Application:-

- Gas turbine
Introduction:

A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine. It has an upstream rotating compressor coupled .to a downstream turbine, and a combustion chamber in-between

Energy is added to the gas stream in the combustor, where fuel is mixed with air and ignited. In the high pressure environment of the combustor, combustion of the fuel increases the temperature. The products of the combustion are forced into the turbine section. There, the high velocity and volume of the gas flow is directed through a nozzle over the turbine's blades, spinning the turbine which powers the compressor and, for some turbines, drives their mechanical output. The energy given up to the turbine comes from the reduction .in the temperature and pressure of the exhaust gas

Energy can be extracted in the form of shaft power, compressed air or thrust or any combination of these and used to power aircraft, trains, ships, generators, or even tanks.

Types of Gas Turbines

1-Turbojet
The turbojet, the simplest and earliest type of gas turbine, is used principally in high-speed aircraft where its relatively small frontal area and high jet velocity are advantageous. The turbine extracts only sufficient energy from the gas stream to drive the compressor, leaving the remaining energy to provide the thrust.

Examples of the turbojet are the OLYMPUS 593 in the Concorde supersonic airliner and the VIPER which is used in a variety of military aircraft.

2-Turbofan
The turbofan is the most common type of gas turbine used for aircraft propulsion today. Part of the air entering the engine is compressed fully and passed into the combustion chamber, while the remainder, compressed to a lesser extent, bypasses the combustion section, to provide cold thrust. This bypass flow rejoins the hot flow downstream of the turbine, as in the ADOUR engine. In both cases, the overall jet velocity is reduced to give better propulsive efficiency, lower noise levels and improved specific fuel consumption, which make the turbofan ideal for both civil and military aircraft.

Examples of the turbofan are the RB211 in the Boeing 747, the 535 in the Boeing 757, the TAY in the Gulfstream IV and Fokker 100, the ADOUR in the Jaguar and Hawk, and the RB199 in the Tornado. The PEGASUS in the Harrier is a variation of the turbofan engine.

3-Turboprop
The turboprop is a turbojet with an additional turbine which uses the energy remaining in the gas stream, after sufficient has been absorbed to drive the compressor, to drive a propeller. The additional turbine, called the power turbine, drives the propeller through a shaft and a reduction gear. A small amount of residual thrust remains in the exhaust gases during normal operation. The turboprop is a very efficient powerplant for relatively low-speed, low-altitude aircraft, (eg, 400 mph/30000 ft), although developments in propeller technology have demonstrated the feasibility of a new generation of high-speed propellerdriven aircraft.

Examples of the turboprop are the DART in the British Aerospace 748 and the Fokker F27, and the TYNE in the Transall C-160 and Dassault-Breguet Atlantic. Turboprop power is measured in total equivalent horsepower (tehp) or kilowatts (kW), ie: the shaft horsepower plus the residual thrust.

4-Turboshaft
The turboshaft is effectively a turboprop without a propeller, the power turbine in this case being coupled to a reduction gearbox or directly to an output shaft. In the same way as the turboprop, the power turbine absorbs as much of the remaining gas energy as possible and the residual thrust is very low. Turboshaft power is normally measured in shaft horsepower (shp) or kilowatts (kW).

The most common application of the turboshaft is the helicopter, in which the engine drives both the main and tail rotors. Turboshafts are also widely used for industrial and marine installations, including power and pumping stations, hovercraft and ships. Examples of the turboshaft are the GEM in the Westland Lynx and the GNOME in the Westland Sea King

Principle Operation of Gas Turbine:

The initial starting of the turbine is by using a starting Device. Gear of the starter turn the shaft. Shaft starts to rotate creating a vacuum. Air admit through air duct and compressed by the compressor. The volume of compressed air decreases through stages Pressure and temperature increased. Air continue rush to the combustion chamber. Fuel injected to the compressed air.

With the help of the igniter, the mixture of air burnt and expand. The hot expanded gas rush through the turbine section and force the turbine to rotate.

Ex:

Construction:

A combustor is a component or area of a gas turbine, ramjet, or scramjet engine where combustion takes place. It is also known as aburner, combustion chamber or flame holder. In a gas turbine engine, the combustor or combustion chamber is fed high pressure air by the compression system. The combustor then heats this air at constant pressure. After heating, air passes from the combustor through the nozzle guide vanes to the turbine. In the case of a ramjet or scramjet engines, the air is directly fed to the nozzle. A combustor must contain and maintain stable combustion despite very high air flow rates. To do so combustors are carefully designed to first mix and ignite the air and fuel, and then mix in more air to complete the combustion

process. Early gas turbine engines used a single chamber known as a can type combustor. Today three main configurations exist: can, annular and cannular (also referred to as can-annular tubo-annular). Afterburners are often considered another type of combustor. Combustors play a crucial role in determining many of an engines operating characteristics, such as fuel efficiency, levels of emissions and transient response (the response to changing conditions such a fuel flow and air speed).

Combustion chambers