Prof. AMIT MAHINDRAKAR Asso. Professor 93604 02842 Email : amahindrakar@vit.ac.

in

1. To teach students about the sources, dispersion and effects of air pollutants on receptors. 2. To develop students skill in the design concepts of unit operations and processes involved in air pollution control. 3. To teach students about the air quality monitoring, air quality standards and enforcement of pollution control laws. 4. To teach students about sources, effects and control of noise pollution .

Demonstrate an ability to understand sources of air pollutants like line sources and point sources and its local effects on human beings, materials, vegetation, animals and global effects like global warming and ozone layer depletion. Demonstrate an ability to recognize the types of air pollution models to be employed for air pollution dispersion studies. Apply the design concepts involved in gaseous and particulates control. Demonstrate the ability in proper selection of air pollution control equipments needed for specific industrial pollution control. Demonstrate the skills to monitor ambient and stack air qualities. Demonstrate the ability to plan regional air quality management for locating residential and industrial zones. Demonstrate an understanding to carry out environmental impact assessment of developmental projects in which air quality is an important scope. Identify sources of noise pollution and its adverse effects on human health. Demonstrate the ability to monitor noise pollution and design control techniques to mitigate its adverse effects from its sources.

UNIT I: Classification of air pollutants Particulates and gaseous pollutants Sources of air pollution Source inventory Effects of air pollution on human beings, materials, vegetation, animals global warming-ozone layer depletion, Sampling and Analysis Basic Principles of Sampling Source and ambient sampling Analysis of pollutants Principles. UNIT II: Elements of atmosphere and dispersion of pollutants Meterological factors Wind roses Lapse rate -Atmospheric stability and turbulance Plume rise Dispersion of pollutions Gaussian dispersion models Applications.

UNIT III: Concepts of control Principles and design of control measures Particulates control by gravitational, centrifugal, filtration, scrubbing, electrostatic prescipitation Selection criteria for equipment, gaseous pollutant control by adsorption & absorption, condensation, combustion Pollution control for specific major industries. UNIT IV: Air quality standards Air quality monitoring Air pollution control efforts Zoning Town planning regulation of new industries Legislation and enforcement Environmental Impact Assessment Methods.

UNIT V: Sound and Noise: Sources of noise pollution environmental and industrial noise; effects of noise pollution - fundamentals of sound generation - propagation, sound measurement - sound level meters types, components, Noise prevention & control measures, environmental and industrial noise - noise control legislation.

When pollution started ?

Humankind has had some effect upon the environment since the Paleolithic era during which the ability to generate fire was acquired. In the Iron Age, the use of tooling led to the practice of metal grinding on a small scale and resulted in minor accumulations of discarded material probably easily dispersed without too much impact. Human wastes would have polluted rivers or water sources to some degree.

When pollution started ?

The first advanced civilizations of Egypt, India, China, Persia, Greece and Rome increased the use of water for their manufacture of goods, increasingly forged metal and created fires of wood and peat for more elaborate purposes (for example, bathing, heating). The forging of metals appears to be a key turning point in the creation of significant air pollution levels. Core samples of glaciers in Greenland indicate increases in air pollution associated with Greek, Roman and Chinese metal production

When pollution started ?

Toward the end of the Middle Ages populations grew and concentrated more within cities, creating pockets of readily evident contamination. In certain places air pollution levels were recognizable as health issues

History
1272 - King Edward I of England bans use of sea coal 1377 1399 - Richard II restricts use of coal 1413 1422 - Henry V regulates/restricts use of coal 1661 - By royal command of Charles II, John Evelyn of the Royal Society publishes Fumifugium; or the Inconvenience of the Air and Smoke dissipated; together with Some Remedies Humbly Proposed 1784Watts steam engine; boilers to burn fossil fuels (coal) to make steam to pump water and move machinery Smoke and ash from fossil fuels by power plants, trains, ships: coal (and oil) burning = smoke, ash

Environmental system is that entity which is part of a larger system and is made up of sub-sub systems; which further are made up of sub-sub-sub systems . . . . . . . . . . . .

Systems are interconnected Systems are delicately balanced Systems have direct and delayed response!

Stockholm Conference June 1972 UNCED Rio de Janeiro, 3- 14 June 1992 Rio+5 New York, 23-27 June 1997 WSSD Johannesburg, 26 August to 4 September 2002

UNCED i.e. Earth Summit (1992)

The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held from 3 to 14 June 1992 at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Achievements of the UNCED were: 1. Rio Declarations, 2. Agenda 21, 3. Statement of Principles on Forests, 4. Framework Convention on Climate Change; and 5. Convention on Biological Diversity.

Framework Convention on Climate Change

The ultimate goal of the Climate Change Convention is to stabilize greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at levels that will not dangerously upset the global climate system. This should be done within a time frame that allows ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, ensures that food production is not threatened and enables economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner. Developed nations shall also protect and improve forests and oceans that act as sinks and reservoirs for greenhouse gases.

DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLE [Art. 48-A]

The state shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife.

FUNDAMENTAL DUTY

[Art. 51-A(g)]

The "FUNDAMENTAL DUTY" of every citizen is to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife and

to have

ecological compassion.

Indian Legislation on Environment

1974 1977 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act amended in 1988 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act amended in 1992 and 2003

1981
1986 1989 1989 1989 1991 1991

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act amended in 1983 & 1987.
The Environment (Protection) Act, amended in 1991, 1999, and 2002. The Rules for the Manufacture, Use, Import, Export and Storage of Hazardous micro-organisms Genetically engineered organisms or cells The Manufacture, Storage, and import of Hazardous Chemical Rules amended in 2000 The Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules amended 2002, 2003 The Public Liability Insurance Act amended in 1992. Notification on Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) amended in 1994, 1997, 1998,1999, 2000, and 2001

Indian Legislation on Environment

Contd

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1998 1999 2000 2000 2000 2001

Notification on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) amended in 1997. The National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995 The Chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning, Preparedness and Response) Rules, 1996 The National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997 The Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 amended in 2003 The 2-T Oil (Regulation of Supply and Distribution) Order, 1998. The Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, 1999 amended in 2003. The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 amended in 2002 The Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001

The Union of India

Central Government

State Governments

Parliament

MoEF
Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi (Head office)

State Legislative Assemblies and Counsels

State-MoEF
State Pollution Control Boards (Head office)

Apex Committees

State Apex Committees

Planning Commission

State Planning Commissions

Zonal offices

Regional offices

It causes damage to buildings and structures, agricultural crops, and vegetation and forests; reduced visibility; and increasing greenhouse gas emissions. 0.5 to 1 million people die prematurely each year as a result of exposure to urban air pollution. The economic damage of air pollution is estimated to amount to US$1 to 4 billion annually in cities in Asia and to US$6 billion in the new, independent states.

the greatest damage to human health comes from exposure to fine particulate matter (particles smaller than 2.5 m in aerodynamic diameter, or PM2.5) and from exposure to lead. Next to elimination of lead from gasoline, reduction of fine particulates is by far the highest priority. Carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), ozone, and airborne toxics also contribute to the pollution due to transport sector.

Vehicle Per Million of Population in Metropolitan Cities

250000
Number of Vehicles per million of Population

200000 150000 100000 50000 0 M umbai Delhi Calcutta Chennai

Vehicles per Million of the Population of Major Cities in India

Number of Vehicles per million of Population

1200000 1000000 800000 600000 400000 200000 0 Lucknow Jaipur Hyderabad Ahmedbad Nagpur Vedodara Banglore Pune

Clean Air Conference WHO Conference.

- 1957-58

The 1972 Stockholm Conference was the first major effort to discuss control of pollution including air pollution.

1974 meeting major countries of the world -19 European countries, Australia, Canada and Japan Two basic principles were evolved:
1. 2.

Polluter must pay for pollution, and Transfrontier air pollution be controlled.

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.

To counter the problems associated with air pollution, ambient air quality standards were established under the Air Act (1981).

The Act provides means for the control and abatement of air pollution.

Under Article 253 of the Constitution of India, some of the provisions of the Act were subsequently modified in 1987, and the Act is called as The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Act, 1987. Besides, the Environment Protection Act, 1986 and the Motor Vehicle Act, 1988 and other acts also deal in part with the control of air pollution.

Air (prevention and control of pollution) Act 1981. Air (prevention and control of pollution) Rules 1982. Noise pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules 2000. Ozone depleting substances (Regulation and Control) Rules 2000. The Environment Protection Act 1986. Environment Protection Rules 1986. The National Environment Tribunal Act 1995. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Act 1987. Motor vehicles Act 1988. Municipal solid wastes (Management and Handling) Rules 2000. Air (Prevention and Control Pollution) Union Territories Rules 1983.