Chapter 2 eee 2.1-1 Let us denote the signal in question by g(t) and its energy by By. For parts (a) and (b) te rc sintrdt= 3 fo ae cos 2dt=r+0=m 2), 2 ©) ee [ sinttut= 2 [at-} [costae rt0=% ae Bhp Se 2° eee (a) ef casin 1? ar = a3 ek [corte] = ae soln ae lo 2 Io 2 to Sign change and time shift do not affect the signal energy. Doubling the signal quadruples its energy. In the same way we can show that the energy of kg(t) is k*Ey, 2ae2 (a) Kes [Zar 2. Ey fe(uae+ f2(-1rae = 2 (2)?dt=4. Ex [rans “2 5 0/2 f pas f tora f (ytare o ia m2 a0/2 a Eey= [tars [ores [Cota ee 0 f f Therefore Eazy = Ex ~ Ey (bE, = [ors f 7 Similarly. we can show that Ezy = 44 Therefore Exsy = E. + Ey. We are tempted to conclude that Ext = E,—£y in general. Let us see. o ee [Corns [cntaer ee [ataes seve [ores [omer torn [ome [cote ‘Therefore. in general Exsy # Ex + Ey Lf cheatin snare Sf ec reed [Meteor ona & [econ sana "hh I, dt+ [, cou(aaet +204] = Fete +0) F 2.1+4 This problem is identical to Example 2.26. except that 1 # w2. In this ease, the third integral in Py (see p. 19 is not zero. This integral is given by 2 y= gi, 2 [contort + O:}c08 ait + Ha) at at rie a a eed if onl; —@)dt +f cos(2art +01 +62) dt T Ura “ra " jinn, SY 11 eoaity ~ M9)} + O-= C.Ca costs ~ 2) 121-5 21-6 21-8 2.21 Therefore F + crcecosins - #2) 2 Py [eras cur ®) port (yar = 64/7 a aj a [ (ct Pat = 6407/7 wr=5 f (2t*yPat = 4(64/7) = 256/7 — (€) Pea = Sign change of a signal does not affect its power. Multiplication of a signal by ® constant © increases the power by a factor ©? ani aaron Lf7ss dima ert Poa gin tf nine cars gin $f" SY parrot ra 119 on tam ‘The integrals of the cross:product terms (when & # r) are fnite because the integrands are periodic signals rinade up of sinusoids), ‘These terms. when divided by T — oc. yield zero. The remaining cerms (k=) yield ue * yy um $f Data = De? 71a bem fd (a) Power of a sinusoid of amplitude C is C7/2 Bq, (2.6a)] regardless of its frequency (o # 0) and phase Therefore. in this case P ~ (10)*/2 = 50. (b) Power ofa sum of sinusoid is equal to the sum of the powers of the sinusoids [Eq. (2.6b)}. Therefore, this case P = OME 4 UES = 178. (€) (10 +2 sin 31) cos 101 = 10¢os 101 = sin 13¢ — sin 3¢. Hence from Ea, (2.60) P ay p+ $= 51 (d) 10cos 5¢ cos 10t = 5(cos 5t + cos 18¢. Hence from Eq, (2.6b) @ + SF a8, (e) 10sin 5¢ cos 101 = S(sin 15/ ~ sin 8¢. Hence from Eq, (2.6b) P of 4 opt mas, fetorse 4 ==). Using the esl in Prob. 21-7, we obtain P= (1/4) 40/4) = 17 (f) 0/9! cos.wat = For a real a - cof. rp tim & tonT Jurpe For imaginary a. let a= jr. Then pea nineand [emcee ad [atm 1 ~ 2J ttre) Fig. $2.5-2 Clearly, if is real. ¢7* is neither energy not power signal. However, fa is imaginary, itis @ power signal with power 1 malt) = alt 1) rant 2). galt) salt 1) tout +1). galt) = alt — 08) + sit +05) “The signal qs(1) can be obtained by (i) delaying g(t) by 1 second (replace t with f— 1). (i) then time-expanding by a factor 2 {replace f with #2). (il) then muttiply with 1.5, Thus as(t) = 1.595 2.32 All the signals are shown in Fig. $2.3-2 2.3-3 All the signals are shown in Fig, $2.3-3 4 Ba-4> 4 9 Gs) 3 A = 2 A ° oe -6 t 3 , gars) 4 gu-d 2 4 2 o = Fig. 82.3-3 Fae [anra= [eon e, Exon [cota f° dena ty bane [writen [Pours te Baum [ietarns [Pov 2.34 F y/o bnone [ner oPaaE [doen Bue. Baio [etinieine [doi eat of Pudn ets Een = f fag(t)j? ar 24-1 Using the fact that q(7)6(r) = 9(0)4(7). we have (a) 0 (b) FA(u) Ce) FMA) (4) $A) phate +3) (1) kO(w) (use L’ Hépital’s rule) 12.2 In these problems remember that impulse A(x) is located at x = 0, Thus. an impulse 4(¢—r) is located at and so on. (a) The impulse is located at + and gf) at r =f is a(t). Therefore 32.43 251 25-2 2.83 2.4 f a(r)a(t = r)dr = alt) (b) The impulse A(z) is at 7 =O and g(t ~ 7) at 7 = 0 is g(t). Therefore [i Moae-nar=ato Lning similar arguments. we obtain (e)1 (a0 Ce) (A) 5 (we) 9-1) Ch) << Letting at = 7, we obtain (for a > 0) [stomona= Similarly for a < 0, we show that this integral is -40(0). Therefore ~ gtZyavayde = Lo(0) 1 ™~ 1 [evmanae 20 = 3 [some Therefore 1 sat) = Fr Trivial. Take the derivative of je:? with respect to « and equate it to zero. (a) In this case Ey = fi dt = 1. and [ ainrtoa =} f tar =05 = 0.8 over (0 <1 < 1), and zero outside this intervai, Also Ey (b) Thus, aff) = 0.52(¢). and the error e(t) = and Ee (the energy of the error) are E [vow f Pare1/3 and B= [lu-osra= ina lo fo lo The ervor (1 ~ 0.5) is orthogonal to r(1) because [u-onmase Note that Ey = (2£s + Es. To explain these results in terms of vector concepts we observe from Fig, 218 Ae ihe enice vector e is orthogonal to the component ¢x. Because of this orthogonality, the length-square of fg energy of 9(0) i equal to the sum of the square of the lengths of ox and ¢ (surn of the energies of -7(1) and (| In this case Ey = f2q2(Ndt = [2 fdt = afirmars “thus. 2(t) © 1.S9(f). and the error e(¢) = (1) ~ 1.59(1) = 1 1.5f over (0 <1 < 1). and zero outside this ‘Also Ey (the energy of the error) is Ex = fo (1 ~ 1.8t)?dt = 1/4 mare (a) In thin cose By = [sin 2xtat = 08, and altya(t)at = 1 tsin Qetdt = —1/e (b) Thus. git) = ~(1/n)r(0). and the ervor e(t) = t+ (1/x)sin 2xt over (0 < tS 1). and zero outside this interval. Also Ey and E¢ (the energy of the error) are 425-8 2.5-6 5 1 1 [roa [ Pat=1/3 and Ee 37 i ‘The error [t + (1/n)sin 2nt} is orthogonal to x(t) because [ sin 2nt|t + (1/x)sin 2xf}dt = 0 Note that Ep = «?Ex + Be. To explain these resulte in terms of vector concepts we observe from Fig, 2.15 that sere e vector e ls orthogonal to the component cx. Because of this orthogonality, the length of f (energy of Sin) is equal to the sum ef the square of the lengths of cx and e [sum of the energies of ex(t) and c(t) (a) If +(1) and y(t) are orthogonal. then we can show the energy of x(t) + y(t) is Ex + Fy £ reo sunrar= [~ veto [~ moras [~ sor oae [” ronne a = £ n(n dt + £ iu PRae ® ‘The last result follows from the fact that because of orthogonality, the two integrals of the cross products Tnywt) and 2° (F)y{t) are zero [ore Eq, (2.40)]. Thus the energy of 7(*) + v(t) is equal to that of 2(1) ~ vie) if (0) and 1/(1) are orthogonal. {h) Using similar argument. we can show that the energy of e17(t) +ean(t) is equal to that of et) ~ aut) if x(t) and yi!) are orthogonal. This energy is given by lea|?Ex + lea Ey. (e) If sit) = 7(0) £ u{0), then it follows from Eq, (1) in the above derivation thet Ey = Ex + Ey (Exy + Eve) 1(2.1), ga(1.2). g3(0.—2). g4(2-2). e9(2.1), and aa(3,0). From Fig, $2.6-6. we see that pairs (R-66) {e1-Bs) and (B2-s) ate orthogonal. We can verify this also analytically. aig, $2.5-6 gy-gs = (0x3) +(-2%0)=0 gree = (2x1) + (-12) = (-1x2)4(2x1)=0 We can show that the corresponding signa! pairs are also orthogonal. [stone [° crstnise ia = f atten J erie ~ zane) +210 =0 f atpostnar= J t-n(-+2estnitr +2a09)dt = 0In deriving these results, we used the fact that J™ 2?ut = f™ 23(e)dt-= 1 and J ru(t}za(t)dt = 0 2.6-1 We shall compute rn using Eq. (2.48) for each of the 4 cases. Let us first compute the energies of all the signals. [ sin?artdt = 05 E, In the same way we find E, Using Eq. (2.48), the correlat Eq, = 05. n coefficients for four cases are found as a ates sin Detsin Ant dt = 0 (2) yous [ (sin 2n1)(~sin Int) at , * @) satan [ oorsin 2rtur=0 (4) ganon [ff o.07 sin area [on areas] Laide Signals z(t) and g2(?) provide the maximum protection against noise. 28-1 Here To = 2. s0 that wo = 2n/2 mand lt) = 00+ Srancosnat +qsinnst 1S 4S 1 acy" cosnat dt = Therefore {-1)" i) be SM cose wists 25+ SL GP cont lees Figure $2.61 shows git) = 1? for all and the corresponding Fourier series representing ait) over ‘1. 1). ge) fu) a “iL t> => 4 5%t> Fig. $2.61 ‘The power of a(t) is. Pz = 0.19837. which is greater than 0.198 For N = 1. Pe Thus. N = 3. 2.8-2 Here To = 2n. so that wo = 2n/2x = 1. and 0.1111; for N = 2. Py = 0.19323, For N = a(t) = 40+ San cosnt + by where ans mere a i “saeo, eed [toners Thevfre . gen Svat ests Figure $2.82 shows a(t) = ¢ for allt and the corresponding Fourier se ar) to represent g(t) over (—, 7) eu) = yi Fig. $2.6-2 ‘The power of alt) is 1 tae nok [uted Moreover, from Parseval’s theorem (Eq, (2.90)} myer Sodan eens The power Pe is required to be 080 x 32 = 026?, Therefore a4 Lee Pz = 2.927, which is less than 0.30, For N= 6. Pe = Pee For N= 1, Pe = 2; for N= 2. Py = 25. for N 2.9625. which is greater than 0.3n?. Thus. N = 6. 2.8-3 Revall that FF a 1a) wna] foe (0 ay ond f g(t) cos nwot dt {1b} rena rant el Fle a(t) sin neat dt ue)