DIAGNOSTIC TESTS Diagnostic testing functions as for basic screening, establishing (initial) diagnoses, evaluating current medical case,

and for monitoring Date Done September 2, 2012 Name of Test/ Procedure Electrocardiogram course of illness and response to treatment. Indication for the Normal Findings Actual Results test / Procedure It provides a continuous picture of electrical activity during a complete cycle. (Manual of Laboratory & Diagnostic Tests by Fischbach, 7th Edition, page 1035) Normal cardiac cycle components (one normal cardiac cycle is represented by the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave; additionally, a U wave may be observed). This cycle is repeated continuously and rhythmically. (Manual of Laboratory & Diagnostic Tests by Fischbach, 7th Edition, page 1035) Sinus tachycardia Twave abnormality, to consider inferior ischemia Interpretation and Analysis An abnormal result of ECG may be due to the patients history of cardiac arrest. Interfering factors may include episodic anxiety and hyperventilation which are associated with prolonged PR interval, sinus tachycardia, and ST depression with or without T-wave inversion. This may be due to autonomic nervous system imbalances. Myocardial ischemia with irritability in the ischemic region, leading to ventricular fibrillation.

In ventricular fibrillation, the electrical signals that control the pumping of the heart suddenly become rapid and chaotic. As a result, the lower chambers of the heart, then the ventricles begin to quiver (fibrillate) instead of contract, and they can no longer pump blood from the heart to the rest of the body resulting from cardiac arrest. (Medical and Surgical Nursing by Ignatavicius and workman, 5th Edition, page 186)

September 3, 2012

Chest X-ray

It is used to diagnose cancer,

Normal-appearing and normally positioned chest,

Pulmonary hyperaeration

Pulmonary hyperaeration may be due to the bronchial

tuberculosis and other pulmonary diseases, and disorders of the mediastinum and bony thorax. The chest x-ray provides a record of the sequential progress or development of a disease. (Manual of Laboratory & Diagnostic Tests by Fischbach, 7th Edition, page 715)

bony thorax (all bones present, aligned, symmetrical, and normally shaped), soft tissues, mediastinum, lungs, pleura, heart, and aortic arch. (Manual of Laboratory & Diagnostic Tests by Fischbach, 7th Edition, page 715)

subsegmental atelectasis, left lower lung, atheromatous aorta and scoliosis as prescribed

asthma. Subsegmental atelectasis may be due to mucus plugging in bronchial asthma. Atheromatous aorta may be due to aging. Scoliosis of the patient is an idiopathic type of scoliosis. Pulmonary hyperaeration results in an increased radiolucency on Xray. It may occur in partial obstruction of a large airway, as in congenital lobar emphysema, bronchial atresia and mucous plugs in asthma. A blockage in the bronchial tubes can cause obstructive atelectasis, possible causes of blockage include mucus

plug and they are common in people with cystic fibrosis and during severe asthma attacks. (Manual of Laboratory & Diagnostic Tests by Fischbach, 7th Edition, page 1039) Atheromatous aorta means that the aorta, which is the largest artery in the body, has thickened and contains deposits of cholesterol on its linings. This is a normal process in aging, or if seen earlier, is due to cholesterol plaque deposition. (Medical and Surgical Nursing by Ignatavicius and workman, 5th Edition, page 684)

Idiopathic scoliosis may be due to multiple, poorly understood inherited factors, most likely from the mother's side. However, the severity often varies widely among family members who have the condition, suggesting that other factors must be present. It may be initially diagnosed in adults during evaluation for other back complaints or disorders, although the curve is unlikely to be significant. (Manual of Laboratory & Diagnostic Tests by Fischbach, 7th Edition, page 1185)

LABORATORY STUDIES

Complete Blood Count Date Done September 2, 2012

This test is used to evaluate anemia, leukemia, reaction to inflammation and infections, peripheral blood cellular characters, State of hydration and dehydration, Polycythemia, Hemolytic disease of the newborn, to manage Name of Test/ Procedure Hematocrit chemotherapy decisions. Indication for the test / Normal Actual Procedure The hematocrit is a measurement of the percentage of red cells in the total volume of blood. (Manual of Laboratory & Diagnostic Tests by Fischbach, 7th Edition, page 298) There is also a tendency toward lower Hct values in men and women older than 60 years of age, corresponding to lower RBC values in this age group. (Manual of Laboratory & Diagnostic Tests by Fischbach, 7th Edition, page 73) Findings 42% - 52% Results 41.8% Interpretation and Analysis Decreased hematocrit may be due to aging process.

Eosinophils

It plays a role in allergic

.9-2.9%

3.1%

Increased eosinophils may be due to bronchial asthma.

reaction, possibly inactivating histamine. (Manual of Laboratory & Diagnostic Tests by Fischbach, 7th Edition, page 234) Eosinophilia (increased eosinophils) occurs in conditions such as, allergies, hay fever, and asthma (Manual of Laboratory & Diagnostic Tests by Fischbach, 7th Edition, page Neutrophils It is for the reaction to inflammation, and it constitutes a primary defense against microbial invasion through the process of phagocytosis. (Manual of Laboratory & Diagnostic Tests by Fischbach, 7th Edition, page 52) 43-65% 68.1% 56) Increased neutrophils may be due to infection. Neutrophilia (increased neutrophils) may occur in conditions such as inflammation and tissue necrosis (myocardial infarction). (Manual of Laboratory & Diagnostic Tests by Fischbach, 7th Edition, page 53)

Clinical Chemistry

Blood chemistry testing identifies many chemical blood constituents. It is often necessary to measure several blood chemicals to establish a pattern of abnormalities. A wide range of tests can be grouped under the

headings of enzymes, electrolytes, blood sugars, lipids, hormones, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and drug Date done September 2, 2012 Name of Test/ Procedure Potassium Indication for the Test/ Procedure It evaluates changes in body potassium levels and diagnoses acidbase and water imbalances. (Manual of Laboratory & Diagnostic Tests by Fischbach, 7th Edition, page 961) investigation. Normal Actual Result/ Findings 3.5-5.1 umol/L Findings 2.93 umol/L Interpretation and Analysis Hypokalemia (decreased potassium) may be due to intake of corticosteroids and beta-andrenergic agonists. Diuretics, corticosteroids, and beta-adrenergic agonists or antagonists are drugs that may increase potassium loss through the kidneys. (Medical and Surgical Nursing by Ignatavicius and workman, 5th Edition, page 227)

Date done September 3, 2012

Name of Test/ Procedure Fasting Blood Glucose

Indication for the Test/ Procedure It is often the first test done to check

Normal Findings 70-110mg/dl

Actual Result/ Findings 160mg/dl

Interpretation and Analysis Increased glucose may be due to convulsions.

for prediabetes and diabetes. (Manual of Laboratory & Diagnostic Tests by Fischbach, 7th Edition, page 326) Elevated blood glucose (hyperglycemia) occurs in acute emotional or physical stress situations (such as, myocardial infarction (MI), cerebrovascular accident, and convulsions) (Manual of Laboratory & Diagnostic Tests by Fischbach, 7th Edition, page 328) 0.42-1.67 mmol/L 0.26 mmol/L Decreased triglycerides may be due to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases which is asthma. Decreased level of triglyceride can occur with conditions such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary diseases and brain infarction. (Manual of Laboratory & Diagnostic Tests by Fischbach, 7th Edition, page 431) Increased high density lipoprotein maybe due to stress which can be associated with epilepsy and bronchial asthma.

Triglycerides

It evaluates suspected atherosclerosis and measures the body's ability to metabolize fat. (Manual of Laboratory & Diagnostic Tests by Fischbach, 7th Edition, page 430)

HDL (High Density Lipoprotein)

It is the good cholesterol, is used to asses Coronary Artery Disease risk and monitor persons

0.91-1.68 mmol/L

2.54 mmol/L

with known low High Density Lipoprotein levels. It inversely proportional to Chronic Heart Disease risk and are a primary independent risk factor. (Manual of Laboratory & Diagnostic Tests by Fischbach, 7th Edition, page 424) Increased level is associated with stress and current illness. (Manual of Laboratory & Diagnostic Tests by Fischbach, 7th Edition, page 424)