ETHANOIC ACID USES: Ethanoic acid, more commonly known as acetic acid, has a chemical formula of CH3COOH.

It is the ingredient which gives vinegar its characteristic flavor and acidity. Acetic acid may be best known as a component of vinegar, but it is much more commonly used in the production of various chemicals used for paints, solvents, inks and coatings. dilute ethanoic acid is used as a preservative in the preparation of pickles. it is used for making cellulose acetate which is an important artificial fibre. it is used in the manufacture of acetone and esters used in perfumes. it is used in the preparation of dyes. it is used to coaggulate rubber from latex. it is used for making white lead which is used as a white paint. it is used as a chemical reagent in chemistry lab. FORMULA: CH3COOH or C2H4O2 OCCURENCES: Natural Occurrence Acetic acid has been identified among the constituents of petitgrain lemon oil, in bitter orange oil, and in strawberry aroma [Fenaroli, 2005]. Acetic acid is a normal endogenous metabolite in mammals, occurring naturally in a wide variety of foods [BIBRA, 1993]. Citric acid, an organic acid, is commonly available in powdered form. Any fruit which is sour in taste would contain high amounts of citric acid, be it fruits like mangoes and pineapples. Uses of Citric Acid: 1. Food Additive Citric acid has a number of uses and is most commonly used as a food additive and a flavoring agent. It is used to flavor and preserve food and beverages. It is also used to make certain varieties of candies due to its sour taste. 2. Canning It is used in canning fruits like apples, apricots, pears, and peaches. It is specially useful in canning of low acidic fruits. It raises the pH level which is really helpful in stopping Botulism from occurring in the canned products. 3. Kitchen

It has the capacity to break down proteins available in meats and as such is mixed with meat to make it soft and tender. Moreover, it is also used during the manufacturing process of cheese, as it helps in clotting milk faster. 4. Wine Sourer In the wine-making process, if the fruits do not contain high citric acid content, it is artificially added so as to make it sour. Such a process is mostly used to produce inexpensive wines. 5. Skin Care It acts as an antioxidant which helps in refreshing skin, thereby, preventing the skin from sagging and making you look old. In addition to that, it has properties to destroy free radicals and promote skin growth. 6. Hair Care Moreover, it is also used along with shampoo to wash coloring agents from hair. However, if you think of using citric acid for washing hair, make sure that you use very small quantities, as it may be harmful for hair if used in large quantities. 7. Cleaning Agent One of the common uses is in preparation of kitchen and bathroom cleaning agents. If you don't want to scrub glass to remove water stains, you can opt to use a solution of citric acid and just wipe it, the stain would clear immediately. 8. Industrial Uses Industrial uses of citric acids are many and it is mainly used in algicides, animal feed, circuit boards, enhanced oil recovery, fertilizer micronutrients, pet food, etc. FORMULA= C6H8O7 OCCURRENCES: Citric acid occurs widely in the plant and animal kingdoms (1). It is found mostabundantly in the fruits of the citrus species, but is also present as the free acidor as a salt in the fruit, seeds, or juices of a wide variety of owers and plants.The citrate ion occurs in all animal

tissues and uids (1). CARBONIC ACID USES: Carbonic Acid is simply water that has small amounts of carbon dioxide in it. It is a very weak acid. Carbonic Acid gives a sharper tasting edge to drinks. It is found naturally in rainwater, which as it falls combines with carbon dioxide in the air. Over time, it can dissolve limestone and create caves in the ground. FORMULA: Carbon dioxide is CO2; water is H2O. When combined, the two form: CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 (aka Carbonic Acid.) OCCURRENCES: Carbonic acid occurs in the blood, rain water, calcite, fermentation, coal, ground water, meteors, volcanoes, amino acids, proteins, oceans, plants, erythrocytes, sulfur deposits, salts, and caves. MURIATIC CID/HYDROCHLORIC ACID USES: 1. Chemical Hydrochloric acid is used in the manufacturing of many chemicals and endproducts. 2. Oil-Well Acidizing Hydrochloric acid is the solvent that us utilized to dissolve some of the impediments (often limestone and dolomite) and allow for flow through natural rock channels 3. Metal Finishing Hydrochloric acid is used to remove scale from iron and steel prior to the sale or further processing procedures. In addition to removing scale, dimensional tolerances remain consistent. 4. Food Processing Hydrochloric acid is utilized in a variety food processing applications. Hydrolysis, purification and even neutralization are some of the areas hydrochloric acid is applied. 5. Waste Water Hydrochloric acid can be used in the clarification and neutralization of the waste streams.

FORMULA: HCl OCCURRENCES: Natural Occurrence Hydrochloric acid occurs in the gases evolved from volcanoes. It is not free in nature but is a component of the minerals halite, sylvite, and carnallite, and as a chloride ion in seawater (HSDB, 1991). NITRIC ACID USES: The important uses of nitric acid are: 1 Nitric acid plays a significant role in the manufacture of various products such as: Explosives like trinitrotoluene (T.N.T.) nitro glycerine, cotton, nal etc. Fertilizers such as calcium nitrate, nium nitrate etc. Nitrate salts such as calcium nitrate, silver nitrate, nium nitrate. Dyes, perfumes, etc. from coal tar products. Sulphuric acid by Lead Chamber process. 2 It is used in the purification of silver, gold, platinum etc. 3 Nitric acid is used in etching designs on copper, brass, bronze ware etc. 4 It is used to prepare "aqua regia" to dissolve the noble elements. 5 It is used as a laboratory reagent. FORMULA: HNO3 OCCURRENCE: Natural Occurrence Nitric acid is formed in the troposphere by gas phase chemistry (HSDB, 1993). PHOSPHORIC ACID USES: Uses of Phosphoric Acid Phosphoric acid is used as a rust converter. When the solution in liquid or gel form is placed directly on rusted areas of steel, steel tools or steel surfaces, the rust is converted from the red oxide to a black ferric phosphate. This is common when pickling steel. After the rust has been converted to black ferric phosphate it can easily be scrubbed off. Food grade phosphoric acid is used to carbonate beverages such as cola. The phosphoric acid creates a tangy or sour taste.

Phosphoric acid is used in dentistry as an etching solution. It cleans and roughens the surface of the teeth when applying dental apparatus such as braces or when applying fillings. It is also used in teeth whiteners to eliminate the plaque on teeth prior to the whitening process. Phosphoric acid is also commonly used in over the counter anti-nausea medication. Another common use is in pH balancing. It is used in plant fertilizers, nutrient solutions, in cosmetics and skin-care products to create the correct pH for the plants or skin. It is also used to neutralize the pH of water sources particularly aquariums. Phosphoric acid is also used as a cleaning agent in the construction industry as its corrosive, non-toxic properties allow it to be used to removal mineral deposits, cement smears and hard water stains. Some household cleaners also use a safer and less strong chelant of phosphoric acid. Some detergents also make use of phosphoric acid as a dispersing agent. It is used as an electrolyte in phosphoric acid fuel cells and when combined with distilled water in oxyhydrogen generators. When heated it is used as an etching material to etch silicon nitride. Phosphoric acid is used by hobby welders as a flux to aid in soldering. FORMULA: H3PO4 OCCURRENCES: Natural Occurrence Phosphoric acid is a natural constituent of many fruits and their juices (HSDB, 1991). SULFURIC ACID USES: There are many sulfuric acid uses in industry. The following are a few uses that will help answer your question. 1. Sulfuric acid is used in manufacturing fertilizers like ammonium sulfate, super phosphate of lime, etc. 2. It is used in manufacturing of hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, ether, plastics, metal sulfates, cellophane, dyes, drugs, perfumes, disinfectants and even glue.

4. Sulfuric acid is used to manufacture nitroglycerin acid and tri-nitro-toluene (TNT) in the explosive industry. 5. Sulfur and tarry compounds in the gasoline are removed by using sulfuric acid. 6. It is used as an electrolyte in lead acid batteries. 7. Sulfuric acid uses also includes removal of oxides from iron and steel before electroplating or galvanizing. FORMULA: H2SO4 OCCURRENCES: Natural Occurrence Sulfuric acid occurs naturally in volcanic gases (HSDB, 1993). AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE USES: 1. Agricultural industries are the major users of ammonia, representing nearly 80% of all ammonia produced in the United States. Ammonia is a very valuable source of nitrogen that is essential for plant growth. Depending on the particular crop being grown, up to 200 pounds of ammonia per acre may be applied for each growing season. 2. Ammonia is used in the production of liquid fertilizer solutions which consist of ammonia, ammonium nitrate, urea and aqua ammonia. It is also used by the fertilizer industry to produce ammonium and nitrate salts. 3. Ammonia and urea are used as a source of protein in livestock feeds for ruminating animals such as cattle, sheep and goats. Ammonia can also be used as a pre-harvest cotton defoliant, an anti-fungal agent on certain fruits and as preservative for the storage of highmoisture corn. 4. Dissociated ammonia is used in such metal treating operations as nitriding, carbonitriding, bright annealing, furnace brazing, sintering, sodium hydride descaling, atomic hydrogen welding and other applications where protective atmospheres are required. 5. Ammonia is used in the manufacture of nitric acid; certain alkalies such as soda ash; dyes; pharmaceuticals such as sulfa drugs, vitamins

and cosmetics; synthetic textile fibers such as nylon, rayon and acrylics; and for the manufacture of certain plastics such as phenolics and polyurethanes. 6. The petroleum industry utilizes ammonia in neutralizing the acid constituents of crude oil and for protection of equipment from corrosion. Ammonia is used in the mining industry for extraction of metals such as copper, nickel and molybdenum from their ores. FORMULA: NH4OH OCCURRENCES: Natural occurrence Ammonia is found in trace quantities in the atmosphere, being produced from the putrefaction (decay process) of nitrogenous animal and vegetable matter. Ammonia and ammonium salts are also found in small quantities in rainwater, whereas ammonium chloride (salammoniac), and ammonium sulfate are found in volcanic districts; crystals of ammonium bicarbonate have been found in Patagonian guano. The kidneys secrete NH3 to neutralize excess acid.[10] Ammonium salts also are found distributed through all fertile soil and in seawater. Substances containing ammonia, or those that are similar to it, are called ammoniacal. Ammonia is found on Pluto, Jupiter and, in small amounts, on Uranus. MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE USES: 1. Magnesium hydroxide is used to treat a number of problems. 2. It is an antacid (neutralising acidic stomach contents), as well as an osmotic laxative, which induces a laxative effect (stimulating stool production). 3. It is used as an oral suspension to relieve constipation by acting as an osmotic laxative which encourages water to be retained in the gut and faeces, and it is also used as an antacid for the relief of stomach discomfort, indigestion, heartburn (a burning feeling in the chest, behind the breastbone or gullet) and wind (flatulence). Magnesium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid in the stomach to form

magnesium chloride which neutralises the acidity of the stomach contents. 4. In general, this drug is used to relieve constipation and for the relief of indigestion. 5. Benefits of being on this drug can include regular bowel movements, and relief from the painful symptoms of indigestion and heartburn. Listed below are the typical uses of magnesium hydroxide. Relief of constipation Relief of stomach discomfort, indigestion, stomach acidity, heartburn and flatulence. FORMULA: Mg(OH)2 OCCURRENCES: Mg(2+) + 2 OH(-) <===> Mg(OH)2 POTASH USES: Potash is now most commonly used along with phosphate and nitrogen for fertilizer. With the recent agricultural push worldwide, fertilizer is becoming more important than ever and demand is soaring. Up to 95% of the potash produced in the world is for fertilizer use. Global demand for food and animal feed is growing rapidly as the population expands and global crops need to be increased to meet the needs. Potash based fertilizers have been shown to have the following positive influences on crops: 1. Improved water transport and retention 2. Improved taste in fruits and vegetables 3. Improved protection from extreme temperatures and drought 4. Strengthened roots and stems 5. Improved resistance to disease, weeds and insects FORMULA: K2CO3 OCCURRENCE: Potash is a naturally occurring mineral created during the evaporation of ancient sea beds. Potash is also referred to as Muriate of Potash or Potassium Chloride and is the most widely used potassium fertilizer. Potassium is one of the three primary crop nutrients required for plant growth. Potassium serves as the Regulator of many essential processes within the

plant. Potash is water-soluble and contains 6062 percent K2O. Mosaic potash products vary in color from red to white and are available in several sizes, providing choices for most application options. CAUSTIC SODA/SODIUM HYDROXIDE USES: Uses Sodium Hydroxide is a extremely important compound in our lives because it has so many uses. It is a very common base used in the chemical industry and is used for many things, many of which occur in our daily lives. One of the most well known uses of Sodium Hydroxide is its use in unclogging drains. It comes in many different brands of drain cleaners, but one of the most common is Drano. It also comes in the form of lye soap which can be used to wash practically anything, from the dishes to your face. Sodium Hydroxide is also used quite a bit in food processing. The compound is often used in steps for peeling fruits and vegetables, processing cocoa and chocolate, thickening of ice cream, poultry scalding and soda processing. Olives are soaked in Sodium Hydroxide along with other substances to make them black, and soft pretzels are also coated with the compound to give them a chewy texture. Other uses include: Used in processes to make products including plastics, soaps rayon and textiles Revitalizing acids in petroleum refining Removal paint Etching aluminum Dehorning of cattle During two steps of the paper making process Used in relaxers to help straighten hair however this is becoming less popular because of the possibility of chemical burns Sodium Hydroxide can sometimes be replaced with Potassium Hydroxide which is another strong base and can create some of the same results. FORMULA: NaOH

OCCURRENCE: Natural Occurrence No information about the natural occurrence of sodium hydroxide was found in the readily-available literature.