PRE-EMPHASIS AND DE-EMPHASIS

Aim: 1. To observe the characteristics of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuit. 2. To draw the curves of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis. Apparatus: Devices: Function generator Digital Storage Oscilloscope Resistors:50k, 1k potentiometer Capacitors: 0.001F Bread board and connecting wires Theory: Pre-emphasis is used to shape the voice signals to create a more equal amplitude of lows and highs before their application to the limiter. The signal received has an increased level of the higher frequencies being applied to the modulator results in a better transmitted audio signal to noise ratio due to the highs being above the noise as much or more than the lows. Pre-emphasis is needed in FM to maintain good signal to noise ratio. The noise has a greater effect on the higher modulating frequencies than the lower ones. Thus, if the higher frequencies were artificially boosted at the transmitter and correspondingly cut at the receiver. An important in the noise immunity could be expected. The boosting of the higher modulating frequencies, in according with the pre arranged curve is called pre-emphasis and compensation at the receiver is called de-emphasis. De-emphasis is the complement of pre-emphasis in the anti-noise system. It is a process, which is to reduce the level of all bits except the first one after transition. That causes the high frequency content due to the transition to be emphasized compared to the low frequency content which is de-emphasized. It compensates for losses over the channel which are larger at higher frequencies.

Circuit diagram: Pre-emphasis:

De-emphasis:

Procedure: 1.Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. A sinusoidal signal of 100Hz frequency and 2Vp-p amplitude is generated using a function generator and given as input to the pre-emphasis circuit. 3. Output waveform is observed in the DSO. 4. Vary the frequencies of the input signal and note the output amplitude values from the DSO. 5. Repeat the above steps for de-emphasis circuit also and note the values. 6. Plot the graph with the tabulated values.

Tabular form: Frequency (Fin) Hz Vo Vo/Vi 20log(Vo/Vi)

Model graph:

Precautions: 1. Connections should be made carefully. 2. The resistors and capacitors must be identified properly before giving the circuit connections. 3. The components must be properly doped into the bread board. 4. Ensure that the output wave is centered by pressing auto.

Result: The characteristics of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits have been verified and graphs have been plotted.