International Journal of Electronics, Communication & Instrumentation Engineering Research and Development (IJECIERD) ISSN 2249-684X Vol.

3, Issue 1, Mar 2013, 47-50 TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

BASIC DIGITAL WATERMARKING TECHNIQUE USING DCT WITH ADJUSTMENT METHOD

ANSITH S & PRIYANKA UDAYABHANU Electronics and Communication Engineering, SNGCE, Kolenchery, Kadayirippu, Kerala

ABSTRACT
In this paper we are discussing about the watermarking method using adjustment method. Watermarking is the method of embedding the information into other signal. First we capture the audio data and then it is sampled using a sampling frequency of 22050Hz. The sampled audio data is converted into the DCT coefficients. The watermark message is watermarked into the DCT coefficient of the audio data. An adjustment method is carried out in order to increase the accuracy of the watermarked audio signal. We finally extract the message from the watermarked audio signal after performing IDCT to the watermarked signal.

KEYWORDS: Digital Watermarking, DCT INTRODUCTION

Watermarking can be described as a method for embedding information into another signal. Digital media are replacing traditional analog media and will continue to do so. By digital media, we mean digital representations of audio, text documents, images, video, three-dimensional scenes, etc. These media offer many benefits over their analog predecessors (e.g., audio and video cassettes). Unlike analog media, digital media can be stored, duplicated, and distributed with no loss of fidelity. Digital media can also be manipulated and modified easily. Digital watermarking is the process of computer-aided information hiding in a carrier signal; the hidden information should, but does not need to contain a relation to the carrier signal. A digital watermark is a signal permanently embedded into digital data (audio, images, video, and text) that can be detected or extracted later by means of computing operations in order to make assertions about the data. The watermark is hidden in the host data in such a way that it is inseparable from the data and so that it is resistant to many operations not degrading the host document. The idea of hiding data in another media is very old, as described in the case of steganography. Nevertheless, the term digital watermarking first appeared in 1993, when Andrew Tirkel (1993) presented two techniques to hide data in images. These methods were based on modifications to the least significant bit (LSB) of the pixel values Digital watermarking techniques derive from steganography, which means covered writing (from the Greek words stegano or covered and graphos or to write). Steganography is the science of communicating information while hiding the existence of the communication. The goal of steganography is to hide an information message inside harmless messages in such a way that it is not possible even to detect that there is a secret message present. Both steganography and watermarking belong to a category of information hiding, but the objectives and conditions for the two techniques are just the opposite. In watermarking, for example, the important information is the external data (e.g., images, voices, etc.). The internal data (e.g., watermark) are additional data for protecting the external data and to prove ownership. Steganography performs message hiding such that the attacker cannot detect the presence of the message in the image, video or audio. Watermarking hides the message such that an attacker cannot tamper with the message contained within the image, video or audio.

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WATERMARKING USING DCT

In this method we did watermarking on audio signals. The message which was to be watermarked was the watermark. First we captured the audio data using a microphone. The recording took place for 5 seconds. After the recording was finished, the recorded audio data was sampled using a sampling frequency of 22050 Hz. The sampled audio data was converted into the DCT coefficients using the Discrete Cosine Transformation. The most common DCT definition of a 1-D sequence of length N is X(k)= For k=0,1,2,,N 1. The inverse transformation is defined as x(n)= for n = 0,1,2,,N 1.

where (k)=

It is clear from that for k =0, X(k=0)= The 2-D DCT is a direct extension of the 1-D case and is given by C(u,v)=(u)(v) for u,v = 0,1,2,,N 1.

Where (u), (v)=

The inverse transform is defined as f(x,y)=

for x,y = 0,1,2,,N 1. The 2-D basis functions can be generated by multiplying the horizontally oriented 1-D basis functions with vertically oriented set of the same functions. The DCT coefficients are fractional values. So these are multiplied by a higher value. The DCT coefficients are represented by 16 bits. The message which is to be watermarked into the audio signal is entered manually in the text box

Basic Digital Watermarking Technique Using DCT with Adjustment Method

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provided. The default message in the text box is msg. Each letter in the watermark message is first converted into its ascii values. The ascii values are represented by 7 bits. The message bits are represented by a column matrix. Now we are taking 16 bit audio DCT coefficients. The number of DCT coefficients selected should be same as the total number of message bits. The 2nd bits of DCT coefficients are stored into a vector bp. The message bits are stored in a vector bits. The bitwise xoring is performed between the bits in the bp and bits. The resultant bits are stored into vector S. The resultant bits after xoring are the actual watermark bits. These bits are embedded into the 2nd bit of each DCT coefficients of audio signal. The resultant signal is the watermarked audio signal. The accuracy of the watermarked signal is improved by using adjustment method.

ADJUSTMENT METHOD
In the adjustment method let a be the value of original data (DCT coefficient), b be the value of watermarked data. Then we choose a value c as the watermarked data such that it is very close the value of a and the watermark bit should remain as that of the watermarked data b. If a > b, then b c < a or if a < b, then a < c b. For example, consider an 8 bit representation. Let the 3rd bit is to be watermarked by a watermark bit 1. Let a=00001011 (11d) be the DCT coefficient of audio signal. After watermarking a will become b= 00001111 (15d). This watermarked data is adjusted to a new value c= 00001100 (12d). Here c is very close to a and the watermark bit remains same as that of b ie; 1. Hence now we select the watermarked data as c. After adjustment we take the value of c. The table given below shows the values of a, b and c with and without using adjustment method. Table 1: Values of a,b,c without and with Adjustment Method Without Using Adjustment Method a b c 233 235 235 239 237 237 342 341 341 1137 1138 1138 1040 1037 1037 2928 2928 2928 160 157 157 1422 1420 1420 983 980 980 1431 1429 1429 2192 2192 2192 2099 2099 2099 1563 1560 1560 357 358 358 260 262 262 594 592 592 1320 1320 1320 794 793 793 315 313 313 150 148 148 1379 1376 1376 Using Adjustment Method a b c 235 235 234 239 237 237 342 341 341 1137 1138 1138 1040 1037 1037 2928 2928 2928 160 157 157 1422 1420 1421 983 980 981 1431 1429 1429 2192 2192 2192 2099 2099 2099 1563 1560 1561 357 358 358 260 262 262 594 592 593 1320 1320 1320 794 793 793 315 313 313 150 148 149 1379 1376 1377

The extraction of message can be done after performing the IDCT to the watermarked signal. We are using the property of bitwise xoring for extraction of message from the watermarked signal. If C= A xor B, then A= C xor B. Hence

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the 2nd bits after IDCT are bitwise xored with the bits stored in the vector bp. The resultant bits are the message bits and are converted into the message data.

ANALYSIS
In this concept the watermarking is done using an adjustment method as described earlier. An analysis is performed to find the efficiency of using the adjustment method in watermarking. The analysis is performed by watermarking with and without using adjustment method. The bit error rate between the watermarked signal and original signal is calculated for both the cases. It is seen that the bit error rate is high for watermarking without using adjustment method. The analysis is carried out for seven audio files and the bit error rate is calculated for the same. It has been seen from the analysis that the efficiency is higher while using the adjustment method.

Figure 1: Efficiency of the Signal with and without Adjustment Method

CONCLUSIONS
In this paper we discussed about the digital audio watermarking using discrete cosine transformation domain. The watermarking is done in the bits higher than the least significant bit. In this paper an adjustment method is used to increase the accuracy of the watermarked signal. We also carried out an analysis to differentiate the efficiencies of watermarking method with and without using adjustment method. It has been seen that the efficiency is higher while using the adjustment method.

REFERENCES
1. Digital Watermarking: A Tutorial, Dr. Vipula Singh Professor and Head of Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad India 2. Digital Watermarking of Text, Image, and Video Documents, Jonathan K. Su, Frank Hartung, Bernd Girod, Telecommunications Laboratory University of Erlangen-Nuremberg Erlangen, Germany 3. Digital Watermarking, R. Chandramouli Department of ECE Stevens Institute of Technology Hoboken NJ, Nasir Memon Department of Computer Science Polytechnic University Brooklyn,Majid Rabbani Imaging Research & Advanced Development Eastman Kodak Company Rochester 4. Methodologies in Digital Watermarking: Robust and Reversible Watermarking Techniques for Authentication, Security and Privacy Protection, Xin Cindy Guo, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Toronto