358 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 24, NO.

2, JUNE 2009
A Novel Method of Evaluating Performance
Characteristics of a Self-Excited Induction Generator
M. H. Haque, Senior Member, IEEE
AbstractSelf-excited induction generators (SEIG) are increas-
ingly being used in isolated areas to generate electrical energy
from both conventional and nonconventional energy sources. This
paper proposes a novel method of evaluating the steady-state per-
formance characteristics of a SEIG under various operating con-
ditions. The criteria for the constant terminal voltage and the
constant-stator-current operations are also derived and embed-
ded into the system of equations. Unlike the previous methods of
analysis, the problem is formulated in a simple and straightfor-
ward way without going through lengthy and tedious derivation
for the coefcients of a set of nonlinear equations. The formulated
problem is then solved using a numerical-based routine fsolve
given in MATLAB. The effectiveness of the proposed method is
then evaluated on a 220-V, 1.5-kW induction generator for various
operating conditions. Some of the simulation results obtained by
the proposed method are also compared with the corresponding
experimental values and are found to be in very good agreement.
Index TermsInduction generator, self-excited induction gener-
ator (SEIG), steady-state analysis, wind energy conversion.
I. INTRODUCTION
T
HE INCREASINGconcern of the environment, especially
the greenhouse effects, has motivated the world toward
rationalizing the use of fossil fuels and exploring the use of
nonconventional energy sources [1], [2]. Vast amount of such
energy sources are available in remote areas, which can be used
to drive prime movers for small generating plants.
Synchronous generators are very commonly used in con-
ventional large-scale power plants. However, in small power
plants driven by renewable energy sources such as mini hydro
or wind turbines, induction generators are increasingly being
used because of their relative advantageous features over the
synchronous generators. These features are low cost, high reli-
ability, rugged construction, maintenance and operational sim-
plicity, self-protection against faults and overloads, etc. The
basic operating principle of an induction generator is described
in [1][3].
An induction generator can be operated either in grid-
connected mode or in isolated self-excited mode. Avast amount
of literature on the earlier modes of operation is listed in [4][6].
In grid-connected mode (without using converters), the terminal
voltage and frequency of the generator are xed and determined
by the grid. Thus, the prediction of performance characteristics
Manuscript received April 22, 2008; revised July 17, 2008. Current version
published May 19, 2009. Paper no. TEC-00136-2008.
The author is with the Center for Smart Energy Systems, School of Electri-
cal and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
639798, Singapore (e-mail: emhhaque@ntu.edu.sg).
Color versions of one or more of the gures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.org.
Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TEC.2009.2016124
of the generator becomes straightforward. On the other hand,
the voltage and frequency of an isolated self-excited induction
generator (SEIG) are not xed but depend on many factors, such
as generator parameters, excitation capacitor, speed, and load.
This makes the prediction of performance characteristics of a
SEIG much more difcult.
The performance of a SEIG is usually determined through its
equivalent circuit. Most of the previous methods used either the
loop impedance approach [7][12] or the nodal admittance ap-
proach [13][15] in analyzing the circuit. In the loop impedance
approach, two simultaneous nonlinear equations are derived in
terms of frequency (F) and magnetizing reactance (X
m
) of the
generator by separating the real and imaginary parts of loop
impedance of the equivalent circuit. The equations are then
solved for F and X
m
by the NewtonRaphson method. In the
nodal admittance approach, the equivalent admittance of the
circuit at the air gap point is separated into real and imaginary
parts. The real part of the admittance is independent of X
m
and usually expressed by a higher order polynomial of F [14].
However, the imaginary part of the admittance is a nonlinear
function of both F and X
m
. First, the value of F is determined
from the polynomial and then substituted into the second equa-
tion to obtain the value of X
m
. Once the values of F and X
m
are known by either approach, the steady-state performance of
the generator can easily be determined through its equivalent
circuit with the help of the magnetization curve.
Both the loop impedance and the nodal admittance ap-
proaches are very effective in evaluating the generator perfor-
mance but they have a common disadvantage that detailed alge-
braic derivations for the coefcients of the equations are needed.
This is a tedious and time-consuming task, and also prone to hu-
man errors. In addition, the coefcients depend on the circuit
model used. Thus, the earlier approaches are not exible and
valid only for a particular circuit model.
Chan [13], [15] simplied the algebraic derivations in the
nodal admittance approach by introducing an iterative tech-
nique to nd the value of F from real part of the admittance.
Rajakaruna and Bonert [16] also simplied the algebraic calcu-
lations by using an approximate equivalent circuit and a mathe-
matical model of BH curve. Chan [17] employed a symbolic
programming technique to reduce the manual derivations of the
equations. The earlier methods still need a considerable amount
of algebraic manipulations.
Recently, a number of user-friendly computer soft-
ware/routine have been developed for numerical-based
solution of a set of nonlinear equations that do not require de-
tailed/explicit algebraic expression of the equations to be solved.
Unlike the NewtonRaphson method, the partial derivatives of
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HAQUE: NOVEL METHOD OF EVALUATING PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A SELF-EXCITED INDUCTION GENERATOR 359
Fig. 1. Per-phase equivalent circuit of a three-phase SEIG.
the equations are also not needed. Use of such a software/routine
would eliminate the step-by-step algebraic manipulations
needed in formulating the problem. Alolah and Alkanhal [18]
used such numerical-based routines to determine the basic
operating characteristics of a SEIGand avoided the step-by-step
derivation of the algebraic equations. This motivates the author
to further investigate the performance characteristics of a SEIG
by introducing some operational constraints, such as constant
terminal voltage and constant-stator-current operations.
This paper proposes a simple method of evaluating the per-
formance characteristics of a SEIG using a numerical-based
routine that does not require the detailed derivation of the non-
linear equations to be solved. The performance characteristics of
the generator are also determined for constant terminal voltage
and constantstator-current operations by introducing additional
equations in formulating the problem. The proposed method is
then tested on a 1.5-kW induction generator to evaluate its vari-
ous characteristics. The results obtained by the proposed method
are also compared with the corresponding actual values found
through an experimental setup in a laboratory.
II. MODEL OF A SEIG
The per-phase equivalent circuit of a three-phase SEIG
with an RL load and an excitation capacitor is shown in
Fig. 1, where R
1
, X
1
, R
2
, X
2
, R
c
, and X
m
represent the
stator resistance, stator leakage reactance, rotor resistance,
rotor leakage reactance, core loss resistance, and magnetizing
reactance, respectively. R
L
, X
L
, and X
C
represent the load
resistance, load reactance, and excitation capacitor reactance,
respectively, and F and v represent the per unit (p.u.) frequency
and speed, respectively. The reactances are specied at a base
or rated frequency. Note that the earlier circuit is normalized to
the base frequency by dividing all parameters and voltages by
the p.u. frequency F [1].
All parameters of the generator, except the magnetizing re-
actance, are considered as constant. The magnetizing reactance
X
m
is assumed to be a variable and depends on magnetic sat-
uration. Other variables or adjustable parameters in the circuit
are X
C
, F, v, and load impedance. Note that the load power
factor angle at a base frequency is considered as constant
and thus the load impedance (at 1.0 p.u. frequency) becomes

Z
L
= Z
L

= (R
L
+ jX
L
). Thus, the circuit of Fig. 1 has
ve variables (X
m
, X
C
, F, v, and Z
L
) and the knowledge on
all the variables is necessary to evaluate the performance of the
generator.
Fig. 2. Simplied representation of the circuit of Fig. 1.
The ratio of air gap voltage to frequency (V
g
/F) depends on
the magnetic ux and hence magnetizing reactance X
m
. The
relationship between V
g
/F and X
m
can be established from
the synchronous speed test data and is described in Appendix
A. Mathematically, the earlier relationship can be expressed in
many ways, such as an exponential function [1], [19], a linear
function [7][12], [20], a piece-wise linear function [15], [21],
[22], or a higher order polynomial [18], [23], [24]. In this study,
V
g
/F is expressed by the following third-order polynomial of
X
m
in the normal operating region
V
g
F
= k
1
+ k
2
X
m
+ k
3
X
2
m
+ k
4
X
3
m
. (1)
Coefcients ks of the previous polynomial can be obtained
from the synchronous speed test results and is also described in
Appendix A.
III. PROBLEM FORMULATION AND GENERATOR
CHARACTERISTICS
As mentioned earlier, the circuit of Fig. 1 has ve variables,
and thus, theoretically ve independent equations are needed
to get a unique solution. However, based on the generator op-
eration, xed possible values can be assigned to some of the
variables and they can be considered as xed parameters.
This reduces the number of independent equations needed in
formulating the problem.
In this study, the loop impedance approach is used in deriving
the basic independent equations. However, the same technique
can also be applied to the nodal admittance approach. In the loop
impedance approach, the circuit of Fig. 1 is rst represented by
three series impedances, as shown in Fig. 2, where

Z
ao
=
_
1
jX
C
/F
2
+
1
R
L
/F + jX
L
_
1

Z
ab
= (R
1
/F + jX
1
)

Z
bo
=
_
1
R
c
/F
+
1
jX
m
+
1
R
2
/(F v) + jX
2
_
1
.
The loop equation in Fig. 2 is

I
1
_

Z
ao
+

Z
ab
+

Z
bo
_
= 0. (2)
Under normal operating condition, the stator current

I
1
= 0.
Thus

Z
ao
+

Z
ab
+

Z
bo
= 0. (3)
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360 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 24, NO. 2, JUNE 2009
By separating the real and imaginary parts, the previous com-
plex equation can be represented by the following two nonlinear
scalar equations:
g
1
= real(

Z
ao
+

Z
ab
+

Z
bo
) = 0 (4)
g
2
= imag(

Z
ao
+

Z
ab
+

Z
bo
) = 0. (5)
Note that (4) and (5) are the basic equations and must be
satised for all operating conditions. In general, (4) and (5) are
solved to nd the values of X
m
and F for xed values of X
C
,
v, and Z
L
. Assuming a xed speed v is not surprising because
in most cases the generator operates with some forms of speed
control turbine or prime mover. However, for an unregulated
case, the torque-speed characteristic of the prime mover needs
to be included. In this study, it is assumed that the generator is
driven by a regulated prime mover and for which v is constant.
In most of the previous methods of analysis [7][12], (4)
and (5) are expressed in terms of X
m
and F, and this requires
lengthy and tedious step-by-step algebraic derivation to nd the
coefcients of the equations. In addition, the partial derivatives
of the equations are also needed when they are solved by the
NewtonRaphson method. In this study, (4) and (5) are solved
using a numerical-based routine and thus no further algebraic
manipulations of the equations are needed. In general form, (4)
and (5) can be written as
G
2
(x) = 0. (6)
Here, G
2
= [g
1
g
2
]
T
and x is an unknown vector
[X
m
F]
T
. Once the values of X
m
and F are known from the
solution of (6), V
g
/F can be evaluated through (1). By knowing
V
g
/F, the performance of the generator (voltage, current, and
power at various points of the circuit) can easily be determined
and is described in Appendix B.
The various characteristics of the generator can be obtained
from its equivalent circuit but that requires repeated solutions of
(6) for different possible values of a particular parameter. This
can easily be achieved by varying the value of that parameter
within a computational loop. The procedure of obtaining various
characteristics of interest is described shortly.
A. No-Load Characteristic
It is the variation of no-load terminal voltage V
t
against the
excitation capacitor C for a constant speed v. The earlier char-
acteristic can easily be generated from repeated solutions of (6)
for various values of X
C
at no-load (or Z
L
= ).
B. Load Characteristic
It is the variation of terminal voltage V
t
against the generator
output power P
o
and such a characteristic can again be generated
from repeated solutions of (6) for various values of Z
L
. In this
case, X
C
and v are considered as xed parameters.
IV. CONSTANT-VOLTAGE AND CONSTANT-CURRENT
OPERATION
Maintaining constant voltage or constant current requires con-
tinuous control of excitation capacitor, which can be achieved by
using a static var compensator [22] or a static compensator [23].
However, in many applications, it is desirable to maintain the
voltage within upper and lower acceptable limits instead at a
constant value. For such a case, discrete control (using switched
capacitors) can be used. In order to determine the optimal num-
ber and size of the switched capacitors in discrete control, the
generator performance or characteristic at a prespecied voltage
or a constant voltage is needed [11], [19]. In addition, it is nec-
essary to operate the generator within the design specications.
Rated stator current is one of the main design specications
that need to be respected. Thus, it is important to determine the
generator performance or characteristic at a specied or rated
stator current. With this in mind, the generator characteristics
under constant-voltage and constant-current operations are also
investigated.
A. Constant-Voltage Operation
In Fig. 2, the relationship between the terminal voltage V
t
and
the air gap voltage V
g
can be written as

V
t
=

V
g

Z
ao

Z
ao
+

Z
ab
. (7)
When the magnitude of terminal voltage is kept constant at a
prespecied value of V
sp
t
, the previous equation becomes
g
3
=

V
g

Z
ao

Z
ao
+

Z
ab

V
sp
t
= 0. (8)
In this case, (4), (5), and (8) are to be solved simultaneously
to nd the values of X
m
, F, and X
C
for given values of Z
L
and
v. Thus, the problem becomes
G
3
(x) = 0. (9)
Here, G
3
= [g
1
g
2
g
3
]
T
and x = [X
m
F X
C
]
T
. Note
that (9) is to be solved in conjunction with (1) to evaluate g
3
.
The various characteristics of the generator for a constant ter-
minal voltage can again be obtained through repeated solutions
of (9) for various possible values of Z
L
(within a computational
loop) and a xed value of v.
B. Constant-Current Operation
In Fig. 1, the complex load current

I
L
and the capacitor
current

I
C
can be written as

I
L
=

V
t
/F
R
L
/F + jX
L
and

I
C
=

V
t
/F
jX
C
/F
2
(10)
where

V
t
F
=
_

V
g
F
_

_

Z
ao
(

Z
ao
+

Z
ab
)
_
.
The stator current

I
1
is the sum of

I
L
and

I
C
. Thus

I
1
=

I
L
+

I
C
. (11)
When the magnitude of stator current is kept constant at a
prespecied value of I
sp
1
, the previous equation becomes
g
4
=

I
L
+

I
C

I
sp
1
= 0. (12)
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HAQUE: NOVEL METHOD OF EVALUATING PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A SELF-EXCITED INDUCTION GENERATOR 361
In this case, (4), (5), and (12) are to be solved in conjunction
with (1) to nd the values of X
m
, F, and X
C
for given values
of Z
L
and v. Thus, the problem, in general form, becomes
G

3
(x) = 0. (13)
Here, G

3
= [g
1
g
2
g
4
]
T
and x = [X
m
F X
C
]
T
. The
various characteristics of the generator for a constant-stator-
current operation can be obtained through repeated solutions of
(13) for different possible values of Z
L
and a xed value of v.
It may be mentioned here that the stator current is found to be
very insensitive to Z
L
but sensitive to X
C
and this is why X
C
(instead of Z
L
) is considered as an independent variable in (13).
This aspect is further discussed in Section VI.
V. SOLUTION TECHNIQUE
As mentioned earlier, (4) and (5) are usually expressed in
terms of X
m
and F through rigorous algebraic manipulations
and then solved by the NewtonRaphson method. However,
the same equations can easily be solved using a numerical-
based routine without expressing them in terms of X
m
and F
explicitly. In addition, the partial derivatives of the equations
are also not needed in the numerical-based routine. In general
form, a set of n nonlinear equations can be written as
G
n
(x) = 0. (14)
Here, G
n
= [g
1
g
2
. . . g
n
]
T
and is an implicit func-
tion of an n-dimensional unknown vector x. In this study, (14) is
solved using the fsolve routine given in the Optimization Tool-
box of MATLAB [25]. It uses nonlinear least-squares algorithm
that employs the GaussNewton or the LevenbergMarquardt
method. One of the characteristics of the least-squares-based
method is that when the system of equations does not have a
zero numerically (either due to rounding errors or because there
is no algebraic zero), the method still converges to a point where
the residual is minimum. The residual () can be dened as
=

_
1
n
n

i=1
g
2
i
. (15)
When the generator parameters and/or other specied values
are not selected properly, the system of equations as described
by (6), (9), or (13) may not have a zero. For such a case, the
residual at the solution point would not be a very small num-
ber (close to zero) and the corresponding solution may not be
considered as acceptable. In order to make sure that the solution
obtained by the fsolve routine is acceptable, the residual at
the solution point is evaluated through (15) and checked with a
small tolerance (in the order of 10
6
).
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The proposed method of evaluating the performance char-
acteristics of a SEIG is tested on a 1.5-kW, 220-V, 50-Hz,
four-pole, -connected squirrel cage induction motor oper-
ated as a generator. The xed parameters of the genera-
tor are R
1
= 5.033 , R
2
= 4.667 , R
c
= 5.0147 k, and
X
1
= X
2
= 5.605 . Using the synchronous speed test results,
Fig. 3. No-load characteristic of the generator. () simulation results; (o)
experimental results.
the coefcients of (1) are found as k
1
= 596.03, k
2
= 12.035,
k
3
= 0.1374, and k
4
= 5.636 10
4
. It is considered that the
generator is driven by a regulated turbine that is emulated by
a four-pole, 50-Hz synchronous motor in the laboratory. Thus,
the speed v is constant at 1.0 p.u. For simplicity, the load power
factor is considered as unity. A brief description of the results
obtained is given further.
First, the no-load terminal voltage V
t
of the generator is de-
termined for various values of excitation capacitor C. The sim-
ulation results as well as the experimental results found for this
case are shown in Fig. 3, which indicates that the simulation
results are very close to the corresponding experimental values.
The maximum error occurred for C = 23 F for which the ex-
perimental voltage is found as 114 V. However, to get the same
voltage through simulation, a capacitor of 23.41 F is needed,
i.e., the error is only 1.78% and is within the tolerance level
(5%) of the capacitors used.
Fig. 4(a) shows a typical load characteristic (V
t
versus P
o
) of
the generator for a xed-excitation capacitor and its pattern is
found to be very similar to that of PV curve of a load bus in
a power system [26][28]. When Z
L
is decreased from innity
(at no-load), initially P
o
increases and V
t
decreases, and this
represents normal operation. The earlier pattern continues until
the maximum power point P
max
is reached. Further reduction
of Z
L
decreases both P
o
and V
t
, and this represents abnormal
operation. In Fig. 4, the normal operation is represented by a
solid line and the abnormal operation by a dashed line. The
variation of I
1
, I
L
, and I
C
against P
o
is shown in Fig. 4(b), and
it indicates that, in the normal operating region, I
L
increases
with P
o
, as expected, but I
C
decreases with P
o
because of the
reduction of V
t
. However, I
1
is found to be very insensitive
to P
o
because it is the phasor sum of

I
L
and

I
C
. In this case,
reduction of I
C
is partially compensated by the increases in I
L
and this is why I
1
remains more or less constant.
Fig. 5(a) shows the comparison of simulation and experiment
results of V
t
versus P
o
characteristic of the generator for various
values of excitation capacitors (32, 36, and 40 F). It can again
be observed that the simulation results are slightly lower but
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362 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 24, NO. 2, JUNE 2009
Fig. 4. Typical load characteristics. (a) Terminal voltage versus output power.
(b) Current versus output power.
very close to the corresponding experimental values. The error
in the maximum power for 32, 36, and 40 F capacitors is
found as 7.45%, 4.01%, and 1.37%, respectively. The maximum
error occurred for 32 F for which the actual maximum power
(experimental value) is found as 590 W. However, to get the
same maximum power through simulation, a capacitor of 32.65
Fis needed, i.e., the error in capacitor is 2.03%and is within the
tolerance level (5%) of the capacitors used. The variation of
stator current and frequency against P
o
is shown in Fig. 5(b), and
it again indicates that, for a given capacitor, the current is very
insensitive to output power (in the normal operating region).
That is why X
C
, instead of load impedance Z
L
, is considered as
an independent variable in (13). In the normal operating region,
the frequency of the generated voltage decreases with load as
can be seen in Fig. 5(b). For C =40 F, the frequency at no load
is found as 49.7 Hz and it decreases to 47.5 Hz at the maximum
Fig. 5. Load characteristics for various excitation capacitors. (a) Terminal
voltage versus output power. (b) Stator current and frequency versus output
power. () Simulation results; (o) or () experimental results.
power of 1044.7 W. In determining the earlier characteristics
through (6), the fsolve routine successfully converged to the
zero point in all cases and the maximum residual is found as
4.84 10
9
.
Next the performance characteristics of the generator for a
constant terminal voltage of 220 V are evaluated through re-
peated solutions of (9). The variation of voltages, frequency,
capacitor, and currents against P
o
is shown in Fig. 6. At no-load
(when P
o
= 0), the stator current is purely reactive (drawn by
the excitation capacitor) and thus the difference between V
t
and
V
g
is high. As the load increases, the angle of the stator current
decreases and this causes reduction in the difference between V
t
and V
g
. The frequency of the generated voltage decreases with
load, as expected. As the load increases, more and more capac-
itors are needed to maintain the constant terminal voltage, and
this leads to increased I
C
. The load current increases linearly
with P
o
because of constant terminal voltage. In this case, I
1
increases with P
o
because of the increase in both I
L
and I
C
. The
experimental results found in this case are also very close to the
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HAQUE: NOVEL METHOD OF EVALUATING PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A SELF-EXCITED INDUCTION GENERATOR 363
Fig. 6. Various characteristics of a constant-terminal-voltage operation. ()
Simulation results; (o) or () experimental results.
Fig. 7. Various characteristics of a constant-stator-current operation. () Nor-
mal operating region; (- - - -) abnormal operating region.
corresponding simulation results as can be seen in Fig. 6. Again
the fsolve routine successfully converged to the zero point in
all cases. The maximum residual is found as 1.19 10
12
.
Finally, the various characteristics (V
t
, F, C, and I against P
o
)
of the generator are evaluated for a constant stator current of 6.4
A (rated value) and are shown in Fig. 7. In the normal operating
region, both V
t
and F decrease with P
o
, as usual. However, the
excitation capacitor (in the normal operating region) is found to
be very insensitive to P
o
, and it remains more or less constant.
This happened because of constant stator current and is in com-
plete agreement with the behavior observed in Figs. 4(b) and
5(b). However, after reaching the maximum power point, the
capacitor increases rapidly in the abnormal operating region. It
is difcult to verify the results experimentally (using ordinary
switched capacitors) in the normal operating region because it
requires a ne adjustment of the excitation capacitor within a
very narrow range (45.948.7 F) over the power range of zero
to P
max
. In this case, the generator can deliver a maximum
power of 1448.4 W (without exceeding the rated current) even
though it has a rating of 1500 W (as motor).
VII. CONCLUSION
A novel method of evaluating various performance charac-
teristics of a SEIG is described. Unlike most of the previous
approaches, the proposed method does not require the detailed
derivation of the equations to be solved. Instead, the method
used a numerical-based routine that drastically reduced the time
and effort needed to formulate the problem. The criteria for con-
stant terminal voltage and constant-stator-current operations are
also derived and imbedded into the problem. The effectiveness
of the proposed method is then evaluated on a 1.5-kW induction
generator driven by a regulated prime mover for various op-
erating conditions. Some of the simulation results obtained by
the proposed method are also compared with the corresponding
experimental values and are observed to be in excellent agree-
ment. In all cases, the errors found are within the tolerance level
of the capacitors used. In the normal operating region, the stator
current is found to be insensitive to the output power of the gen-
erator but sensitive to the excitation capacitors used. It is also
observed that the load characteristic (terminal voltage versus
power) of the generator is very similar to the PV curve of a
load bus or PQ bus in a general power system. The method de-
scribed in this paper greatly simplies the problem formulation
and analysis of a SEIG for various operating conditions.
APPENDIX
A. Synchronous Speed Test
In the synchronous speed test, the induction machine is driven
at synchronous speed by a synchronous motor. A three-phase
variable voltage is then applied to the stator terminals of the
induction machine and measures the input voltage (V ), current
(I), and power (P) for various voltages. Note that at synchronous
speed, the slip is zero and thus the rotor circuit is open-circuited.
From the measured data, the input apparent power (S), re-
active power (Q), and power factor angle () of the induction
machine can be obtained as
S =

3V I, Q =
_
S
2
P
2
, and = tan
1
(Q/P).
(A1)
The magnitude of air gap voltage at 1.0 p.u. frequency can be
written as
V
g
= |V
1
I
1
(cos j sin )(R
1
+ jX
1
)| . (A2)
Here, V
1
and I
1
are the measured phase voltage and phase
current, respectively, of the induction machine. From the active
and reactive power balance equations, values of R
c
and X
m
can
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364 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 24, NO. 2, JUNE 2009
Fig. 8. Variation of V
g
/F against X
m
. () Results obtained through (1); (o)
experimental results.
be written as [29]
R
c
=
V
2
g
(P 3I
2
1
R
1
)
and X
m
=
V
2
g
(Q3I
2
1
X
1
)
.
(A3)
The previous calculations are to be repeated in all sets of
measured data (V , I, and P). In this study, the value of R
c
is
considered as the mean of all values found from (A3). The cal-
culated values of V
g
/F and X
m
can now be used to evaluate the
coefcients of (1) using the polyt routine given in MATLAB.
Fig. 8 shows the variation of V
g
/F against X
m
and it indicates
that the values found through (1) with the earlier coefcients
match perfectly with those obtained through (A2)(A3) using
the test data.
B. Performance Calculation
By knowing X
m
, V
g
/F can be evaluated from (1). Once
V
g
/F is known, the stator current (in Fig. 2) and the rotor
current (in Fig. 1) can be written as

I
1
=
V
g
/F

Z
ao
+

Z
ab
and

I
2
=
V
g
/F
R
2
/(F v) + jX
2
.
(B1)
Here, V
g
is considered as reference (

V
g
= V
g

0
0
). The ratio
of generator terminal voltage to p.u. frequency (in Fig. 2) is

V
t
/F =

I
1

Z
ao
. (B2)
The load current and the capacitor current (in Fig. 1) are

I
L
=

V
t
/F
R
L
/F + jX
L
and

I
C
=

V
t
/F
jX
C
/F
2
. (B3)
The active and reactive powers absorbed by the load are
P
L
= 3 |I
L
|
2
R
L
and Q
L
= 3 |I
L
|
2
FX
L
. (B4)
The reactive power of the capacitor is
Q
C
= 3 |I
C
|
2
X
C
F
. (B5)
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M. H. Haque (S84M89SM93) was born in
Dinajpur, Bangladesh. He received the B.Sc.
and M.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering from
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technol-
ogy, Dhaka, Bangladesh, in 1980 and 1983, respec-
tively, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineer-
ing from King Fahd University of Petroleum and
Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, in 1988.
For four years, he was with the Department of
Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh
University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka,
Bangladesh, as a Lecturer. In 1984, he joined the Department of Electrical Engi-
neering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran,
Saudi Arabia, as a Lecturer, and was promoted to an Assistant Professor in 1989
and an Associate Professor in 1993. For three years, he was also with the School
of Electrical Engineering, University of South Australia, Australia, as a Senior
Lecturer. For one year, he was with The Flinders University of South Australia,
Australia. Since 1998, he has been an Associate Professor in the School of
Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Sin-
gapore.
Dr. Haque is a Fellow of the Institution of Engineers, Australia.
Authorized licensed use limited to: Shri Sant Gajanan Maharaj College of Eng. Downloaded on July 14,2010 at 09:15:31 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.