1. Ratio: The ratio of two quantities a and b in the same units, is the fraction : b.

and we write it as a

In the ratio a : b, we call a as the first term or antecedent and b, the second term or consequent. 5 Eg. The ratio 5 : 9 represents with antecedent = 5, consequent = 9. 9 Rule: The multiplication or division of each term of a ratio by the same non-zero number does not affect the ratio. Eg. 4 : 5 = 8 : 10 = 12 : 15. Also, 4 : 6 = 2 : 3. 2. Proportion: The equality of two ratios is called proportion. If a : b = c : d, we write a : b :: c : d and we say that a, b, c, d are in proportion. Here a and d are called extremes, while b and c are called mean terms. Product of means = Product of extremes. Thus, a : b :: c : d 3. Fourth Proportional: If a : b = c : d, then d is called the fourth proportional to a, b, c. Third Proportional: a : b = c : d, then c is called the third proportion to a and b. Mean Proportional: Mean proportional between a and b is ab. 4. Comparison of Ratios: We say that (a : b) > (c : d) a c > . b d (b x c) = (a x d).

5. Compounded Ratio: 6. The compounded ratio of the ratios: (a : b), (c : d), (e : f) is (ace : bdf). 7. Duplicate Ratios: Duplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a2 : b2). Sub-duplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a : b). Triplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a3 : b3). Sub-triplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a1/3 : b1/3). a c a+b c+d If = , then = . b d a-b c-d 8. Variations: We say that x is directly proportional to y, if x = ky for some constant k and we write, x y. We say that x is inversely proportional to y, if xy = k for some constant k and we write, x 1 . y [componendo and dividendo]

A and B together have Rs. 1210. If amount does B have? A.Rs. 460 C. Rs. 550

of A's amount is equal to B. Rs. 484 D.Rs. 664

of B's amount, how much

Two numbers are respectively 20% and 50% more than a third number. The ratio of the two numbers is: A.2 : 5 B. 3 : 5 C. 4 : 5 D.6 : 7 A sum of money is to be distributed among A, B, C, D in the proportion of 5 : 2 : 4 : 3. If C gets Rs. 1000 more than D, what is B's share? A.Rs. 500 B. Rs. 1500 C. Rs. 2000 D.None of these Seats for Mathematics, Physics and Biology in a school are in the ratio 5 : 7 : 8. There is a proposal to increase these seats by 40%, 50% and 75% respectively. What will be the ratio of increased seats? A.2 : 3 : 4 B. 6 : 7 : 8 C. 6 : 8 : 9 D.None of these

In a mixture 60 litres, the ratio of milk and water 2 : 1. If the this ratio is to be 1 : 2, then the quanity of water to be further added is: A.20 litres B. 30 litres C. 40 litres D.60 litres

Answer: Option B Explanation: 4 2 A= B 15 5 A= 2 15 x 5 4 B

3 A= B 2 A 3 = B 2 A : B = 3 : 2. B's share = Rs. 1210 x 2 = Rs. 484. 5

Answer: Option C Explanation: Let the third number be x. 120x 6x = 100 5 150x 3x Second number = 150% of x = = 100 2 6x 3x Ratio of first two numbers = : = 12x : 15x = 4 : 5. 5 2 Then, first number = 120% of x =

Answer: Option C Explanation: Let the shares of A, B, C and D be Rs. 5x, Rs. 2x, Rs. 4x and Rs. 3x respectively. Then, 4x - 3x = 1000 x = 1000. B's share = Rs. 2x = Rs. (2 x 1000) = Rs. 2000.

Answer: Option A Explanation: Originally, let the number of seats for Mathematics, Physics and Biology be 5x, 7x and 8x respectively. Number of increased seats are (140% of 5x), (150% of 7x) and (175% of 8x). 140 150 175 x 5x , x 7x and x 8x 100 100 100 21x 7x, and 14x. 2 21x The required ratio = 7x : : 14x 2 14x : 21x : 28x

Answer: Option D Explanation: Quantity of milk = 60 x 2 3 litres = 40 litres.

Quantity of water in it = (60- 40) litres = 20 litres. New ratio = 1 : 2 Let quantity of water to be added further be x litres.

Then, milk : water = Now, 40 1 = 20 + x 2

40 . 20 + x

20 + x = 80 x = 60. Quantity of water to be added = 60 litres. 2ND PAGE The ratio of the number of boys and girls in a college is 7 : 8. If the percentage increase in the number of boys and girls be 20% and 10% respectively, what will be the new ratio? A.8 : 9 B. 17 : 18 C. 21 : 22 D.Cannot be determined Salaries of Ravi and Sumit are in the ratio 2 : 3. If the salary of each is increased by Rs. 4000, the new ratio becomes 40 : 57. What is Sumit's salary? A.Rs. 17,000 B. Rs. 20,000 C. Rs. 25,500 D.Rs. 38,000 If 0.75 : x :: 5 : 8, then x is equal to: A.1.12 B. 1.2 C. 1.25 D.1.30 The sum of three numbers is 98. If the ratio of the first to second is 2 :3 and that of the second to the third is 5 : 8, then the second number is: A.20 B. 30 C. 48 D.58 If Rs. 782 be divided into three parts, proportional to : : , then the first part is: A.Rs. 182 B. Rs. 190 C. Rs. 196 D.Rs. 204 The salaries A, B, C are in the ratio 2 : 3 : 5. If the increments of 15%, 10% and 20% are allowed respectively in their salaries, then what will be new ratio of their salaries? A.3 : 3 : 10 B. 10 : 11 : 20 C. 23 : 33 : 60 D.Cannot be determined If 40% of a number is equal to two-third of another number, what is the ratio of first number to the second number? A.2 : 5 B. 3 : 7 C. 5 : 3 D.7 : 3 The fourth proportional to 5, 8, 15 is: A.18 B. 24 C. 19 D.20 Two number are in the ratio 3 : 5. If 9 is subtracted from each, the new numbers are in the ratio 12 : 23. The smaller number is: A.27 B. 33 C. 49 D.55

In a bag, there are coins of 25 p, 10 p and 5 p in the ratio of 1 : 2 : 3. If there is Rs. 30 in all, how many 5 p coins are there? A.50 B. 100 C. 150 D.200
ANSWERS FROM 6Q.

Answer: Option C Explanation: Originally, let the number of boys and girls in the college be 7x and 8x respectively. Their increased number is (120% of 7x) and (110% of 8x). 120 110 x 7x and x 8x 100 100 42x 44x and 5 5 42x 44x The required ratio = : = 21 : 22. 5 5

Answer: Option D Explanation: Let the original salaries of Ravi and Sumit be Rs. 2x and Rs. 3x respectively. Then, 2x + 4000 40 = 3x + 4000 57

57(2x + 4000) = 40(3x + 4000) 6x = 68,000 3x = 34,000 Sumit's present salary = (3x + 4000) = Rs.(34000 + 4000) = Rs. 38,000.

Answer: Option B Explanation: (x x 5) = (0.75 x 8) x= 6 = 1.20 5

Answer: Option B Explanation: Let the three parts be A, B, C. Then, A : B = 2 : 3 and B : C = 5 : 8 = 5 x A:B:C=2:3: B = 98 x 24 = 10 : 15 : 24 5 3 3 24 : 8x =3: 5 5 5

15 = 30. 49

Answer: Option D Explanation: Given ratio = : : = 6 : 8 : 9. 6 = Rs. 204 23

1st part = Rs. 782 x

Answer: Option C QUESTION NO.11 Explanation: Let A = 2k, B = 3k and C = 5k. 115 115 23k of 2k = x 2k = 100 100 10 110 110 33k B's new salary = of 3k = x 3k = 100 100 10 120 120 C's new salary = of 5k = x 5k = 6k 100 100 23k 33k New ratio : : 6k = 23 : 33 : 60 A's new salary =

Answer: Option C Explanation: 2 Let 40% of A = B 3 40A 2B Then, = 100 3 2A 2B = 5 3 A 2 5 5 = x = B 3 2 3 A : B = 5 : 3.

Answer: Option B Explanation: Let the fourth proportional to 5, 8, 15 be x. Then, 5 : 8 : 15 : x 5x = (8 x 15) x= (8 x 15) = 24. 5

Answer: Option B Explanation: Let the numbers be 3x and 5x. Then, 3x - 9 12 = 5x - 9 23

23(3x - 9) = 12(5x - 9) 9x = 99 x = 11. The smaller number = (3 x 11) = 33.

PROFIT AND LOSS

Alfred buys an old scooter for Rs. 4700 and spends Rs. 800 on its repairs. If he sells the scooter for Rs. 5800, his gain percent is: 4 5 A.4 % B. 5 % 7 11 C. 10% D.12% The cost price of 20 articles is the same as the selling price of x articles. If the profit is 25%, then the value of x is: A.15 B. 16 C. 18 D.25 If selling price is doubled, the profit triples. Find the profit percent. 2 A.66 B. 100 3 1 C. 105 D.120 3 In a certain store, the profit is 320% of the cost. If the cost increases by 25% but the selling price remains constant, approximately what percentage of the selling price is the profit? A.30% B. 70% C. 100% D.250% A vendor bought toffees at 6 for a rupee. How many for a rupee must he sell to gain 20%? A.3 B. 4 C. 5 D.6

The percentage profit earned by selling an article for Rs. 1920 is equal to the percentage loss incurred by selling the same article for Rs. 1280. At what price should the article be sold to make 25% profit? A.Rs. 2000 B. Rs. 2200 Data inadequate C. Rs. 2400 D. A shopkeeper expects a gain of 22.5% on his cost price. If in a week, his sale was of Rs. 392, what was his profit? A.Rs. 18.20 B. Rs. 70 C. Rs. 72 D.Rs. 88.25 A man buys a cycle for Rs. 1400 and sells it at a loss of 15%. What is the selling price of the cycle? A.Rs. 1090 B. Rs. 1160 C. Rs. 1190 D.Rs. 1202 Sam purchased 20 dozens of toys at the rate of Rs. 375 per dozen. He sold each one of them at the rate of Rs. 33. What was his percentage profit? A.3.5 B. 4.5 C. 5.6 D.6.5 Some articles were bought at 6 articles for Rs. 5 and sold at 5 articles for Rs. 6. Gain percent is: 1 A.30% B. 33 % 3 C. 35% D.44% On selling 17 balls at Rs. 720, there is a loss equal to the cost price of 5 balls. The cost price of a ball is: A.Rs. 45 B. Rs. 50 C. Rs. 55 D.Rs. 60 When a plot is sold for Rs. 18,700, the owner loses 15%. At what price must that plot be sold in order to gain 15%? A.Rs. 21,000 B. Rs. 22,500 C. Rs. 25,300 D.Rs. 25,800 100 oranges are bought at the rate of Rs. 350 and sold at the rate of Rs. 48 per dozen. The percentage of profit or loss is: 2 A.14 % gain B. 15% gain 7 2 C. 14 % loss D.15 % loss 7 A shopkeeper sells one transistor for Rs. 840 at a gain of 20% and another for Rs. 960 at a loss of 4%. His total gain or loss percent is: 15 15 A.5 % loss B. 5 % gain 17 17 2 C. 6 % gain D.None of these 3

A trader mixes 26 kg of rice at Rs. 20 per kg with 30 kg of rice of other variety at Rs. 36 per kg and sells the mixture at Rs. 30 per kg. His profit percent is: A.No profit, no loss B. 5% C. 8% D.10% None of these E.

ANSWERR
Answer: Option B Explanation: Cost Price (C.P.) = Rs. (4700 + 800) = Rs. 5500. Selling Price (S.P.) = Rs. 5800. Gain = (S.P.) - (C.P.) = Rs.(5800 - 5500) = Rs. 300. Gain % = 300 5 x 100 = 5 % 5500 % 11

Answer: Option B Explanation: Let C.P. of each article be Re. 1 C.P. of x articles = Rs. x. S.P. of x articles = Rs. 20. Profit = Rs. (20 - x). 20 - x x 100 = 25 x 2000 - 100x = 25x 125x = 2000 x = 16.

Answer: Option B Explanation: Let C.P. be Rs. x and S.P. be Rs. y. Then, 3(y - x) = (2y - x) y = 2x.

Profit = Rs. (y - x) = Rs. (2x - x) = Rs. x. Profit % = x x 100 x % = 100%

Answer: Option B Explanation: Let C.P.= Rs. 100. Then, Profit = Rs. 320, S.P. = Rs. 420. New C.P. = 125% of Rs. 100 = Rs. 125 New S.P. = Rs. 420. Profit = Rs. (420 - 125) = Rs. 295. Required percentage = Answer: Option C Explanation: C.P. of 6 toffees = Re. 1 S.P. of 6 toffees = 120% of Re. 1 = Rs. 6 For Rs. , toffees sold = 6. 5 For Re. 1, toffees sold = 6 x 5 = 5. 6 6 5 295 1475 x 100 = % = 70% (approximately). 420 % 21

Answer: Option A Explanation: Let C.P. be Rs. x. Then, 1920 - x x - 1280 x 100 = x 100 x x

1920 - x = x - 1280 2x = 3200 x = 1600 Required S.P. = 125% of Rs. 1600 = Rs. 125 x 1600 = Rs 2000. 100

Answer: Option C Explanation: C.P. = Rs. 100 1000 x 392 = Rs. x 392 = Rs. 320 122.5 1225

Profit = Rs. (392 - 320) = Rs. 72. Answer: Option C Explanation: S.P. = 85% of Rs. 1400 = Rs. Answer: Option C Explanation: Cost Price of 1 toy = Rs. 375 = Rs. 31.25 12 85 x 1400 = Rs. 1190 100

Selling Price of 1 toy = Rs. 33 So, Gain = Rs. (33 - 31.25) = Rs. 1.75

Profit % =

1.75 28 x 100 = % = 5.6% 31.25 % 5

Answer: Option D Explanation: Suppose, number of articles bought = L.C.M. of 6 and 5 = 30. 5 x 30 = Rs. 25. 6 6 S.P. of 30 articles = Rs. x 30 = Rs. 36. 5 11 Gain % = x 100 25 % = 44%. C.P. of 30 articles = Rs. Answer: Option D Explanation: (C.P. of 17 balls) - (S.P. of 17 balls) = (C.P. of 5 balls) C.P. of 12 balls = S.P. of 17 balls = Rs.720. C.P. of 1 ball = Rs. Answer: Option C Explanation: 85 : 18700 = 115 : x x= 18700 x 115 = 25300. 85 720 = Rs. 60. 12

Hence, S.P. = Rs. 25,300.

Answer: Option A Explanation: 350 = Rs. 3.50 100 48 S.P. of 1 orange = Rs. = Rs. 4 12 0.50 100 2 Gain% = x 100 = % = 14 % 3.50 7 % 7 C.P. of 1 orange = Rs.

Answer: Option B Explanation: 100 x 840 = Rs. 700. 120 100 C.P. of 2nd transistor = Rs. x 960 = Rs. 1000 96 C.P. of 1st transistor = Rs. So, total C.P. = Rs. (700 + 1000) = Rs. 1700. Total S.P. = Rs. (840 + 960) = Rs. 1800. Gain % = 100 15 x 100 = 5 % 1700 % 17

Answer: Option B Explanation: C.P. of 56 kg rice = Rs. (26 x 20 + 30 x 36) = Rs. (520 + 1080) = Rs. 1600. S.P. of 56 kg rice = Rs. (56 x 30) = Rs. 1680. Gain = 80 x 100 1600 % = 5%.

IMPORTANT FACTS

Cost Price: The price, at which an article is purchased, is called its cost price, abbreviated as C.P. Selling Price: The price, at which an article is sold, is called its selling prices, abbreviated as S.P. Profit or Gain: If S.P. is greater than C.P., the seller is said to have a profit or gain. Loss: If S.P. is less than C.P., the seller is said to have incurred a loss. IMPORTANT FORMULAE 1. 2. 3. 4. Gain = (S.P.) - (C.P.) Loss = (C.P.) - (S.P.) Loss or gain is always reckoned on C.P. Gain Percentage: (Gain %) Gain % = Gain x 100 C.P.

5. Loss Percentage: (Loss %) Loss % = Loss x 100 C.P.

6. Selling Price: (S.P.) SP = (100 + Gain %) x C.P 100

7. Selling Price: (S.P.) SP = (100 - Loss %) x C.P. 100

8. Cost Price: (C.P.) C.P. = 100 x S.P. (100 + Gain %)

9. Cost Price: (C.P.) C.P. = 100 x S.P. (100 - Loss %)

10. If an article is sold at a gain of say 35%, then S.P. = 135% of C.P. 11. If an article is sold at a loss of say, 35% then S.P. = 65% of C.P. 12. When a person sells two similar items, one at a gain of say x%, and the other at a loss of x%, then the seller always incurs a loss given by: Loss % = Common Loss and Gain % x 2= 2. 10 10

13. If a trader professes to sell his goods at cost price, but uses false weights, then Gain % = Error x 100 (True Value) - (Error) %.

INDICES
1 .