Modern Tall Building Cities West vs East

Introduction to Tall Building Structures

CIVL 101 History and Practice of Civil Engineering Dr. C.M. Chan Department of Civil Engineering 27 November 2006

Chicago
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New York
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Modern Tall Building Cities West vs East

Modern Tall Building Cities West vs East

Taipei
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Kuala Lumpar
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New York West vs East Any difference?

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Statistics of the worlds tallest buildings

(2005)
In Asia Tallest commercial buildings First 10 8 First 100 47 Tallest residential buildings First 10 8 First 100 68 In Mainland 3 16 In HK 2 8

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Tallest buildings under construction First 10 9 4 First 100 58 15

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Note: A high-rise building is defined by Emporis Corp. (www.emporis.com/en/) as a building 35 m or greater in height. 5

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Hong Kong - the worlds center of tall buildings world

Hong Kong has the worlds highest population density

Hong Kong - the worlds center of tall buildings world

Hong Kong has many world class buildings of complex shape using complicated structural systems

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Challenges of Building Design in Hong Kong

Large-scale development of clusters of tall residential buildings

Challenges of Building Design in Hong Kong

Enormous financial investments and relatively short design time

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Challenges of Building Design in Hong Kong

Demand for the best value for money - minimum cost design, maximum structural efficiency and usable floor area

Tall buildings are closely related to the growth of the city Their developments are due to - economic growth - human ego to build higher - the natural response to dense population - scarcity of land in urban areas - high land costs - technological advancements

Average flat unit of 600 ft2 costs ~ HK$ 1.8 M (@ HK$ 3,000/ft2) A more luxury flat unit of 1500 ft2 costs ~ HK$ 15 M (@ HK$ 10,000/ft2) Top class rental office of 10000 ft2 ~ HK$ 700,000/month (@ HK$ 70/ft2) HKUST HKUST
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The worlds first 10 tallest buildings

How do we measure height?

Council on Tall Buildings & Urban Habitat measured from the sidewalk level of sidewalk the main entrance to the structural top of the building includes spires Excludes television antennas, radio antennas, and flag poles
Taipei 101 508

420

Two International Finance Center 381

384 391

420

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Which is the Tallest?

1,707 ft (520m) Top of Antenna 1667ft (508m) Top of Spire

Tall Building Evolution

The worlds tallest structure in the ancient time world

1,483 ft (452m) Top of Spire 1,450ft (442m) Roof

1470ft (448m) Roof

1,230ft (375m) Roof

The Great Pyramid of Cheops, 481 ft (146m) in height Worlds tallest structure from 2580 BC to 1307 AD Relatively tall, but also very bulky

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 Tallest structures in the Middle Ages

Worlds tallest structure in the time of Industrial Revolution

- 300 m Eiffel Tower, 1889 in Paris - built for the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution and for an exhibition to celebrate French technical achievement - greatest use of wrought iron, a new construction at the time
404 ft Salisbury Cathedral, 1265 Tallest building in UK for over 600 years 557 ft Sagrada Familia, Barcelona, 1812 by Antonio Gaudi

Gothic cathedrals represent humans desire to reach God and act as the most important symbol in towns
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What do they have in common? common?

What is a Building?
Council on Tall Buildings & Urban Habitat A building is a structure that has floors and is designed for residential, business, or manufacturing. manufacturing.

They are all inhabitable!

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What is a tall building?

Council on Tall Buildings & Urban Habitat A building is deemed tall when its design, tall use or operation is influenced by some aspect of tallness. tallness

Tall Building Evolution

Modern tall buildings are made possible due to the three greatest technological advancements 1. Invention of elevators (by Otis in 1852). 2. Invention of new construction materials, e.g. steel (by William Kelly in 1847), reinforced concrete (by Joseph Monier in 1849). composite materials (in 20th century). 3. Invention of innovative structural forms.

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Why do tall buildings stand?

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Wind-induced Motions
Wind is a more critical issue in the design of tall buildings. The design of most tall buildings is in fact controlled by serviceability wind drift and motion criteria.

Across-wind vortex shedding

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Earthquake loads environmental load actions due to movement of the earth crusts. This is however not a critical issue in tall buildings

Highrise Behaviour
A tall building in a global sense behaves as if a cantilever stick to resist vertical gravity and transverse loads

Fault forming Different types of faulting

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1. Stacking effect of gravity loads

G G G G G 2G 3G 4G

2. Effect of horizontal loads

W W W W

h h h h

W 2W 3W 4W

Overturning Moment 10Wh = W4h+ W3h + W2h+ Wh

Gravity load effect increases linearly with building height

Lateral shear load varies linearly with height, but overturning moment varies quadratically with height

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Why do tall buildings stand?

From the structural engineers viewpoint, engineer a building is considered as tall when its design is affected by the lateral loading due to wind or earthquake rather than by vertical gravity loads. loads.

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Evolution of Structural Systems

A rough classification can be made with respect to effectiveness in resisting lateral loads Structural systems Moment resisting frame systems Braced frames, shear wall systems Tubular systems framed tubes, trussed tubes, bundled tubes Outrigger braced systems Hybrid systems

Evolution of Structural Systems

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HSBC Headquarters Structural Forms of Some Notable Buildings in Hong Kong

Steel Mega-frame
179m 43 Stories - Office Completed 1985 Architect: Foster & Partners Engineer: Ove Arup & Partners One of the most expensive buildings in Hong Kong 36

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Bank of China Tower

Gravity load action Wind load action

Composite Space Truss

369m 70 Stories - Office Composite Space Truss Completed 1989 Architect: I. M. Pei & Partners Engineer: Leslie E. Robertson Associates Noted as one of the most outstanding achievement in modern architecture and building structures 38

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Central Plaza

New Structural Form for Super Tall Buildings Outrigger Braced System

Concrete Tubular System

374 M 78 Stories - Office Concrete Tube Completed 1992 Architect: Ng Chun Man Architect Engineer: Ove Arup and Partner Currently the worlds tallest concrete building 39

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Advantage of Outrigger Braced System

Two International Finance Centre

OUTRIGGER BRACED STRUCTURE

TUBE-IN-TUBE - 6M COLUMN GRID

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Two International Finance Centre

Whats Next Hong Kongs Tallest building?

International Commerce Centre

Concrete Core + Steel Outrigger + Composite Columns

420m 88 Stories Office Completed in 2003 Architect: Cesar Pelli / Rocco Engineer: Ove Arup & Partners The tallest building in Hong Kong 43

2 IFC

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International Commerce Centre the worlds fourth tallest building

International Commerce Centre

Concrete Core + Outrigger Braced System

484m 118 Stories Office & Hotel Under construction, expected completion 2007 Architect: Kohn, Pedersen and Fox Assoc. & Wong and Ouyang (HK) Ltd. Engineer: Ove Arup & Partners Expected to be Hong Kongs tallest building and the worlds fourth tallest building

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Lateral Stability System

Hotel Zone

International Commerce Centre Construction as of October 2006

Office Zone

4-level steel outriggers Reinforced concrete core High stiffness reinforced concrete mega columns Change in structural form at the hotel levels

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Whats Next China Tallest building? What building? Shanghai World Financial Center

International Commerce Centre Construction as of November 2006

Composite Space Truss

492 m 101 stories Office & Hotel Under construction, expected completion 2007 Architect: Kohn, Pedersen and Fox Assoc. & East China Architectural Design & Research Institute Engineer: Leslie E. Robertson Assoc. Expected to be Chinas tallest building and the worlds third tallest building

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Whats the Worlds Next Tallest Building ? What World Burj Dubai
Coupled Reinforced Concrete System
Over 800 m Over 160 stories Office & residential Under construction, expected completion 2008 Architect: Skidmore O Engineer: Leslie E. Robertson Assoc. Expected to be Chinas tallest building and the worlds third tallest building

Burj Dubai Construction as of August 2006

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