Karnataka J. Agric. Sci.

,21(2) : ( 256-258) 2008

Performance of Black Pepper Varieties in Coffee Based Cropping System

K. H. BHAGAVANTAGOUDRA, K. S. SHESHAGIRI, P. VENKATESHMURTHY AND M. DINESH KUMAR Zonal Agricultural Research Station Navile , Shimoga - 577 204, Karnataka, India (Received : September,2007)
Abstract: Five pepper varieties were evaluated for growth and yield under coffee based cropping system during the period 1997-2002 at Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Mudigere, Karnataka. Out of five cultivars, Panniyur - 3 has recorded highest mean cumulative yield of 5.81 kg vine-1 and Panniyur5 recorded next best yield (5.28 kg vine-1). The varieties did not differ in plant height. However, yield components viz., number of spikes per unit area, length of spike number of berries per spike and weight of 1000 berries differed statistically. Panniyur3 was superior to other varieties in number of spikes per unit area (31.13) and number of berries per spike (84.74). Correlation and regression studies revealed that, no. of spikelets per unit area, spike length and number of berries per spike are positively correlated and they together contribute to the higher yield. The study revealed that Panniyur3 and Panniyur 5 are two best varieties for coffee based cropping system in hill zone of Karnataka. Key words : Black pepper, varieties, cropping system

Introduction Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is an important spice crop grown as pure crop and largely as an inter crop in coffee and arecanut plantations in hill zone of Karnataka. The performance of black pepper varieties vary significantly in plains and higher altitudes owing to difference in environmental conditions in addition to genetic differences (Sainamole Kurian et al., 2002). Karimunda and Panniyur1 are the common varieties grown in the hill zone as an inter crop in coffee, cardamom, coconut and arecanut plantations. These main crops are seen in natural habitat and few plantations are also found under silver oak shade tree. In natural habitat, depending on the species and canopy, the shade proportion varies. The proportion of shade will be generally high density in the midst of the canopy and becomes thin in the borders. Pepper being an inter crop always suffers due to want of even shade. The shade regulation practices also vary causing the lesser yield potential of the inter crop. In the above circumstances, the yield performances of the common varieties grown also vary. Many varieties of Panniyur series are available and these varieties are not explored for yield potentiality under hill zone stations. The present study aims at assessing the new series of Panniyur varieties under natural habitat of coffee plantation. Material and Methods The experiment was initiated during 1992 in arabica coffee garden at Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Mudigere. Five varieties were tested in Randomized complete Block Design with four replications. Existing shade trees include Nandi (Logerstromia lanceolata), Jack, (Artocarpus sp.), Terminalia (Terminalia sp.), Fig (Ficus trimeni), Jamun (Syzygium cumini), Erythrina (Erythrina indica) and wild mango (Mangifera sp). Depending on the natural occurrence of the selected trees, the

varieties were planted and trained, at a spacing of 2.5 x 2.5 m. Hence, we used Nandi, Jack, Terminalia, Fig and Jamun as standards for training the vines. Karimunda, a popular old variety is common for its shade tolerance and medium yielding capacity. Where in panniyur-1 is also Popular among growers because of its suitability for less shade with moderate yielding capacity. Panniyur-2,3 and 5 series are potentially high yielders, varying for reaction to shade conditions. Ten plants, were maintained in each variety per replication. For the experimentation, uniform shade was maintained by regulating extra foliage annually. Uniform shade of 9-12 K. lux was maintained at 1.6 m height. Observations were recorded on growth and yield parameters and the yield data for six years from 1997 to 2002 were pooled and analysed. However, data on plant height and yield attributing characters were recorded during 2001 and 2002 only. The number of spikes was recorded by using a 0.5 m2 measuring wooden square in the randomly selected four locations per vine at 5 to 7 ft. height from ground level. The average of five vines is presented as number of spikes per vine. The correlation coefficient and regression relations were estimated by using procedure given by Dewey and Lu (1959). Results and Discussion The effect of different varieties on plant height and yield attributing parameters is presented in Table 1. The pertinent data on plant height revealed that none of the varieties in test significantly achieved higher. Data suggest an average height of 5.43 to 6.83 m during 2001 and 5.57 to 6.94 m during 2002. The highest numerical height was achieved by Panniyur - 2 where as Karimunda was shy runner. Different yield components statistically differed due to varieties in both the years of study. During 2001, Panniyur 3 recorded significantly higher number of spikes per unit area and number of berries per spike. Variety

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Karnataka J. Agric. Sci.,21(2) : 2008 Panniyur -5 recorded significantly higher number of length of spike while Panniyur - 1 recorded highest 1000 berries weight. During 2002, the same varieties performed in a similar trend. Hence, among the varieties tested, Panniyur-3 and Panniyur-5 recorded highest mean number of spike per unit area (31.13 and 28.03, respectively), and number of berries per spike (84.74 and 63.57, respectively). Where as, length of spike (13.93 cm) and highest mean number of berries per spike (84.74) were recorded in Panniyur-5 and Panniyur-3, respectively. While Panniyur-1 succeeded in getting highest mean weight of 1000 berries. The results with respect to green yield is presented in Table 2. The green yield recorded during 1997 - 2002 revealed that, the green yield differed significantly due to different varieties. During the first year of harvest, among the varities tested panniyur-3 (1.64 kg) and panniyur-5 (1.46 kg) recorded significantly higher than rest of the varieties. During 1998, almost double yield of the first year was noticed and panniyur-3 (4.8 kg) and Paniyur-2 (4.70 kg) recorded significantly highest. From 1999 to 2002, both panniyur-3 and panniyur-5 were consistent in recording significant green yield than rest of the varieties. In general all the varieties are found susceptible to wilt. However, the incidence of wilt was not severe during experimentation in the experimental garden. Within the varieties the incidence of wilt was of lesser degree in Panniyur - 3 and Panniyur -5 compared to others. At the end of six yielding years on cumulative basis it was noticed that, Panniyur-3 recorded 19.06 kg followed by Panniyur-5 (17.31 kg). Panniyur-1 and Karimunda yielded lowest (12.46 and 8.63 kg, respectively). It is to be noted that Panniyur3 (120.86%) and Panniyur-5 (100.58%) performed over 100 per cent yield increase over Karimunda, while on Panniyur-1 it was 52.97 and 38.92 respectively. Dry weight of pepper yield differs significantly due to different varieties (Table 3). During the first year of harvest, Panniyur-3 (0.48 kg), Panniyur-5 (0.45 kg) and Panniyur-2 (0.40 kg) recorded significantly higher yield than Panniyur-1 and Karimunda. In subsequent year 1998, Panniyur-3 and Panniyur2 recorded (1.70 kg and 1.43 kg respectively) significantly higher than rest of the varieties. During 1999, Panniyur-5 recorded maximum yield (1.05 kg) and it was significantly superior over other varieties. In the year 2000, Panniyur-3 and Panniyur-5 recorded significantly higher yield than the rest of the varieties. The same trend was observed during 2002. Whereas, during 2001, Panniyur - 5 recorded maximum yield of 1.71 kg and it was on par with panniyur-1(1.67 kg vine-1) and significantly superior over other varieties. During all these years Karimunda recorded significantly lowest yield. Observation on cumulative yield over six years revealed that panniyur-3 recorded maximum yield of 5.81 kg followed by penniyur-5 (5.28 kg). It was observed that panniyur-3 recorded 83.28 and 44.17percent increase dry yield over Karimunda and panniyur-1 respectively. Similarly, panniyur-5 recorded 66.56 and 31.02 percent higher yield. These results agree with the findings obtained by Rajagopalan et al. (1996) and Sainamole Kurian et al. (2002), where in the superiority of panniyur-5 was seen at Panniyur and Pampadumpara, during 1992 to 2000. Different varieties perform based on its genotypic character and its exposure to environment. Ill distribution of pre-monsoon showers, incidence of anthracnose disease and

Table 1. Plant height and yield attributing characters of different varieties of pepper Sl.Varieties No. Plant height (cm) No.of spikes in bearing canopy (0.5 m2 / unit area) 2001 33.25 32.25 46.50 41.00 25.25 3.12 9.63 2002 12.62 14.94 15.75 15.06 11.54 0.28 0.87 Length of spike (cm) No.of berries per spike Wt. of 1000 berries (g)

2001 2002 Mean 1. Panniyur-1 2. Panniyur-2 3. Panniyur-3 4. Panniyur-5 5. Karimunda S. Em CD (0.05) 6.10 6.83 5.76 5.86 5.43 0.42 NS 6.24 6.94 5.87 6.00 5.57 0.50 NS 6.17 6.89 5.82 5.93 5.50

Mean 2001 22.94 23.60 31.13 28.03 18.40 12.61 10.38 13.53 13.78 8.16 0.18 0.52

2002 13.00 9.17 11.72 14.07 7.75 0.16 0.50

Mean 2001 12.81 9.78 12.63 13.93 7.96 77.06 54.25 98.87 64.06 41.62 4.24 13.02

2002 65.00 41.77 70.60 63.07 32.25 1.03 3.17

Mean 71.07 48.01 84.74 63.57 36.94

2001 49.12 42.50 41.50 45.00 36.25 1.65 5.07

2002 47.40 43.00 44.30 44.70 37.20 1.73 5.33

Mean 48.26 42.75 42.90 44.85 36.73

NS Non - significant Table 2. Green pepper yield (kg vine-1 annum-1) as influenced by different varieties. Sl.Varieties no. 1. Panniyur-1 2. Panniyur-2 3. Panniyur-3 4. Panniyur-5 5. Karimunda S. Em CD (0.05) 1.18 1.30 1.64 1.46 0.98 0.06 0.19 3.31 4.70 4.86 3.39 2.02 0.25 0.77 1.20 1.96 2.57 3.44 2.52 0.43 1.33 0.86 0.88 2.59 1.77 0.86 0.12 0.36 5.16 4.29 5.46 5.62 1.75 0.09 0.27 257 0.75 1.14 1.94 1.63 0.50 0.12 0.38 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Cumulative yield (1997-2002) 12.46 14.27 19.06 17.31 08.63 % No.increase over Karimunda 44.38 65.35 120.86 100.58 Panniyur-1 52.97 38.92 -

Performance of Black Pepper . . . . . . . ..

Table 3. Dry weight of pepper yield (kg vine-1 annum-1) as influenced by different varieties Sl. Varieties No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Panniyur-1 Panniyur-2 Panniyur-3 Panniyur-5 Karimunda 1997 0.38 0.40 0.48 0.45 0.36 0.04 0.14 1998 1.07 1.43 1.70 1.03 0.74 0.08 0.25 1999 0.38 0.60 0.75 1.05 0.93 0.15 0.45 2000 0.30 0.32 0.72 0.55 0.32 0.03 0.11 2001 1.67 1.30 1.58 1.71 0.64 0.07 0.22 2002 0.23 0.36 0.58 0.49 0.18 0.03 0.11 Cumulative yield % increase over (1997-2002) Karimunda Panniyur-1 4.03 4.41 5.81 5.28 3.17 27.13 39.12 83.28 66.56 44.17 31.02 -

S. Em CD (0.05)

Table 4. Correlation and regression relationship between yield and yield attributes of pepper varieties No.of spikelets per unit area (x1) Green yield Correlation Intercept Slope Std. Error Dry yield Correlation Intercept Slope Std. Error 0.514* 40.51 -0.226 0.089 0.509* 10.57 -0.053 0.021 Length of the spike (x2) 0.849* -2.01 1.324 0.195 0.850* 0.55 0.313 0.046 Number of berries per Spike ( x3 ) 0.617* 6.97 0.097 0.029 0.567* 2.79 0.021 0.007 Weight of 1000 berries ( x4 ) 0.255 6.25 0.168 0.150 0.243 2.58 0.038 0.036

Significant level for correlation : 0.444 Regression equation : For green yield : Y = 0.450 + 3.4954 x1 5.023 x2 7.036 x3 (R2 = 0.731) For dry yield : Y = 2.074 + 1.3504 x1 3.5768 x2 4.047 x3 (R2 = 0.687)

spike shedding was observed during 2000. Hence, the yield levels were low. The relationship between yield components to that of final yield is presented in Table 4 in the form of correlation and regression. Among the different parameter tested, it is observed that number of spikelets per unit area, length of the spike and number of berries per spike gave significant correlation to that of yield. Further, the regressed yield analysis indicates that the above parameters had contributed to the tune of 73 and 68 per cent respectively for green and dry yield. Sujatha and
References Dewey, D. R. and Lu, K. H., 1959, A correlation and path coefficient analysis of components of crested wheat grass seed production. Agron. J., 51 : 515-518. Rajagopalan, A., Ibrahim, K. K., Sukumarapillai, V., Satheesan, K. N., Neema, V. P. and Mammootty, K. P., 1996, A comparative evaluation of black pepper cultivars and promising cultures for yield and tolerance to pests and diseases. In : Developments

Namboothiri (1995) reported that, positive and significant influence of spike length on yield. However, Sainamole kurian et al. (2002) reported that spike length had no relationship with number of berries per spike and yield. Based on the present study, it can be concluded that the performance of Panniyur-5 and Panniyur-3 was found better during the years of initial yielding period under coffee plantations with proper shade regulation.

in Plantation Crops Research, 1996. Indian Soc. for Pl. Crops, Kasaragod, PP 5-8. Sainamole Kurian, P., Backiyarani, S., Josephrajkumar, A. and Murugan, M., 2002, Varietal evaluation of black pepper for yield, quality and anthracnose disease resistance in Idukki District, Kerala J. Spices Aromatic Crops, 11 : 122 124. Sujatha, R. and Namboothiri, K. M. N.,1995, Influence of plant characters on yield of black pepper. J. Trop. Agric., 33 : 1115.

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