STEP VOL 1 Preview Copy - Short

WHITE GROUP MATHEMATICS (PREVIEW COPY)
Page 1

WG
A AA A WHITE GROUP MATHEMATICS PUBLICATION WHITE GROUP MATHEMATICS PUBLICATION WHITE GROUP MATHEMATICS PUBLICATION WHITE GROUP MATHEMATICS PUBLICATION
(www.whitegroupmaths.com)
SIXTH TERM
EXAMINATION PAPERS
WORKED PROBLEMS
VOLUME 1


Page 2
A FEW WORDS A FEW WORDS A FEW WORDS A FEW WORDS

The amount of Sixth Term Examination Papers (STEP) resources on the World Wide
Web are far and few, hence my motivation to produce this volume to prepare the student
more adequately for this exceptionally demanding examination standard. All solutions were
personally (painstakingly if I may add) drafted by myself- a process which took me several
months. Not to mention numerous hours spent on the careful selection of questions. Kindly
note that the worked problems presented here belong to difficulty level III; the actual
question texts are not reproduced in consideration of copyright matters. It is my sincere hope
that you will find this compilation a worthy study-aid. Good luck and god bless.
Humbly,
Frederick Koh
BEng (Hons)
BSc (Hons)

Note: This is a short version of the preview; for a longer version head over to
http://www.facebook.com/whitegroupmathematics (Click on FOR FANS ONLY tab).
The full version of this volume will be out later in 2013.


Page 3

STEP III, 2000 Question 2
SOLUTIONS :
For the substitution , cos 2 = x
sin sin = = dx
d
dx
d
When , 2 = x
2
= ; ,
2
3
= x
3
d dx
x
x
) (sin
cos 1
cos 1
3
1
2
3
2
1
2
2
3

+
= |
\
|
d ) (sin
cos 1
cos 1
cos 1
cos 1
2
3

( ) ( )

d d ) (sin
sin
cos 1
) (sin
cos 1
cos 1
2
3
2
3
2

=
=
2
3
cos 1
d | |
|
|
\
|

|
\
|
= =
2
3
3
1
2
sin
2
3

1
2
3
6
+ =

(shown)
The appropriate substitution would be , cos
2 2

|
\
|
\
| +
=
a b b a
x
where
sin
2
sin
2
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
=
a b
dx
a b
d
dx
d
When ,
2
b a
q x
+
= =
2
= ; ,
4
3 b a
p x
+
= =
3
=
Then
d
a b
a b b a
b
a
a b b a
dx
x b
a x
q
p
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
+
|
\
| +
\
|
\
| +
=
|
\
|

sin
2
cos
2 2
cos
2 2
2
3
2
1


Page 4

d
a b
a b a b
a b a b
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
|
\
|
\
|
=

sin
2
cos
2 2
cos
2 2
2
3

d
a b
a b a b
a b a b
a b a b
a b a b
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
\
|
|
\
|
\
|
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
|
\
|
\
|
=

sin
2
cos
2 2
cos
2 2
cos
2 2
cos
2 2
2
3

d
a b
a b a b
a b a b
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
\
|
=

sin
2
cos
2 2
cos
2 2
2
3
2
2 2

d
a b
a b
a b a b
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
=

sin
2
sin
2
cos
2 2
2
3

\
|
=
2
3
cos 1
2

a b
d | |
(
(
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
= |
\
|
=
2
3
3
1
2 2
sin
2
2
3

a b a b

|
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
= 1
2
3
6 2
a b

|
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
=
6
6 3 3
2
a b

( )
12
6 3 3 ) ( +
=
a b
(shown)


SOLUTIONS :
i i e
i
2
3
2
1
1
3
2
sin
3
2
cos 1 1 1
3
2
2
+
|
\
|
= + + = + = +

= = + =
i
e i
3
2
3
2
1
(shown)


Page 5
Im

B

3
2

q p

3

0 A Re

C r

= = OA OC AC p r
= AN ( ) ( )

p r p r e p r
i
= =
2
3

2 2
) 1 ( r p p r p AN OA ON = = + = (shown)
= = OA OB AB p q
2

= LB ( ) ( )

p q p q p q e p q
i
= = =
3 2
3
2
[ Q ] 1
3
= =

i
e
( ) p q p q p q q LB OB OL + = + + = + + = = 1
2 2
(shown)
= = OB OC BC
2
q r
= BM ( ) ( )

q r q r e q r
i
=
|
\
|
=

1
2
3
2

q r q r q r q BM OB OM = = = + = ) (
2 2
(shown)

Argument of complex number = N | | | |
2 2 2
) 1 1 ( arg ) 1 ( arg r p r p =
( ) | |
2 2 2
) ( arg arg r p r p + = =


Page 6
( )
3 3
5
3
2
) arg( ) 1 arg( arg
2 2

= = + = + = =
Hence, NB is a continuous straight line passing through the origin.
(By understanding the above functions on the fact that the chords ON andOB are inclined at the
same angle to the horizontal as well as the vertical, though proving the horizontal part indirectly also
implies the vertical part is true)
Argument of complex number = L ( )
3
arg ) arg(

= = + p q

Hence, LC is a continuous straight line passing through the origin.
Argument of complex number = M = ) arg( q r

Hence, MA is a continuous flat horizontal line(lying on the real axis) passing through the origin.

Reconciling all 3 observations gives the fact that lines LC , MA and NBmeet at the origin. (shown)
r q p r q p p q r LC + + = + + = = ) ( | | | | [Q ] 1 | | = (shown)
r q p r q p q r p MA + + = + + = = | ) ( | | | (shown)
( ) r q p r q p r p q NB + + = + + = = | ) ( | | | | |
2 2 2 2
[Q ] 1 | |
2
= (shown)


SOLUTIONS :
Let
n
P be the proposition that
2 1
3

=
n n n
a a a , where
2
2
1
1
+
=
n
n
n
a
a
a , 1
1 0
= = a a and 2 n
For ,
2
P 2 1 3 3
0 1 2
= = = a a a and 2
1
1 1 1
2
0
2
1
2
=
+
=
+
=
a
a
a
Since LHS=RHS,
2
P is true.
Assume ,
1 k
P
k
P are both true for some positive integer value of k where , 2 k
ie
3 2 1
3

=
k k k
a a a and
2 1
3

=
k k k
a a a


Page 7
Considering :
1 + k
P
( )
1
2
2 2 1
2
1
1
2
2 1
1
2
1
6 9 1 3 1 1
+
+ +
=
+
=
+
=
k
k k k k
k
k k
k
k
k
a
a a a a
a
a a
a
a
a

2 1
1
2
2
6 9
1

+
+
=
k k
k
k
a a
a
a

2 1 3
6 9

+ =
k k k
a a a

2 2 3
6 ) ( 3

+ + =
k k k k
a a a a

2 3
3 3

+ =
k k k
a a a

( )
3 2
3 3

=
k k k
a a a

1
3

=
k k
a a
,
1 k
P
k
P are true
1 + k
P is true.
Since
2
P is true, by mathematical induction,
n
P is true for all . 2 n

(shown)
The difference equation is given by , 0 3
2 1
= +
n n n
a a a

2 n
Auxiliary equation is
2
5 3
0 1 3
2

= = + m m m

Hence, general solution is given by ,
2
5 3
2
5 3
n n
n
B A a
|
|
\
|

+
|
|
\
|
+
= 1 n

Recognising that + =
+
+ =
+
1
2
5 1
1
2
5 3
,
and
1
1
2
5 1
1
1
5 1
2
1
2
) 1 5 (
1
2
5 3
=
+
=
+
=
, where
2
5 1+
= ,
The general solution can therefore be rewritten as ( )
n
n
n
B A a
|
\
|
+ + =
1
1 1

When as , 1 = n ( ) ( ) ) 1 (
1
1
1
1 1 1
1

|
\
|
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + = =
B A B A a


Page 8

When as , 2 = n ( ) ( ) ) 2 (
1
1
1
1 1 2
2
2
2
2
2

|
\
|
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + = =
B A B A a

: ) 2 (
1
) 1 ( +
|
\
|

( ) 2
1
1
1
2
2
+
|
\
|
=
(
+ +
|
|
\
|
A

2
1
2 1
1
2
+
|
\
|
=
(
+ + +
2 1
1
1
2
+
=
(
+ + + A

( )

+
=
(
+ + +
1
1 1
1
2 2
A

( )

+
=
(
+ |
\
|
+
1
1 1
1
2
A

( )

+
=
(
+ |
\
| + 1
1
1
2
A

2
1
1
+
= A

: ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( + +

2 ) 1 (
1 1
2
2
+ + =
(
(
\
|
+
|
|
\
|

=
(
|
|
\
| +
+
|
|
\
|
1
1 2 1
2
2 2
B

=
(
+ + 1
1 2
1
1
2
B

=
(
+ + 1
1 1
1
2
B

( ) ( )
=
(
+ + + 1 1
1
1
2
B

1
1
1
2
=
(
B


Page 9

1
1
2
2
=
(
2
2
1
+
= B

Substituting these into the general solution gives

( )
n
n
n
a |
\
|
|
|
\
|
+
+ + |
\
|
+
=
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2

( ) ) 3 (
1
1
1
1
2
2

(
(
\
|
+ +
+
n
n

Before proceeding, certain results must be made available to simplify (3):
+ =
+
=
+
=
|
|
\
|
+
= 1
2
5 3
4
5 2 6
2
5 1
2
2

5
1
5 1
2
5
1
5 5
2
2
5 3
1
1
1
1
2
=
|
|
\
|
+
=
+
=
|
|
\
|
+
+
=
+

Hence, (3) becomes
( ) ( ) | |
n n
n
a
2 2 2
5
1

+ =

( ) ( ) | |
n n
2 2 2
5
1

+ =

| |
n n 2 2 2
5
1

+ =

| |
n n 2 1 1 2
5
1

+ =

5
) 1 2 ( 1 2
+
=
n n

(shown)

( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2
1
1
1
1 1 1

= =
+
=
+
+
=


Page 10

SOLUTIONS :
(i) When the sphere intersects the line, ( ) ( )
2
a m b m b = + +
( ) ( )
2 2
2 a m m m b b b = + +
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 2
2 2
= + + a b b m b m m
Where we have a quadratic equation in .
Hence, if the two distinct points of intersection occur, then
( ) ( )( ) 0 4 2
2 2
> a b b m m m b
( ) ( )( ) 0 4 4
2 2
> a b b m m m b
( ) ( )( ) 0
2 2
> a b b m m m b
Since mis a unit vector, then 1 | |
2
= = m m m and the inequality is further reduced to
( ) ( ) 0
2 2
> a b b m b
( ) 0
2 2
> + a b b m b
( )
2 2
m b b b a > (shown)
When only one point of intersection occurs, then ( ) ( )( ) 0 4 2
2 2
= a b b m m m b
and similar further simplification would give rise to ( )
2 2
m b b b a = (shown)
For this situation, m b
m m
m b
=

=
2
2

and ( )m m b b p + = (substituting the above expression for into the line
m b r + = gives point P)
( )m m b b p =
( ) | | m m m b b m p =
( ) | | m m m b b m p =
( )( ) 0 = = = m b m b m m m b m b m p (shown)


Page 11

(ii) If the circle is tangential to the plane, then only one point of intersection exists. If we let this
point have position vector q , we have an d q = .
Equation of plane is l n r = ; since q clearly lies on the plane,
l n q =
Substituting the above equation into this gives ( ) l n d an = +
l n d n n a = + ) (
l n d a = +
l a = (shown)
(Note: n d =0 because the normal of the tangential plane would be perpendicular to the
radius vector through the centre of the second circle)

(iii) Equation of second sphere is given by
2
) ( ) ( a d r d r =
When the two spheres intersect, r r d r d r = ) ( ) (
r r d d d r r r = + 2
( ) d d d r =
2
1

Let a possible point of intersection(out of the infinite number of points) have position vector = c
In order for the circles to intersect in a perpendicular configuration,
( ) ) 3 ( 0 = d c c and
( ) ) 4 (
2
1
= d d d c
,

From (3), we have d c c c = ; substituting this into (4) gives ( ) d d c c =
2
1

Since this point of intersection also lies on the first circle,
2
a c c =
and therefore ( )
2 2
2
2
1
a d d a d d = = (shown)


Page 12

SOLUTIONS :
I M =
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
=
1 0
0 1
1 0
0 1
0 1
1 0
0 1
1 0
2
(shown)
......... ..........
! 4
1
! 3
1
! 2
1
) (
!
1
) exp(
4 4 3 3 2 2
0
+ + + + + = =
=
M M M M I M
r
M
r
r

. ..........
! 4
1
! 3
1
! 2
1
4 3 2
+ + + = I M I M I

|
|
\
|
+ + +
|
|
\
|
+ + = .. ..........
! 7 ! 5 ! 3
.. ..........
! 6 ! 4 ! 2
1
7 5 3 6 4 2

M I
sin cos M I + = (replacing both series by their Maclaurins equivalents)

|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
=

cos sin
sin cos
0 sin
sin 0
cos 0
0 cos
(shown)

) exp( M represents a transformation matrix which serves to rotate any given set of coordinates( in
the y x plane) by an angle of about the origin in the clockwise direction. (shown)

|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
=
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 0
1 0
2
N (null matrix)
|
|
\
|
= = = =
0 0
0 0
..........
5 4 3
N N N
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
= + = =
=
1 0
1
0 0
0
1 0
0 1
) (
!
1
) exp(
0
s s
sN I sN
r
sN
r
r

) exp(sN represents a transformation matrix which serves to shear any given set of coordinates
parallel to the x axis such that the original x coordinate
1
x is adjusted to
1 1
sy x + while leaving the
y coordinate
1
y unchanged. (shown)
When ) exp(sN ) exp( M = ) exp( M ) exp(sN ,


Page 13

|
|
\
|
1 0
1 s
|
|
\
|

cos sin
sin cos
=
|
|
\
|

cos sin
sin cos
|
|
\
|
1 0
1 s

=
|
|
\
| +

cos sin
sin cos sin cos s s
|
|
\
|
+

cos sin sin
sin cos cos
s
s

By observation, , n = where n (shown)
The sequence of transformations (rotation and shearing) is commutative only IF the angle of rotation
is an integer multiple of . (shown)

By considering integration by parts and chain recurrence, show that

( )! 1
! !
) 1 ( ) , (
1
0
+ +
= =
b a
b a
dt t t b a I
b a
for , 0 a 0 b

( Note: I have modified this question substantially from its original version.)

SOLUTION :

dt t t
a
b
t
a
t
dt t t b a I
b a b
a
b a 1
1
0
1
1
0
1 1
0
) 1 (
1
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 ( ) , (
+
+
+
+
(
+
= =

) 1 , 1 (
1
) 1 (
1
1
1
0
1
+
+
=
+
=
+
b a I
a
b
dt t t
a
b
b a

) 3 , 3 (
3
2
2
1
1
) 2 , 2 (
2
1
1
+ |
\
|
+
\
|
+
\
|
+
= + |
\
|
+
\
|
+
= b a I
a
b
a
b
a
b
b a I
a
b
a
b

) 0 , ( .
1
..........
3
2
2
1
1
b a I
b a a
b
a
b
a
b
+ |
\
|
+
|
\
|
+
\
|
+
\
|
+
=
) 0 , (
1
..........
3
2
2
1
1 !
!
b a I
b a a
b
a
b
a
b
a
a
+
(
\
|
+
|
\
|
+
\
|
+
\
|
+
=

+
+
= +
+
=
1
0
)! (
! !
) 0 , (
)! (
! !
dt t
b a
b a
b a I
b a
b a
b a

( )! 1
! !
) 1 ( )! (
! !
+ +
=
+ + +
=
b a
b a
b a b a
b a
(shown)


Page 14

SOLUTIONS :
(i)
= + + =

p ak a ak p
1

) 1 ( ) 1 (
1
= + +
p k k a
( ) q ak ak ak a a ak q = + + =

) )( ( ) )( ( ) (
1 1

q a k a k a = + +
2 2 1 2

) 2 ( ) 1 (
1 2
= + +
q k k a
r ak a ak r = =

) )( ( ) (
1

) 3 (
3
= r a
: ) 1 ( ) 2 (
p
q
a = (shown)
Substituting this into (3):
3 3
3
rp q r
p
q
= =
|
|
\
|

0
3 3
= rp q (shown)
(ii)
= + + = p p
) 1 ( = + p
(where , and are generic roots of the equation)
q q = + + =

( ) ) 2 ( = + + q

3
3
3
3
p
q
p
q
r = = =

) 3 (
3
3
=
p
q

Substitute both (1) and (3) into (2):


Page 15
( ) q p
p
q
= +
3
3

3 2 3 3
) ( qp p p q = +

3 3 3 2 3
4
qp p p q = +
0
3 3 2 4 3 3
= + q qp p p
Let
3 3 2 4 3 3
) ( q qp p p f + =
0
3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
2
4
3
3
= + =
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
q q p q p q q
p
q
qp
p
q
p
p
q
p
p
q
f
Hence,
p
q
= is a root of the equation 0
2 3
= + r qx px x (shown)
Substituting
p
q
= into (3) gives
2
2
3
3
p
q
q
p
p
q
=
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
= (shown)
An obvious relationship arising is =
2

where = =
common ratio
Hence, the 3 roots are in geometric progression .( Note though that the sequencing of the roots
to form a proper GP in my solving context is in the following order: , , ) (shown)
(iii) Let the 3 roots be , d a a, d a +
Then
= = , 3 p a p ie
3
p
a =
( ) q d a d a d a a a d a q = + + + + =
) )( ( ) )( ( ) (
q d a ad a ad a = + + +
2 2 2 2

q d a =
2 2
3
q d
p
=
|
|
\
|
2
2
9
3 [ Q
3
p
a = ]
q
p
d =
3
2
2


Page 16
r d a a d a r = + =
) )( )( (
r ad a =
2 3

r q
p p p
=
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
3 3 3
2
3

r
pq p p
= +
3 9 27
3 3

= r
p pq
27
2
3
3
0 27 2 9
3
= r p pq
Necessary condition is given by 0 27 2 9
3
= r p pq (shown)


SOLUTIONS :
y
) (x f y =

0 1 2 x

n
1
1+
n
2
1+
n
3
1+
As can be observed from the above graph, total area of all rectangles for 2 1 x

=
|
\
|
+ =
|
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ =
n
m
n
m
f
n n
n
f
n n
f
n n
f
n n
f
n
1
1
1
1
1
........
3
1
1 2
1
1 1
1
1


Page 17
When , n an infinitely large number of rectangles with negligible widths are considered,
expression therefore simply approaches towards the area under the graph of ) (x f y = , ie dx x f
2
1
) ( .
(shown)

)
`
\
|
+
+ |
\
|
+
+ |
\
|
+
=
)
`
+
+
+
+
+

n n
n
n n
n
n n
n
n n n n n
n n
1
.. ..........
2
1
1
1
lim
1
.. ..........
2
1
1
1
lim

|
|
|
|
\
|
+
=
|
|
|
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
|
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
|
|
\
|
+
=

=

m
m
n n
n
m
f
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
1
1
1 1
lim
1
1 1
.. ..........
2
1
1 1
1
1
1 1
lim
| | 2 ln | | ln
1
2
1
2
1
= = =
x dx
x
(shown)

)
`
|
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
\
|
+
=
)
`
+
+
+
+
+

2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2 2 2
1
.. ..........
4
1
1
1
lim .. ..........
4 1
lim
n n
n
n n
n
n n
n
n n n
n
n
n
n
n
n n
|
|
|
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
|
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
|
|
\
|
+
=

2
2
2 2
1
1 1
.. ..........
4
1
1 1
1
1
1 1
lim
n
n n
n
n
n
n
n

(
(
(
(
(
+
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
+
+
(
(
(
(
(
+
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
+
+
(
(
(
(
(
+
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
+
=

2 1 2 1
1 1
.. ..........
2
2
1 2
2
1
1 1
2
1
1 2
1
1
1 1
lim
2 2 2
n
n
n
n
n
n n
n
n n
n
n

) 1 (
1 ) 1 (
1
2 2
1
2
1
2
2
1
2

+
=
+
=

dx
x
dx
x x

Using the substitution , tan 1 = x (1) becomes
( )

2
4
0
2
sec
1 tan
1
+
d | |
4
4
0
4
0
= = =
d
(shown)

STEP VOL 1 Preview Copy - Short

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

STEP VOL 1 Preview Copy - Short

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

WHITE GROUP MATHEMATICS (PREVIEW COPY)

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen