang hula hoop ay mabilis na umikot nang umikot na kung minsay pataas sa dibdib ni Lucy at pagkatapos ay sa leeg. Reduction is the second prominent technique applied in the translation. the translator was able to show her expertise in both languages by applying grammatical contraction without destructing or changing the meaning of the original (e.g. neatly arranged = nakaayos / spoke softly = ibinulong / bending her body up and down = nagkakandayuko) The use of functional and cultural equivalent proved to be very useful techniques that resulted to idiomatic translation in the target text (e.g. 1.Functional Equivalent: This little girl is useless. = Walang silbing bata. / holding Hsiao Yings hand = akay-akay si Hsiao Ying / and bit her lips = at napakagat-labi siya 2. Cultural Equivalent: iron plate = kawaling bakal / a heap of well mixed ground rice = galapong / Dead ghost! = Lintik! / knitted her eyebrow = napakunot-noo siya) Addition as a translation technique has two effects. First, addition which does not change the meaning of the original (e.g. but did not dare = pero hindi siya magkalakas-loob / looking at her innocent face = habang nakatingin sa walang malay na mukha / she had hundreds of cents = marami siyang uwing barya). Second, addition that results to overtranslation (e.g. a beautifully dressed little girl = isang magandang batang babe na nakabihis nang maganda / and spoke to Lucy = at nagsalita sila kay Lucy / and said = at hapis na nagsabi). In modulation, four types were identified based on the 24 cases. First, verb with verb: said = sumagot nagsabi. Second, noun with noun: big square head = malakitt kwadradong mukha ulo / Third, adjective with adjective: rectangular table = mahabang mesa parihaba. And fourth, preposition with preposition: to = at para or upang. Compensation was used in four cases only. The two segments were carefully combined because a missing segment was compensated in another part. (e.g. B 2.7 but when I ask you = pero kapag nagpapatulong / B 2.8 to help me do some work = ako sa iyo sa mga gawain) There were only three cases identified under recognised translation. The use of Chinatown as a popular place in the Philippines, the use of bog as a recognised Filipino term for the sound of fast heart

beat equivalent to thump in English, and the use of de as a common prefix to mean made of or run by (e.g. dry battery lamp = de bateryang ilawan). Amplification or descriptive equivalent is also evident in three cases. First, in the borrowed word kueh with a descriptive phrase isang uri ng kakanin. Second, the phrase karamihan ng tao for the word crowd. And third, the word precious was translated as natatanging anak. There is only one case of paraphrase in the translation. This is the expression nah! which was translated into a question form hindi po ba? In lexical synonymy, two cases were noted and both translation clarified the meaning of the source language (e.g. dispiritedly = matamlay walang sigla or walang buhay and apply oil = pagpapahid ng mantika paglalagay or pagbubuhos) Three cases of couplet were identified in one compound word and two sentences. (e. g. stone mill = gilingang bato with transposition and cultural equivalent / She suddenly used her oily left hand = Bigla niyang hinugot ang kaliwang kamay na may langis with functional equivalent and compensation / Ill take them along. = Babaunin ko yon. with functional equivalent and reduction) The one to one translation was used in two cases which are both correct, but a more appropriate equivalent was suggested by the researcher (e.g. whose eyes were ringed with two dark circles = na ang mga matay napapaligiran ng maitim na bilog, suggestion: na ang paligid ng mga mata ay nangingitim / at such moment = kapag may gayong pangyayari, suggestion: sa gayong pangyayari) Aside from the fifteen techniques of Newmark, Carpio was able to use five additional techniques which cannot be found in Newmarks translation procedures. These are: deletion, substitution, change of verb tense, transformation, and splitting. Deletion as a technique was used by Carpio in 29 cases without changing or destructing the meaning of the original text (e.g. Do you understand now? = Naintindihan mo na ba? / and showed it to her mother = at ipinakita iyon sa ina). Substitution was creatively used by the translator in 14 cases with five objectives. 1) To avoid redundancy (e.g. to even raised her head to look at Hsiao Ying = para mag-angat man lang ng ulo at tumingin kay Hsiao Ying) 2) To be specific and not ambiguous. (e.g. and caught her by the hand = at hinawakan ang kamay ng pinsan). 9

3) To be more idiomatic and natural. (e.g. My red shoes are beautiful, but my dress is not. = Maganda ang pulang sapatos ko, pero pangit ang aking damit.) 4) To avoid different meaning. (e.g. The hostess led Lucy to the centre of the crowd. = Dinala ng ina si Lucy sa gitna ng karamihan ng tao.) 5) To adapt in the culture of the target language (e.g. by her neighbour Kou-tzu = ng kapitbahay nilang si Kou-tzu). In Filipino, nila is a plural personal pronoun equivalent to their of English to mean collective ownership or identity. Rearranging the structure of a sentence in order to get the exact meaning is the objective of transformation. This is commonly applied in ambiguous structures (e.g. Lucys dolls golden hair = transformation: the golden hair of the doll of Lucy = ang ginintuang buhok ng manyika ni Lucy.) In splitting technique, only one case was noted in the analysis (e.g. Her uncle gave her a vague response, half smilingly, and then turned away to talk with the other visitors. = Halos hindi sumagot ang kanyang amain. Bahagya lang iyong ngumiti at tumalikod na para makipag-usap sa ibang panauhin.) A change in verb tense was applied by Carpio in one case without changing or destroying the meaning of the original text (e.g. Youll be sleepy. = Inaantok ka. Aantukin ka) In the analysis of four borrowing techniques applied by the translator, direct borrowing from English or E1 is the most common technique with eight cases (e.g. auntie, cake, see saw, hula hoop, pop, cha cha, click, and ice cream). The English 2 or naturalising the English phonemes into Filipino orthography has six cases (e.g. bertdey, diyenereytor, sopdrink, director, bunggalo, and parti). There is only one case of original Spanish loan word (e.g. blusa). In Spanish 2, there are five cases (e.g. kuwarto, klase, kotse, kumpara, and istorya). (See Appendix B for the summary of loan words) There are nine categories of weaknesses identified in the translation. These weaknesses can be considered linguistic problems in translating from English to Filipino, except the last one, omission, which is pragmatic in nature. 1) Inappropriate degree of meaning (Lucy was very kind to them. = Mabait naman sa kanila si Lucy. Napakabait / Your memory so good. = Magaling ang memorya mo. Napakagaling) 2) Wrong choice of words (but said indifferently = pero sumagot nang walang interes nang may pagkainis)

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3) Inapproriate translation equivalent (and she boiled with indignation = at nag-init siya sa galit at kumulo ang dugo niya sa galit) 4) Wrong position of words (not buying her any toys to play with = hindi siya maibili ng laruan nito hindi siya nito maibili ng laruan) 5) Undertranslation (a tiny trumpet = isang torotot lamang isang maliit na torotot lamang) 6) Overtranslation (a beautifully dressed little girl = isang magandang batang babae na nakabihis nang maganda isang batang babae na nakabihis nang maganda) 7) Inconsistency of word usage (put some oil on the banana leaves = lagyan mo nga ng langis ang mga dahon ng saging / to monotonously apply oil = ang pagpapahid ng mantika) 8) Word for word translation (When we go to your Aunties house tomorrow = Pagpunta natin sa bahay ng iyong Auntie bukas Pagpunta natin bukas sa Auntie mo) 9) Omission (D3.4 a bowl of minced coconut = ________ isang mangkok ng kinudkod na niyog / L2.3 and your other uncles and aunties = _______ at ng iba mo pang mga tiyo at tiya) These nine categories of weaknesses were presented and discussed by the researcher to the translator during consultation time. Dr. Carpio was very professional and appreciative of the comments, that she accepted and certified without hesitation the seven weaknesses. However, she did not agree with the other two weaknesses, namely: inappropriate degree of meaning and inconsistency of word usage. The following explanations were given to support her views. 1) She did not use the word for word equivalent, but instead the nearest meaning was applied. 2) The omission was unintentional. 3) Economy of words was observed. 4) The non-Tagalog readers of the TT were considered. 5) The most natural, common and easily understood language of high school student was applied. 6) Time constraint for editing is another factor.

Conclusion and Recommendation 11

In summary, the study revealed that the 20 identified techniques can be used in translating a narrative text. Out of these twenty techniques , transposition is the most commonly used translation technique in the case of English to Filipino translation. This can be attributed to the difference in word and sentence structure or syntax of English and Filipino. The study also revealed five other translation techniques that were commonly used in the translation. These are: reduction, functional equivalent, deletion, addition, and modulation. Dr. Rustica Carpio as a translator proved to be linguistically competent that she was able to apply five other translation techniques which are not in Newmarks procedures. These are: substitution, transformation, deletion, splitting, and change of verb tense. This result implies that translators in Filipino cannot fully rely on the translation procedures of Newmark because of the varied differences, needs, and demands of translating English into Filipino. In the case of borrowing techniques, adoption and naturalisation were used. The two were still classified into four specific borrowing techniques applicable in translating English to Filipino: English 1 (i.e. direct borrowing from English); English 2 (i.e. borrowing from English with respelling); Spanish 1 (i.e. direct borrowing from Spanish); and Spanish 2 (i.e. borrowing from Spanish with respelling). The eight identified translation weaknesses in the study are considered linguistic problems in translating English narrative text to Filipino. Future translators can avoid these problems as possible pitfalls in translation. These are: inappropriate degree of meaning, wrong choice of words, inappropriate translation equivalent, wrong position of words, under translation, over translation, inconsistency of word usage, and word for word translation. The problem of omission is more pragmatic or reasonable in nature but still needs to be addressed when translating. Consultation and exchange of ideas between the translator and analyst proved to be an important means of gathering other relevant information and data for analysis. It can also be considered an intellectual and democratic process to further develop theories in translation analysis and criticisms. Segmentation as a method if to be used in translation analysis requires enough linguistic knowledge and deeper understanding of the language and culture of the translation being studied. Finally, the study leaves future research about translation analysis which may focus on literary devices, figures of speech, other literary genre, other source language text like Chinese or Spanish translated into Filipino, and on a comparative level, Filipino as the source language and English as the target language.

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Bibliography Batnag, Aurora. (1980) Translation Commentary. A Special Project submitted to SEAMEO Regional Language Centre, Singapore. _____________ (1985). Isang Modelo sa Pagsusuri ng Salin. In Linggwistika at Panitikan: Mga piling Sanaysay na Handog Parangal kay Al Q. Perez. (ed) Alfonso O. Santiago. Manila: Rex Book Store. Broeck, Raymond Van Den. (1985). Second Thought on Translation Criticisms. In Manipulation of Literature: Studies in Literary Translation. (ed) Theo Hermans. London: Croom Helson Ltd. Carpio, Rustica. (1989). Sulyap sa Lumipas: Mga Kuwento Mula sa Singapore at Malaysia. Manila: Solidaridad Publishing House. Iniego, Madeleine E. (1973). Ang Pagkabigo at ang mga Mekanismong Pananggalang. In Tao at Lipunan. (eds.) Virgilio S. Enriquez, et.al. Mandaluyong: Echanis Press. Newmark, Peter. (1988a). Approaches to Translation. United Kingdom: Prentice Hall International. _____________. (1988b). A Textbook of Translation. United Kingdom: Prentice Hall International. Santiago, Alfonso O. (1976). Sining ng Pagsasaling Wika. Manila: Rex Printing Press. _________________ (1979). The Elaboration of a Technical Lexicon of Pilipino. In Studies in Philippine Linguistics. (ed.) Fe T. Otanes. Published Dissertation in Ph.D. Linguistics, Philippine Normal College and Ateneo de Manila University Consortium. ________________. (1992). Sining ng Pagsasaling Wika: Binagong Edisyon. Manila: Rex Book Store. Straight, Stephen H. (1981). Knowledge, Purpose and Intuition: Three Dimensions in the Evaluation of Translation. In Translation Spectrum : Essays in Theory and Practice. (ed.) Marilyn Gaddis Rose. Albany: State University of New York Press. Tiongson, Nicanor G. Pagsasadula ng Pasko: Paghuhugas-Isip, Pagbabagong-Diwa. Sagisag, Disyembre 1975, pp. 15-18. ________________. Pagsasaliy Di Biro. Sagisag, Mayo 1976, pp. 53-54. Wong Meng Voon, (1981). Glimpses of the Past: Stories from Singapore and Malaysia. Singapore: Hoong Fatt Press.

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Appendix A Summary of Cases Using Different Translation Techniques Technique

NEWMARK 1. Transportation 2. Reduction 3. Functional Equivalent 4. Addition 5. Modulation 6. Naturalization 7. Cultural Equivalent 8. Transference 9. Couplet 10. Compensation 11. Recognized Translation 12. Amplification 13. One to One Translation 14. Lexical Synonymy 15. Paraphrase CARPIO: 16. Deletion 17. Substitution 18. Change of Verb Tense 19. Transformation 20. Splitting
Total Number of Case
29 14 1 1 1 8.07 3.86 .28 .28 .28 155 30 30 26 24 12 9 8 7 3 3 3 3 2 1 42.82 8.29 8.29 7.18 6.63 3.31 2.49 2.21 1.93 .83 .83 .83 .83 .55 .28

No. of Case/s

Percentage

362

100.00%

14

Appendix B

Summary of Loan Words Part

A.1.2 A.1.3 A.1.4 I.4.2 N.5.7 U.2.3 V.1.4 W.1.3 W.1.3 Y.4.3 BB.3.3 HH.10.2 LL.1.1 LL.2.1 NN.3.2 OO.3.4 PP.1.3 UU.1.1 UU.5.2 XX.1.2

Source Language
auntie cake birthday blouse see-saw room generator kind car soft drink hula hoop compare pop cha-cha director story bungalow click ice cream party

English 1
auntie cake

English 2

Spanish 1

Spanish 2

bertday blusa see-saw kwarto diyenerator klase kotse sopdrink hula hoop kumara pop cha-cha director istorya bunggalo click ice cream parti

Number of Loan Words

15