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Introduction
Fluid Mechanics Fluid Statics
fluid at rest deals with forces applied by fluids at rest
Fluid Dynamics
fluid in motion
Hydrodynamics Buoyant force applied by fluids on submerged or floating bodies e.g ships, submarines Hydrostatic forces on submerged bodies e.g dam, tanks storing fluid, automation actuators e.g liquid flow in pipes and open channel (hydraulics), pumps,hydroturbine s, water cooling system
Gas dynamics e.g gas turbines, flow of air over a body (aerodynamics) aircraft, rockets, automobiles
Introduction
Naturally occuring flows
Meteorology Oceanography Hydrology
What is fluid?
Fluid is a substance that deforms continuously under the application of a shear (tangential) stress no matter how small the shear stress may be.
F
t0 t1 t2
F
t2>t1>t0
(a)
(b)
Behavior of (a) solid and (b) fluid, under the action of a constant shear
SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I
What is fluid?
Fluids comprise the liquid and gas (or vapor) phases Distinction between solid,liquid and gas
Atom Arrangement Intermolecular bonds Strongest Moderate
Molecules are relatively fixed position Groups of molecules move about each other in the liquid phase Molecules move about at random in the gas phase
SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I
Weakest
What is fluid?
Normal to surface
Fn
dA
Tangent to surface
dA
Ft
No-slip Condition
A fluid in direct contact with a solid sticks to the surface due to viscous effects, and there is no slip. The flow region adjacent to the wall in which the viscous effects (and thus the velocity gradients) are significant is called
Relative velocities of fluid layers
boundary layer.
Uniform approach velocity, V
Plate
A fluid flowing over stationary surface comes to a complete stop at the surface because of the no-slip condition SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I
External flow flows in which the fluid is unbounded over solid surfaces
e.g flow over a plate, wire, sphere object Viscous effects are limited to boundary layers near solid surfaces and to wake regions downstream of bodies * Open-channel flow the flow of liquids in a duct in which the liquid is partially filled and there is a free surface e.g rivers, irrigation channels
SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I
Mach number,
(Speed of sound=346 m/s) Ma = V = Speed of flow c Speed of sound Ma=1 (Sonic), Ma<1 (Subsonic), Ma>1(Supersonic), Ma>>1 (Hypersonic) SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I
Tank arranged as above with a pipe taking water from the centre into which dye is injected through a needle
Laminar (viscous)
Transitional
Turbulent
Schlieren image of a hot water (left) and ice water (right) in a glass
or
V=10 m/s
Non-uniform Flow if at a given instant, fluid properties change with location over a specified region
V2=10 m/s 1 V1=10 m/s 2 V2=11 m/s
or
V1=10 m/s
z The development of the velocity profile in a circular pipe, V=V(r,z) and thus the flow is 2-D in the entrance region, and becomes 1-D downstream when the velocity profile fully develops and remain unchanged in the flow direction, V=V(r) SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I
Pulmonary system
Breathing machine
Building
Water supply system Sewerage system Heating and air-conditioning Aerodynamics forces and flow fields around structure
SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I
Aircraft
Aerofoil design Gas turbine
SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I
Industry
Cooling of electronics Automation system
Recreational
Badminton shuttle and golf ball aerodynamics
SYSTEM
BOUNDARY
Imaginary boundary
Imaginary boundary
The seven fundamental (or primary) dimensions and their units in SI SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I
SI Units
International System SI system was produced by General Conference of Weights and Measures in 1960 SI is a simple and logical system and widely being used for scientific and engineering work in most of the industrialized nations
Metric SI (from Le Systeme International dUnites) or
SI Units
Multiple 1012 109 106 103 102 101 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 Prefix tera, T giga, G mega, M Kilo, k hecto, h deka, da deci, d centi, c milli, m micro, nano, n pico, p
Standard Fluid Mechanics I SME 1313 prefixes in SI units
Dimensional Homogeneity
In engineering, all equations must be dimensionally homogeneous where every term in an equation must have the same unit
Problem-Solving Technique
Step 1:Problem Statement
State briefly and concisely (in your own words) the information given and the quantities to be found
Step 2:Schematic
Draw a schematic of the system or control volume to be used in the analysis. Indicate any energy and mass interactions with the surroundings Listing the given information on sketch
Problem-Solving Technique
Step 4:Physical Laws
Apply all the relevant basic physical laws and principle and reduce them to their simplest form by utilizing the assumptions made Determine the unknown properties at known states necessary to solve the problem from property relations or tables Substitute the known quantities into the simplified relations and perform the calculations to determine the unknown Pay attention to the units and unit cancellations Give appropriate number of significant digits
SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I
Step 5:Properties
Step 6:Calculations
Problem-Solving Technique
Step 7:Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion
Check to make sure that the results obtained are reasonable and intuitive and verify the validity of the questionable assumptions Repeat the calculations that resulted in unreasonable values