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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
TITLE PAGE............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ i i
ABSTRACT. . . . . . . . . j i i
INTRODUCT ION ........................
DETAILS OF TEST.. - ...............
RESULTS AND DiSCUSSiON.................
REFERENCES ......... '" ..................
APPEND IX A....... - ................
Tab I es I - XI I ...................................
APPENDIX B.............................
Fi gure.......................................
DISTRIBUTION LiST.....
UNCLASS,FIED
Keport No. CCl #. 12: _
copy Number _
DETERGENCY OF THE 12 fO 18 CARBON SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
By
A. Hankowich
14 June 1962
OMS Code No. 5010.11.8420051
Dept of the Army Project No.
593-32-006
Coating .nd Chemical Laboratory
Aberdeen Proving Ground
Maryland
UNCLASS IFIED
AUTHOR:
A. HANKOWICH, Chemist
Chemical Cleaning &
Corrosion Branch
REVIEWED
.<c
H. ROSENFELD, Ch ef
Chemical Cleaning &
Corrosion Branch

APPROVED BY:
C. F PICKETT, Director
Coating. Chemical Laboratory
.,
ABSTRACT
Systems of one surfactant (two anionic and three nonionic types were studied)
with an homologous fami Iy of soi Is (the 12, 14, 16 and 18 carbon saturated fatty
acids) were explored to determine the relationship of the detergencies of such
systems to the physico-chemical nature (HLB, hydrophile-lipophile balance) of
the soils. A series of systems of ethylene oxide homologs of nonyl with
the same soils was also investigated.
Neither surfactant HLB nor adsorptive energy of the surfactant polar group,
alone, is responsible for the detergency of the 12 to 18 carbon fatty acids.
Two relationships were derived for nonyl phenol
poly.;!thenoxyether-fatty acid systems; namely, I il1c.ari ty of the R (ethylene oxide
mole ratio)-Iog M/eMC and HLB-Iog MfcMC (M a surfactant
concentration giving ca 100% removal of 16 and 18 carbon fatty acids, and CHC =
critical micelle concentration).
Fatty acid soaps are poor detergent:; of the fatty acid :;olls. It is
sugges ted tha tin such sys tems the ch ief ac t ion is van der Waa Is adsorp t Ion
between hydrocarbon chains of the surfactant and soil, with adsorption Increasing
with increasing chain length of the former and concentration of the latter.
Anionic sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate is a good detergent of the fatty acids,
soil removal being independent of soil chain length.
Polyoxyeth,1enP. (2i sorbitan monolaurate and the 12 and 15 ethylene oxide
mole ratio adducts of tridecyl alcohol are poor detergents of the saturated fatty
acids.
I I i
I. INTRODUCTION
PrevIous hard surface detergency studies at this laboratory have shown !hat
for several classes of soi I (fatty aCid, fatty alcohol, ester, and amine) a linear
relationship exists between detergency and micellar solubilization beginning at
about 90% soil removal, and that the constants of this are connected to
HLB (hydrophile-lipophile balance) of surfactant, sOil dipole moment and or soil
boundary tension (1,2). These studies have covered systems consisting of several
(four) surfactant homologs with one soi I, and one surfactant with four classes
of soil (2).
Th I S !)aper explor",s sys tems cons 1St I n9 of one sur fac tan t with a homo 1ogous
family of soi Is, the 12, 14, 16 and 18 carbon saturated fatty acids.
II. DETAILS OF TEST
A. Method
Dynamic procedures were used in determining micel I<li (Orange aT)
solubi llzatlon (3) and detergency. Some details of the cietergency testing
techni ,:.Ie (preparation of panels, cleaning procedure, and measurement of
residual soil) have already been (3). A sl ight change was made in the
residual soil measurement by the substitution of ethyl alcohol for acetone as
the degreasing solvent. Appl ication of the fatty acid soi Is to the steel test
panels was as follows: the molten acid was brushed on one face of the weighed
panel with a small camel's hair brush. The panel was then hung vertically in a
105C oven for a draining period depending upon the acid, as fol lows:
lauric acid
acid --- 2
palmitic acid --- 3
stearic acid ---- 3
minutes
minutes
minutes
minutes
The panel was then removed from the oven, cooled to room temperature, and
The weight of fatty acid per panel WdS 53 - 60 milligrams.
B. Soi Is
The soi Is were reagent grade fatt, acids with melting points as
follows:
lauric acid ----- 42 - 43C
myristic acid --- 52 - 53C
palmi tic acid --- 61 - 62C
stearic acid ---- 68 - 695C
C. SOJrfactants
The surfactants the following commercial ethylene oxide
of nonyl phenol:
Surfactant
nonyl phenyl pentadecaethylene glycol ether
nonyl phenyl eicosaethylene glycol ether
nonyl phenyl triacontaethylene glycol ether
nonyl phenyl tetracontaethylene glycol ether
nonyl rnenyl pentacontaethylene glycol ether
nonyl phenyl decacontaethylene glycol ether
Symbol
NPPGE
NPEGE
NPTGE
NPTTGE
NP50E
NPIOOE
Ethylene Oxide
Hole Rat io
15
20
30
40
50
100
Also studied were two polyethenoxyethers of tridecyl alcohol, a polyoxyethylene
sorbitan monolaurate, an alkyl aryl sulphonate, and two soaps, as fol lows:
tridecyldodecaethylene glycol ether --.---------------.. -- TDDGE
tridecylpentadecaethylene glycol ether ----.------------- TDPGE
polycxyethylene (23) sorbitan monolaurate --------------- PSHl
sodium dexiecyJ benzene sulphonate ----------------------- SOBS
sodium oleate
potassium laurate
The CHC (critical micelle concentration) values of these surfactants are given
in a previous paper (4).
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Fatty Acid Soaps
Tables XI and XII Indicate that aqueous solutions of fatty acid soaps
are poor detergents of solid fatty acid soils. The detergency isotherms of the
12, 14, 16, and 18 carbon aCid soils with both soaps (excepting the potassium
laurate - lauric acid system) att.:'!in a low maximum and then fall to "negative"
detergency (residual soli) original soli). At the same soap concentration,
detergency with Increasing number or in the soil. A probable
explanation of these iesult5 's the following, a theor.,previously advanced by
other workers in the field: the binding energy of the fatty acid to ,he steel
substrate consists of the adsorptive energy of its polar carboxyl groups to the
steel plus the van der Waals cohesive forces between the hydrocarbon chains of
its molecules. Thus the greater the chain length, the more strongly the fatty
acid is adsorbed, and the more difficult it is to deterge. Since the
g.oups of the soap detergents are also carboxyl, preferential adsorption of
detergentdllflson the 3ubst:-dte is m:limized. Tile chief action is adsorptIon
between the hydrocarbon chains of the acid SOl I and the fatty acid soap, and
this increases with length of the former and concentration of
the latter.
B. Alkyl Aryl Sulphonate Detergency
Table X shows that sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate is a good deter-
gent of sol id fatty acids. The detergency isotherms of al I four acids approach
100% > is substantially independent of tne length of the hydro-
chain uf the acid. This ;ndicates that the adsorptive energy of the polar
iulphonate group is conSiderably higher than that of the carboxyl group, and that
wetting by the former occurs readily.
2
C. Polyethenoxyethers of Tridecyl Alcohol and Polyoxyethylene Sorbitan
MonoJaura te
Tables VII, VI II and IX indicate that the 12 and 15 ethylene oxide
mole ra:.io adducts of alcohol and polyoxyethylene (23) sorbitan
monolaurate are poor detergents of the 12, 14, 16 18 carbon fatty acids.
behavior noted in sections III-A, III-B and III-C indicates
that removal of solid saturated fatty acid soils is related in part to the
adsorptive energy (preferential adsorbability) of the detergent: i.ns of
anionic surfactants (or detergent molecules of :'lonionic agents). It is
obviously an over-simplification to attribute solely to the
detergent jon or molecule. While the polar sulphonate group appears to be
responsible for the excellent fatty acid detergency of sodium dodecyl benzene
sulphonate, the same group is entirely ineffective as a sOil remover in
wetting agents I ike sodium iSQpropyl naphthalene sulphonate and in hydrotropes
like sodium benzene These facts seem to point to a possible
connection between detergency, surfactant HLB and soil HLB. But this
investigation has shown that HLB cannot be the only factor involved in deter-
gency. Table I reveals good fatty acid soil removal ability for the 100
ethylene oxide mole ratio adduct vf phenol (HLB Ig.J5). Sodium
dodecyl benzene sulphonate, also an excellent detergent of the same soil, has
an HLB value of 1'.70.
D. Behavior of Ethylene Oxide Adducts of Nonyl Phenol
Tables I to VI, inclusive, give fatty acid soil removal data of
ethylene oxide adducts of nonyl phenol. The following generalities are
establ ished:
(1) The 15R (15 mole ratio) adduct is a poor remOver of 12 - 18 carbon
saturated fatty acids, particularly at normal detergent concentrations (only
ca 6% removal at 30.CHe or 0 29%). At 360.CHC, removal is 73 - 81%; and at
480.CHC (4.65%), lauric acid removal is 91%.
(2) The 20R adduct (NPEGE) is also a poor detergent of 12 - 18 carbon
saturated fatty aCids, 74% removal of stearic acid being the best value at
concentrations up to 150.CHC or 2.57%. At 168.CMC, removal of palmitic and
stearic acids becomes good, 92 - 95%.
(3) At normal detergent concentrations (to 24.CMC, or 1.02%), the 30R
adduct is a poor detergent of saturated fatty acids. Good detergency of the
18, 16 and 14 carbon acids is ohtained approximately at 48.CMC, 64.CHC, and
80.CHC, respectively.
Detergency increases with increasing chain length of the 14, 16 and
18 carbcn acid soils at the same concentration of 30, 40, 50 and 100 mole ratio
nonyl phenol adducts. Removal of 12 carbon acid by the latter three addlJcts is
consldt,ab!y better than 14 carbon acid soil removal, and is substantially
to the good detergency of stearic acid by these surfactants.
(5) Table XIII, a compilation of nonyl phenol -dduct data at a practical
detergency level (at concentrations providing ca 100% soi I removal for most
of the surfactants), emphasizes the following points: (a) the abnormally
3
high surfactant concenrrations (2.7 - 3.8%) required to give good sol id fatty
acid 50:1 (b) the sharp decrease in the HfCHC ratio with increasing
ethylene oXide mole ratio, R (where H = concentration giving ca
100%. 16 and 18 carbon fatty acid removai); for values of R between 15 and 50,
R-Iog (H,'CMt) function is linear (Figure I); and the surfactant HLB-Iog
(M/CHC) funct:on is linear for values of R between 20 and 100 (Figure I); the
of these func' :5 conf,rmed because they indicate
linearity R and HLB, a previously reported for
ethylene oxide addu.:.t5 of l10nyl phenol 0); (d poor dete:-gency of the 15
mole ratio
IV. REFi:.RENCE5
I. Hankow ct>., A. J
11
; . Ar-. 0: I 50-: .
II
39 206( 1962)
J
20 Hankow .../ A. J .'1g a'1d r"'elT):cal Labo.-arory ..epor t #
(;";l ! 19, 10 Hay 1962.
3, Mankow ' '"I, P
11
'.'.
A,... 0, ,
Soc." 38,589 (1961 )
4. Hank.:- ,.h. A. ::oa:: "':j and . '.' a i Labo... a to.y Report
u ,.... .
103, 17 M.:trch 1961. ff \"o\"&"
4
APPENDIX A
Tab les
5
TABLE I
NPIOOE D E T E ~ G E N C Y
----
%Soi I RetTIova I
Surfactant Laur ic Myristic Palmitic Stearic
Molar i ty Acid Ac:d Acid Acid
.00100 - CMC 98.8 40.0 24. J 62.8
.00200 985 31.3 893
.00300 37. J 49.2 96.4
.00600 80.8
993 996
.00800 99.4
6
TABLE III
NPTTGE DETERGENCY
% Soi I Removal
Surfactant Laur ic Myristic Palmitic Stearic
Molar i ty ACid Acid Acid Acid
.000450 - CMC 10.6 174
.::>0264 174
.00528 62.4
333 272 433
.00792 909 434 654
.0106
957 293 575 949
.0158
932 492 99.4 ca 100.
TABLE IV
NPTGE DETERGENCY
% Soi I Removal
Surfactant Laur ic Myr; s t; c Palmitic Stearic
Molar i ty Acid Acid Acid Acid
.000275 - CMC 105 6.5 18.9
.00110
105
.00440 16.6
.00660 64 I 208 48.9
.0132
897 295
61.8 98.4
.0176 693 68.2 99 7
ca 100.
.0220 98.2
7
TABLE V
NPEGE
%Soi I Removal
Sur f:tc tan t Laur ic Hyr i 5 tic
"'P:iimitic Stearic
Molar i ty Acid Acid Acid Acid
.000155 - CHC 5.0 37
18
.00582
76
.0116
135
.0232 209 73 5
,0261 9 271
92.2 94 9
.0290 987
,0349 80 6 80.6 ca 100
989
TABLE VI
NPPGE DETERGENCY
% Soi I Removal
Surfactant Laur i c Hyr is tic Palmitic
Molar i ty Acid Acid Acid Acid
000110 - CHC 30
4.2 1.8
JOIIO
65 92
.00330
57
.0132 11.2 227
.0264
477 192 292 35.6
.0396 78. I 73.4 770
81.1
.0528 91.0
8
TABLE VII
TDDGE DETERGENCY
% Soi I Removal
Surfactant Laur i c Myristic Palmitic Stearic
Mo lar i ty Acid Acid Acid Acid
.000148 - CMC 4. I
173
Zero
.001l1
36
rt:!s idua J 50i ,) 4.2 4.1
original soi I
.0213
38 residual soi I.) 83
12.4
original soi I
.0426
137 8 2 94
TABLE VIII
TDPGE DETERGENCY
% Soi I Removal
Surfactant Laur I c Myr i s tic Palmi tic Stearic
Molar i ty Acid Acid Acid Acid
.000165 - CMC 5 I
16.0 Zero
.00528
38
.0211 14 9 85 167
21.6
.0422 40.8 56.6 66.6 72. I
TABLE IX
PSHL DETERGENCY
Surfactant
Molar i ty
Laur j c
Acid
% So i' Remova I -:-..,.... --,__,.--__
Myristic Palmitic Stearic
Acid ACid Acid
.000106 - CMC
.00106
.0106
.0212
.Q318
379
767
5.2
11.2
227
32.0
45. ,
9
45.3
Zero
42.
L
,
58.8
TABLE X
SOBS DETERGENCY
% Soi I Removal
Surfactant Laurlc Myr i s tic Palmitic Stearic
Molar i ty Acid Acid Acid Acid
.00150 - CMC 13.4 18.2
00300 23 3
20.4 22.4
.00600 93 0 843 81.5 71.2
.00750 96.8
953 990
.00900
997 987
.0120
993
TABLE XI
SOD IUH OLEATE DETERGENCY
% SO! I R ~ m o v a l
Surfactant Laur i c Hyr i s tic Palmitic Stear Ic
Holar i ty ACid Acid Add Acid
.00110 - CHC 10.4 169 10.4
.0132 154 22.2
.0264 55.0 58.4 48.5 Zero
.0792
;,.q.O
49.5 residual soi I) residual soi I)
original soi I original soi 1
.1056 42.0
37
residual soi I)
or i gi na I soi 1
10
TABLE XII
POTASS tuM LAtJRATE DETERGENCY
Surfactant
Mol ar i ty
.0140
G-
.
.0233 - CMC
.0466
.0932
lauric
Acid
37.8
98.1
983
56. J
775
sa.6
residual soil)
original soi I
419
residual soil>
original soi I
Stearic
Acid
residual soil>
or i gina I so i I
res idua I soi 1 )
original soil
res idua I so i I ).
original soi I
TABLE XIII
PRACTICAL DETERGENCY OF NONYL PHENOL ADDUCTS
Mole
Ratio Concentrat ion % Soi I Removal
" i ' ~ t (
Surfactant R HLB
H ,':
HiCMC 12C 14C 16c i8c
NPPGE 15 15.00 .0396 360 78.1 734 770
81.1
NPEGE 20 16.00 .0349 225 80.6 80.6 ca 100 98.9
NPTGE 30 '7.20 .0176 64 693
68.2
997
ca 100
NPTTGE 40 1778 .0158 35 932 492 99.4 ca fOO
NP50E 50 18.18 . OJ 26 16 72.6 995
ca 100
NP100E 100 19.05 .00600 6 8i).8
993 99.6
.. ::
- molarity giving ca J00% remova I of 16 and 18 carbon saturated acids
i':"'.':
- soi J = saturated fatty acids.
i I
APPENDIX B
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t--- <
AD NO Accession No I Unclassified
Coating & Chemical Laboratory, Aberdeen I
Proving Ground, Md., CCl # 123 - DETER- I
GEHCY OF THE 12 TO 18 CARBO:; SATURATED !
FATTY ACIDS - A. Hankowich, R;Jt No. 123, l
i4 June 1962, 20 pgs, OMS 5010.11.84200511
DA Proj No. 593-32-00E '
Systems of one surfactant (two anionic
and three nonionic st:Jdled)
with an homologous family of soils (the
12, 14, 16 and 13 carbon saturated fatty
acids) were explored to determine the re-
lationship of the of such
systems to the Ilhysico-c!.emical nature
(HlB, hydrophi Ie-I Ie Jal,nce) of
the soils. A series of systems of ethy-
lene oxide homologs of nonyl .llenol wi th
AD NO Accession No I Unclassified
Coating &Chemical laboratory, Aberdeen--
Proving Ground, Md., eCl # 123 - JETER-
GENCY OF THE 12 TO 13 CARBOI! SATURATED
FATTY ACIDS - A. Hank0'!ich, R;1t No. 123,
14 June 1962, 20 pgs, OMS 5010.11.8420051
DA Proj No. 593-32-COc
Systems of one surfactant (two anionic
three non ionic studied)
an homologous family of soi;s
12, 14, 16 and 18 careon fatty
were explored to the re-
lltionship of the detergencies of such
to the physico-chemical :.ature
(HlB, hydrophi Ie-I iPOFtd Ie :)alallce) of
f
he soils. A series of systems of ethy-
ene oxide homoloas of nonvl ,henol with
AD NO Acces::: --;: 1 Unc;:ss i f ied
Coating &Chemical Laboratory, Aberdeen
Proving Ground, Md., Cel # 123 - DETER-
GENCY OF THE 12 TO 18 CARBON SATURATED
FATTY ACIDS - A. Hankowich, Rpt No. 123,
14 June 1962, 20 pgs, 5010.11.8420051
DA Proj No. 593-32-006
i Systems of one surfactant (two anionic
l
and three nonionic types were studied)
with an homologous family of soils (the
112, 14, 16 and 18 carbon saturated fatty
acids) were explored to determine the re-
i lationship of the detergencies of such
!systems to the physico-chemical nature i
i (HLB, hydrophile-lipophi Ie balance) of i
,the soils. A series of systems of ethy- I
Ilenc 9*i
de
hQDgIgQS of ogPV' phenol i
AD NO ,Ur-classified
Coat i;;g &. Chemi ca I laboratory,
jProving Ground, Md., CCl # 123 - DETER- '
iGENCY OF THE 12 TO 18 CARBON SATURATED
FATTY ACIDS - A. Hankowich, Rpt No. 123,
114 June 1962, 20 pgs, OMS 5010.11.8420051
iDA Proj No. 593-32-006
'I SYitems of one surfactant (t\.,: a!"lionic
.and three nonionic types were studied)
an homologous family of soi Is (the
j12, 14, 16 and 18 carbon saturated fatty
!acids) were explored to the re-
ilationship of the detergencies of such
!systems to the ;li,ysico-chemical nature
I(HlB, belance) of
Ithe soils. A series of systems of ,
oxide ;,omoloQS of nonXI phenol wjID_.... ...-:
Unclassified
the same soi Is was also investigated
Neither HLB nor adsor?tive energy of the sur-
factant .c:ar gro;J', alone, is res"onsible for the Ceter-
gency of ti:e 12 t-:J I carbon fa t ty ac i ds
T","o reJationshi:)s were derived for t,le
nonyl acid systems; namely,
of the R o::ide mole ratio)-log M CMC
and surfactant HLa-log M CMC functions = surfactant con-
<;;vinS ca 1:)0/; removal of 16 and 18 car00n fatty
acids, and CMe = critical mice! Ie concentration).
Fatty acid s,)aps ,re ;Jocr detergents the fatty acid
soils. It is sussested ;n such systems the chief
actio!') isvan der Waals adsor;:>tlor. betwee'l hydrocarbor. chain
of the and SOl I, WI th adsorption increasing
with increasi"9 c:-.ain 1ensth of the former and concentratio
Unclassified
the same SOl Is was also inv!st'sated.
Neither surfactant hL3 adsorptive energy of the sur
factant ;Jolar alone, is responsible for the deter-
gency of the 12 to 13 fatty acids.
Two seri-Iosar,tr.r,lic relationships were derived for the
nOl"yl ;:-:'e,,01 yether-fatty acid systems; namely,
linearity of the R (ethylene Q:ide mole ratio)-Iog M CMC
.and surfactar.t M CMC functions (1'1 = surf.. con-
fcentration SivinS 100% removal of 16 and 18 carbon fatty
ana (h( '" critical micelle concentration).
Fatty aCid are .)oor detergents of the fatty aCid
soi Is. It IS susseste-: tr,at in such systems the
actio') is van der dcsc,nti,Jn between hydrocarbon
of sci I, with adsorption increasing
lwith of the fo-ner and concentratio, i __ .. J _
ed 1
the same s:Ji IS ;.as also investigated I
Neither surfacta,t HlB nor energy of the sur-
factai"1t ;:>olar srou.), alone, is responsible for the deter-
sency of the :2 to J8 carbon fatty aCids.
Two relationships were derived for the
nonyl phen:;;1 aCid systems; namely,
I inearity R (ethylene oxide mole ratio) --log 1'1 CMC
and surfacta'.t f;L3-loS M CMC functions (1'1 = surfactant con
centratlon ca IJO% removal of 16 and 18 carbor fatt
aCids, and (r.C :,,-critical micelle concentration).
Fatty aciu soa s are ?oor detergents of the fatty acid
soils. It:s that in such systems the chief
act on ,svan der Waals adsorption between hydrocarbon ci.am
of the and 501 I, with adsorption increasing
with ir.cre.:::.'.s cr.alrl iength of the former and concentration
Unc lass i f
the same soils "cs also investigated.
Neither HLB nor adsorptive energy of the sur-
factant ,oo!ar alone, ,s responsible for the deter-
gency of 12 to 13 carbon fatty acids.
Two relationships ....ere de-rived for
nonyl ,:Jhe;.0! ::,o::'etl-.a:;o: yether-fatty acid systems; nar.Jely,
linearity of (etr,ylene oxide mole ratio)-Iog M CMC
and r L3-loS M CMC functions (1'1 = surfactant con
centratioi"1 ca iOO% removal of 16 and 18 carbon fatt
acids, an': C,;::" critical micelle concentration).
Fatty acie ,;;:a.5 are poor detergents of the fatty acid
soils. It is that in such systems the chief
action isvan der ',!-3"ls adsorption between hydrocarbonchaL
of the znd soi 1, with adsorption increaSing
with c:,a:;) length of the former and con':entratio
---_. _.. ---------------_.
-- .p.....-......- i
Unclassified
of the latter. Anionic sodium dQdec"y'I benzene sulpho,ate IS
a good detergent of t1'e fatt)' soil rell'oval being
independent of soi 1 -:hain lerlgth.
Po Iyoxye IHe sor::> i tan mC10 Iaura ,e and the 12 and
15 ethylene ratio addUCeS o tridp.cyl alcohol are
poor detergents of the saturated fatty ac:ds.
Unclassified
of the atter. Anionic sodium benzene sulphonate is
a ;ooC jetergent of the fatty ae Ids, "oil rer.Joval being
of SO! 1 chain length.
Polyo; yethylene (23) sorbl tan monoldruate and the 12 and
15 ethylene oXide mole ratio adducts of uldecyl al::ohol3re
poor detergents of the saturated fatty aCids.
------.. ... I ---,_.'-"._-" ..- ........--..--
IJnc !dSS if ied
of the latter. Anion.c soc;:.;,', benzene 5ul;:>hemate is
a sood dete:::-gent of rhe fat Li '(1), sal I re-r-:o,a I being
Independent of soil chain ler;:h.
Polyru:yethylpne (23) sor0itan nonolaurate and the 12 and
15 ethylene oxide mole rat:o adducts of tridecyl alCOhol are
poor detergents of the fatty acids.

Unclassified
of the benzene sulphonate
a Sood of the fatty aCids, soi I removal being
Indeperjent of SOl I chain length.
Polyo:yethylene (23) sorbitan monolaurate and the 12 and
15 ethylene oxide mole ratIo adducts of tridecyl alcohol are
poor detergents of the saturated fatty acids.

tAD NO No i Unclassified AD NO I
I
Coating & Chemical LaDora.tor y, Aberdeen I Coating & Chemical Laboratory, Aberdeen
Proving Ground, Md., CCl # 123 - DETER- ; Proving Ground, Md., Cel # 123 - DETER-
GENCY OF THE 12 TO 13 CAR30:; SATURATED GENCY OF THE 12 TO 18 CARBON SATURATED
FATTY ,dCIDS - A. Mapkowich, R,)t No. 123, ' IFATTY ACIDS - A. MaOlkOo'lich, Rpt tlo. 123,
14 June 1962, 20 OMS 50lQ.II.8420051 14 June 1962, 20 OMS 5010.11.8420051
DA Proj No. 593-32-'OE DA Proj No. 593-32-006
_V'ti
1Jijr
Systems of one surfactant (two anionic
and three nonionic typas
with ar homoiogou5 Iy of soils (the
12, 14, 16 and 13 ceorl;on saturated fatty
aci<1s) explored to tietermi:1e the re-
"f the of such
SIS t :he r>hys ' co-chefTlical nature
(hL2, hyc.; Ie-I ii-v,':,i Jal<: l!:e) of
A of systems of ethy-
.!,enol wi th
AD NO Access ion 140 1 Unc Iass i f ied
Coating &Chemical laooratory, Aberdeen
Proving Ground, Md., CCL # 123 - JETER-
GENCY OF THE 12 TO 18 CARao:! SATURATED
FATTY ACIDS - A. HankO\!icr., R:Jt i'lo. 123,
14 June 1962, 20 OMS 501a. 11.8420051
DA Proj No. 593-32-COc
Systems of one s:Jrfaclar:t a:lionic
three nonionic studied)
an homologous family of soi Is (the
12, 14, 16 and 18 carbon sai::.Jrated fatty
acids) were to the re-
1.tionship of the detersencies of such
systems to the physico-chemical
(HlB, hydrophi Ie-I iporhi Ie Jala!lce) of
f
he soils. A series of systems of ethy-
ene oxide homologs of -henol with
: Systems of one (two aniOOlic
',and three nonionic ty .l.S were studioed)
,with an homologous fami Iy of soils (the
i 12, 14, 16 and 18 carbon saturated fatty
acids) were explored to determine the re-
: lationship of the detergencies of suet,
:systems to the physico-chemical I
I (HlB, hydrophi le-I ipo;>hi Ie balance) (f i
the soi Is. A series of ststems of elr
l
-
lene 9'ijde hqpolggS gf P9P'!'! L -9
AD NO Accession Ik Lr.cJ.Js_ ied
Coating &Chemical laboratory, I
: Prov i ng Ground, Md., CCl # 123 - DETER- ; I
:GENCY OF THE 12 TO 18 CARBON SATURATED I
'FATTY ACltS - A. Hankowich, Rpt No. 123,
114 June IS62, 2u pgs, OMS 5010.11.8420051 , I
IDA Proj No. 593-32-006
Systems of one surfactant
and three nonionic types were
with an homologous fami Iy of soi Is (the
112, 14, 16 and 18 carbon saturated fatty
'acids) were explored to determine the re-
: lationship of the detergencies of such
systems to the ::r,ysic.o-chemical nature
:(HLB, hydro;:hile-lipophile balance) of
the soi Is. A series of systems of ethy-
. Iel1e ox ide homo Ioas of non\ll I with
--------------,
Unclassified
the Is was also investigated
Neithzr HLB nor adsor;Jtive energy of the sur-
factant c,ar gr0;.1, alor.e, is reslonsible for the ceter-
gencvof t,:e 12 t'J I carbon fatty acids
Two Sem i -l oc:;ar it:,;: c re 1a t i onsh i :)S were der i ved for the
nonyl r,he,',ed acid systems; namel"
of the R (ethylene o;:ide mole ratio)-Iog M CMC
and surfactant HLB-log M CMC functions (M = surfactant con-
centration S;vinS ca removal of 16 and IE fatty
acids, and tHC = critical micel Ie concentration).
Fatty acid soaps are ?ocr detergents of the fatty acid
soils. It is that in such systems the chief
ac t i on I:' van d,Jr waa Is od _Jr? t vn c.e t\'leen hyd roca rbur, ::ha i 11
of the surfaceant and so, I, with adsorption increasing
wit, ir.creasiOlg c:-,ain lensth of the former and concentratlo
-' .. _-.L,..," ..
Unclassified
the !,ijme ;Ji Ie .. as also i:westigated.
Neither HLB nor adsorptive e-ergy of the sur-
factant :Jolar srou.J, alone, is for the deter-
gency of :2 t'J I.g carbo,) fatty aCids.
Two relationships were derived for the
nonyl aCid systems; namely,
Iinearlty::f R (ethylene oxide mole ratio) log H CHC
and surfac:a.t f:L3-10S M CMC functions (1'1 = surfactant con
centratlon ca 100% removal of 16 and 18 carbo" fatt
aCids, and micelle concentration).
Fatty acid S02 s are detergents of the fatty acid
Sails. It IS suss':?sted that i" such systems the chief
action IS 'Ian der waals adsorption between hydrocarbon d,a,"
of the surfac:a ,t and sOil, with adsorption increasing
with ir.cre.:::: ... s, daln length of the former and concentration
--.-------.-- . ---1-----
Unclassified Unclassified
the same sOils also the same soi Is. as also investigated.
Neither hLB adsorptive energy of the sur' Neither HLB nor adsorptive energy of the sur-
factant ?olar srl1u::-, alone, is responsible for the deter- factant ;Jolar alone, IS responsible for the deter-
gency of 12 tJ 13 fatty acids. gency of 12 to 13 carbon fatty acids.
Two se,ci-10sarltr.mic relatlonshi;>s WE.re derived for the Two se,ni-lo<:2ritLmic relationships were derived for t:-e
nonyl acid systems; namely, nonyl ?he;,o! ,u:':ztr,eno; yether-fatty acid systems; namely,
.Iinearity of tr.e R (ethylene o:dde mole ratio)-Iog M CMC linear:ty of ;. (ethylene oxide mole ratio)-Iog M CMC
tand HLB-log H CHC functions (M = surfactant con- and L3-1oS M CMe functions (H = surfactant con
[centration SivinS ca 100% of 16 and 18 carbon fatty centration flv:.: ca 100% removal of 16 and 18 carbon fatt
acids, and Ci-C :: critical micelle concentration). acids, ar.c' Cr',C :: critical micelle concentration).
Fatt)' aCid are .Joor detergents of the fatty aCid Fatty aciC :2a.5 ar.= poor detergents of the fatty aCId
soils. It,s sussestec troat in such systems the ch;ef soils. It is s'.::S:lstad that in sue:, systems the chief
actio., is van der aCs.:lr;:>tion between hydrocarbon chair. action isvan der '.:0<.>15 adsorption between hydrocarbon chai
oi the soi I, with adsorption increasing of the 2nd soil, with idsorption increaSing
cr.;)i,) ler,s:r of the former and concentration with c:,ain length of t,'e former and concentratlo
: - .. __.........
I ._-._-. i
Unclassified
of the latter. Anionic sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate is
a good detergent of the fatty acids, soil being
i of soi 1 cha i n length.
Polyoxyethylene (23) sorbitan monolaurate and the 12 and
15 ethylene oxidemole ratio adducts of tridecyl alcohol are
pO<Jr detergents of the saturated fatty ac ids.
Unclassified
of the latter. Anionic sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate is
a good detergent of the fatty aCids, removal being
independent of soi I chain length.
(23) sorbitan monolaruate and the 12 and
15 ethylene oXide mole ratio adducts of trldecyl alcohol are
poor detergents of the saturated acids.

I _.- I --.--.---------
Unclassified
of the latter. Anionic sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate is
a good detergent of the fatty acids, soil removal being
independent of soil chain length.
Polyoxyethylene (23) sorbitan monolaurate and the 12 and
15 ethylene oxide mole ratio adducts of tridecyl alcohol are
poor detergents of the saturated fatty acids.
Unclassified
of the latter. Anionic <;odium dodecyl sulphonate
a good detergel"it of the fatty a::ids, soil being
of soi I chain
Polyoxyethylene (23) sorbitan monolaurate and the 12 and
15 ethylene oxide mole ratio adducts of tridecyl alcohol are
poor detergents of the saturated fatty acids.
UNCLASIfIED
lIJ Nt lLAK FKlE JI)