Synchronous Generators: Introduction

DC supplied (from exciter) to field winding on rotor

field sets up air-gap flux

Three-phase armature winding on stator

armature handles electrical power
Spring 2002 ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Introduction 1

Armature phase a Field

b

f a

phase b

c'

phase c
c
Spring 2002 ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Introduction 2

Exciter Brushless Excitation System armature Generator field Exciter field Exciter power

Rotor

Stator

Generator armature Exciter n Generator

a b c

Spring 2002

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Introduction

Internal generated voltage

Open-circuit armature voltage in each phase winding:
E A = KF w K= Nc 2 Nc P K= 22 if w is in electrical rad/sec if w is in mechanical rad/sec
ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Introduction 4

Spring 2002

IF
Spring 2002 ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Introduction 5

EA

Air-gap line

Magnetization curve

w = constant

IF
Spring 2002 ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Introduction 6

EAmax

w BR

Spring 2002

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Introduction

EAmax

IAmax

w BR

Spring 2002

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Introduction

EAmax

IAmax

w BR Estat=-j Xm IA
Spring 2002 ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Introduction 9

EAmax

IAmax

BR BS

w B net Estat=-j XM IA

Spring 2002

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Introduction

10

EA

jXMIA VA IA

EA=VA + j XM IA

EA VA IA
Spring 2002

jXMIA

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Introduction

11

jXM EA

IA VA

EA=VA + j XMIA But this neglects armature leakage flux and armature winding resistance
Spring 2002 ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Introduction 12

jXM EA

jXLA RA IA VA

EA=VA + (RA+j XM +j XLA)IA Define synchronous reactance XS = XM+XLA

Spring 2002 ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Introduction 13

jXS EA

RA IA VA Load

Define synchronous reactance XS = Xm+XLA EA=VA + (RA+j XS)IA

Spring 2002 ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Introduction 14

EA jXSIA VA IA RAIA

EA=VA + (RA+j XS)IA

Spring 2002 ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Introduction 15

EA

jXSIA VA RAIA

q IA

EA=VA + (RA+j XS)IA

Spring 2002 ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Introduction 16

EA jXSIA d q g IA VA

RA<<XS EA=VA + j XSIA

Spring 2002 ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Introduction 17

EA1 jXSIA VA

IA1

Lagging power factor load

Spring 2002 ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Introduction 18

EA2 jXSIA IA2 VA

Unity power factor load

Spring 2002 ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Introduction 19

EA3 jXSIA IA3 VA

Leading power factor load

Spring 2002 ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Introduction 20

EA3

EA2 EA1

IA3 IA1 IA2 VA

jXSIA

Lagging, unity, and leading power factor loads at constant terminal voltage and constant Pout
Spring 2002 ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Introduction 21

Loading at constant power factor and constant |VA|

EA2

EA1 jXSIA1

IA1
Spring 2002

VA IA2
ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Introduction 22

Loading at constant power factor and constant |EA|

EA2 EA1 jXSIA1 jXSIA1 IA1
Spring 2002

IA2

VA2 VA1
23

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Introduction

Power and Torque

Pin = twm = 3E A I A cos( g) V A = phase voltage at armature terminals I A = phase current at armature terminals q = angle between VA and I A Pout = 3VA I A cos(q)
Spring 2002 ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Introduction 24

VT = line voltage at armature terminals IL = line current at armature terminals wye : delta : VT = 3VA VT = VA I T = IA I T = 3I A

Pout = 3VT IL cos(q) q = angle between VA and I A

Spring 2002 ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Introduction 25

EA XSIA d q g IA VA q EAsin(d) =XSIAcos(q)

Neglect losses :
3VAE A sin( d) P = 3VA I A cos(q) = XS
Spring 2002 ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Introduction 26

P=

3VAE A sin( d) XS 3VAE A sin( d) wm X S

Electromagnetic torque : t=

t = kBR B net sin(d)

Spring 2002 ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Introduction 27

Open-circuit test and short-circuit test on armature (at rated speed)

Armature open:
slowly increase field current plot open-circuit voltage vs field current

Armature shorted:
slowly increase field current plot short-circuit current vs field current
Spring 2002 ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Introduction 28

jXS EA jXS EA
Spring 2002

RA IA=0 VAoc RA IAsc VA =0

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Introduction

Open-circuit test

Short-circuit test
29

VT Vrated

Air-gap line

Opencircuit curve

IF
Spring 2002 ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Introduction 30

IA

Irated

Shortcircuit curve

IF
Spring 2002 ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Introduction 31

VT Vrated

AG line OCC

IA

SCC

Irated

If0 If1
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If2

If
32

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Introduction

saturated : 1 / I f1 I f 2 = XS = 1 / I f 2 I f1 unsaturated : If 2 X S ,u = If 0
Spring 2002

per unit

per unit
33

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Introduction

VT VT0 VT1

AG line OCC

IA

SCC IA1 If1

Spring 2002 ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Introduction

If
34

All points measured at I f1 : saturated : VA1 1 VT1 = XS = ohm I A1 3 I A1 unsaturated : VA 0 1 VT 0 = ohm X S ,u = I A1 3 I A1

Spring 2002 ELCT 553 Synchronous generator: Introduction 35