1) topic NEWLYWED STRESS The first year of marriage is when the haze of romance and lust lifts, and

reality begins to set in. Instead of spending time together doing fun things, couples start facing the reality of life. Newlyweds are often confronted with differences that seemed unimportant or non-existent when they were dating, but become front and center after marriage. DEFINING ROLES Prior to marriage, couples often assume that the other will take on certain roles in the relationship (i.e. breadwinner, bill payer, housecleaner, nurse, mechanic, etc.). But most of the time, newlyweds are over idealistic and neglect to discuss these expectations. Solution: Sit down to review and negotiate household roles. Focus first on how you can help, not on how your partner is letting you down! MONEY MATTERS Money is a very sensitive topic and a couple's attitudes towards household finances need to be aligned. If families don't define their core values, money ends up being spent carelessly and irresponsibly. More often than not, couples resort to blaming each other for financial mishaps because they aren't on the same page when it comes to handling money. Solution: Define your values. What do you both care about spending money on the most (i.e. vacations, entertainment, spirituality, etc.)? Once you lay that out on the table, you can better know how to budget your money. IN-LAWS Getting married means redefining boundaries and being a life partner with someone new involves cutting the umbilical cord. Parents often have a more difficult time with this than the children they are marrying off, and want to stay connected in ways that can disrupt the marriage. Solution: You and your partner need to decide among yourselves how much parental input you want and need to maintain respect and then you need set boundaries with your parents. Each child is responsible for communicating the message to their own family 2-topic Family Influence Is the family the most influential way to learn how to think, feel, and act in society? I believe that family does play a major role in the way we behave in society. As we grow, we learn many things from our family that are beneficial to our society. Almost everything that we learn as a child comes from parenthood and how we react with our parents. Our parents went through the concepts of life, and they were exposed to society as a kid and an adult, which we learn as we get older as well. Our families, especially our parents, have a lot of wisdom about what goes on life, since they have already experienced many parts to it. They are the ones who can teach us what they have learned, and they can show us how we should act, feel, and think about our modernday society. Probably the strongest influence in our lives is the family we grew up in. Our birth order, the personality's of our parent(s), the way we were treated by our siblings, the socioeconomic status of the family, their education, the place we lived all of these shaped us at the time when we were most vulnerable to being shaped. Besides these tacit influences, our parents taught us all the basics of "proper" behavior. When we were small children, we jolly well did whatever impulse entered our heads. We did not know that it was socially unacceptable to eat with our fingers, to play with the vase on the coffee table, to hit our brother, to break our toys. These and a million other rules were drummed into our heads by our parents. Some of this is OK, some not so OK. Either way, it is often difficult to change things inculcated at such an early age. (The Michael Teachings by Phillip Wittmeyer) 3-topic It`s better to get married before 30 Long ago, people used to get married at a very early age. Sometimes by their own choices and others by force. The parents would choose the husbands or wives for their children. This is called arrange marriage which is still practiced in few countries around the world, like in the Middle East, and South Asia. But it is not as common anymore because of all the changes in society. It is very hard to identify the best age to get married. However, my personal believe of when to get married is contradictory even to myself, since I got married at a very early age . When you get married young you have many opportunities, that you do not have when you get married at an older age and vice versa. But I can say will full certainty that the best age to get married is a choice made by each and every person and more importantly depending on his or her mature statues. There are many advantages when you get married young. When I say young I mean on your 20s. For example, if your partner is the same age as yourself, you both can study together, mature together, grow together, and learn how to live and build your life. All of this may sound like a lot of fun for young people who think they know everything, but reality is quite different. They do however; have an open mind to every single thing that

comes their way. But they are not old enough to have a good job, and be able to provide for the family. Education is the best tool to build the financial foundation for your marriage, and a healthy lifestyle. No matter how mature you are, or think you are there are many things that could be a problem. For instance, young people are very trusting, immature and not as responsible as an older person. Therefore, there are many things to be learned and experienced. Such as having kids 4-topic Living together once a stigma, now a trend Civil marriage it is a relationship where couple live together but they do not married. Sometimes couples make a marital contract. There are many advantages and disadvantages in civil marriage. st At 1 advantages: couple gets to know closer each other. 5-6-topic Young people health problems Key facts More than 2.6 million young people aged 10 to 24 die each year, mostly due to preventable causes. About 16 million girls aged 15 to 19 give birth every year. Young people, 15 to 24 years old, accounted for 40% of all new HIV infections among adults in 2009. In any given year, about 20% of adolescents will experience a mental health problem, most commonly depression or anxiety. An estimated 150 million young people use tobacco. Approximately 430 young people aged 10 to 24 die every day through interpersonal violence. Road traffic injuries cause an estimated 700 young people to die every day. Most young people are healthy. However, more that 2.6 million young people aged 10 to 24 die each year. A much greater number of young people suffer from illnesses which hinder their ability to grow and develop to their full potential. A greater number still engage in behaviours that jeopardize not only their current state of health, but often their health for years to come. Nearly twothirds of premature deaths and one-third of the total disease burden in adults are associated with conditions or behaviours that began in their youth, including: tobacco use, a lack of physical activity, unprotected sex or exposure to violence. Tobacco use The vast majority of tobacco users worldwide began when they were adolescents. Today an estimated 150 million young people use tobacco. This number is increasing globally, particularly among young women. Half of those users will die prematurely as a result of tobacco use. Banning tobacco advertising, raising the prices of tobacco products and laws prohibiting smoking in public places reduce the number of people who start using tobacco products. They also lower the amount of tobacco consumed by smokers and increase the numbers of young people who quit smoking. Harmful use of alcohol Harmful drinking among young people is an increasing concern in many countries. Alcohol use starts at a young age: 14% of adolescent girls and 18% of boys aged 13 15 years in low- and middle-income countries are reported to use alcohol. It reduces self-control and increases risky behaviours. It is a primary cause of injuries (including those due to road traffic accidents), violence (especially domestic violence) and premature deaths. Banning alcohol advertising and regulating access to it are effective strategies to reduce alcohol use by young people. Brief interventions of advice and counselling when alcohol use is detected can contribute to reducing harmful use. Injuries Unintentional injuries are a leading cause of death and disability among young people. Road traffic injuries take the lives of a staggering 700 young people every day. Advising young people on driving safely, strictly enforcing laws that prohibit driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs and increasing access to reliable and safe public transportation can reduce road traffic accidents in young people. If road traffic crashes occur, prompt access to effective trauma care can be life saving. 7-topic Alternative medicine is any practice that is put forward as having the healing effects of medicine, but is not based on evidence gathered with the scientific method.[1] Often not part of conventional treatment,[2] alternative medicine is usually based on tradition, belief in supernatural energies, pseudoscience, erro rs in reasoning, propaganda, or fraud.[3][4][5][6] Alternative therapies lack scientific validation, and their effectiveness is [4][7][8] either unproved or disproved. They have also been defined more broadly as the treatments that are not part of the conventional healthcare system.[9][10][11] Alternative medicine is sometimes grouped with complementary medicine which, in general, refers to the same interventions when used in conjunction with mainstream techniques,[12][13][14] under the umbrella term complementary and alternative medicine, or CAM.Integrative medicine (or integrative health) is the combination of the

practices and methods of alternative medicine with evidence based medicine.Critics maintain that the terms complementary and alternative medicine are deceptiveeuphemisms meant to give an impression of medical [18][19][20] authority. Alternative medicine methods are diverse in their foundations and methodologies. Methods may incorporate or base themselves on traditional medicine, folk knowledge, spiritual beliefs, or newly conceived approaches claiming to heal.[21] Many of the claims regarding the efficacy of alternative medicines are controversial. Research on alternative medicine is frequently of low quality and methodologically flawed.[22] The safety of alternative medicine is also controversial. Some alternative treatments have been associated with unexpected side effects, which can be fatal. Alternative treatments are used in place of conventional medicines, but even with the very safest alternative medicines, delays and absences of conventional medicine has resulted in deaths where they are ineffective.[23][24] Some voluntary health agencies focused upon health fraud, misinformation, and quackery as public health problems, have been highly critical of alternative medicine generally or more specifically 8-topic Easy Ways of Keeping Yourself Fit and Healthy 1.Diet - It is the most important aspect in order to keep yourself fit.It mainly depends on how active you are during the day and the kind of physical activity you do.The food we eat provides calories which give us energy.A Balanced diet is required.A Balanced diet must consist of carbohydrate, protein, fat, vitamins, mineral salts and fibre. It must contain these things in correct proportions.Best diet depends on -the amount and for how long you work out -the kind of physical activity -your body weight andsize -age-basal metabolism of the body Eat healthy food.Flour,Rice etc are a must as they are a cheapest and the best source of carbohydtrates.Fats is something u need to keep a check on.Mainly depends on your age and body weight.Though its the richest source of energy,but its the richest cause of heart problems too.So it must be taken within limits.Besides carbohydrate and fat,you need a good amount of proteins(milk,egg,chicken) and food like fruits, vegetables, and grains, include peanut butter, nuts, and yogurt.Salads and fibrous food are really important too.Last but not the least water.It makes up 60%of our body.Lack of water can lead to dehydration, a condition that occurs when you don't have enough water in your body to carry out normal functions. 2.Good Workout - The aim behind it is to lose weight and gain muscle.Overweight people have an increased risk of high blood pressure, heart disease,and few other illness.They become lethargic.Exercising redueces all these problems.Dieting may help here but it is important to lose yout weight safely.Consulting your doctor wont be a bad idea.A 30 minutes brisk walking would really help for a normal individual.Our goal is to burn up the extra calories that we eat.For some people who are already slim,weight training will be a good idea for them.It builds up strength and muscles. Some people start working out but dont really stick to it.They end up failing.For such people it important that they make their exercing fun so that they stick to it.Few ways that can help are -choose a sport or exercise that you like and which is easy for you.For e.g. some people enjoy swimming. -Try to workout with a partner so that its not boring. -make sure when you start exercising you are not tired.Choose a comfortable time during the day or evening. -Dont get discouraged if you dont see any change in your body during the first few weeks.It comes gradually. 3.Mental Fitness - You must assess your emotional health regularly.Try to take a break from your concern and worries.Try to feel free.You mus recognize that dedicating even a short time every day to your mental fitness will reap significant benefits in terms of feeling rejuvenated and more confident.Various factors invloving mental fitness are -Mental Fitness -Emotional Fitness -Relaxation -Coping with Stress -Facing Difficulties -Overcoming Addictions -And Countles Others! 4.Preventive Measures - Get regular medical examinations. Go for a yearly checkup, which should include at the minimum a chest X-ray, ECG, urine examination and blood test.This way you can be treated in time if you are already suffering from an illness that you dint know about.Dont forget, Prevention is better than Cure. 9-topic We are healthier than people 50 years ago People are more healthier than the

people now. Because those days all food stuffs contains natural fertilizers, healthy even for plants also. These days all food stuffs contains artificial fertilizers and so many chemicals, which affects our body gradually. No. I don't even think they are healthier than they were a hundred years ago. We have more antibiotics, etc., now for infectious diseases, and treatments for other diseases, but that is not "health". I think due to pollution and spraying in veggies, medicines which is given to poultry products etc, before people were more healthy than we are now. Dont think so. We drank water from the tap without getting unknown germs, 4 of us shared the same bottle of cola without getting any diseases, we ate fruits from the trees without washing it, we ate plain veggies and lots of fruit, we never got additional vitamins. We played outside and our parents didnt worry, they knwe we will be back as soon as the streetlights were switched on. We did not sit infront of the tv, playstation, wii, pc the whole day and night. We ran around and went to bed exhausted at night but the next day we did the same. We got home from school, ate something, went back to school of participating in sport, run back home, do homework, run outside..... we were not overweight cause food and stuff didnt have time to get 'stuck' on us, we were just too active. Oh, those were the days........ Well, I am sure everyone would like to think so, but look at our environment. Look at what goes in our food, drinks etc.. People think if they drink a diet drink, eat certain foods etc.., that their health will improve!Now I am guilty for drinking diet, but look what is in those drinks. Honestly, I feel natural foods are best in moderation.An example is butter is better than margarine as far as healthy is concerned. It may be higher in fat, but that's when you don 10-12-topic Simply by existing, people have made major impacts on the world's living ecosystems. This summary attempts to list most of these, so that the enormity of the situation can be observed. A century ago, this list would have been quite short, because human use of the planet's resources was much less, and not perceived as damaging. Today, not only can damage be seen or predicted, it can also be felt personally in the form of shortages and hindrance. Little do we realize, however, to what extent we have changed this planet. In reading this compiled summary, please remember that it reflects just a snapshot of today's situation, and that the world's population is still to double in the coming forty years! Also remember that it lists the doom side of developments, and not the positive actions (like conservation) to alleviate these. So far, such remedies have, at best, been able to postpone the inevitable for a few years. (recycling, fuel efficiency, green engineering, crop genetics, etc.) Not all changes to the planet's ecosystems are perceived as problems. Only those that affect us are, particularly those that affect us now. All our problems are caused by people, for without people there would be no problems. Thus the more people and the more affluent their lifestyle, the more resources they will use and the more numerous and severe our problems will become. Ecological problems grow faster than the rate of population and the growth of the world economy. For instance, a simple compounded growth of 3% per year will double the world's problems in 25 years; growth of 6% in 12 years! It is not surprising then, that the present generation of school children will experience change as never witnessed before and never to be witnessed again, as humanity exhausts some of its most precious resources, while also causing serious trauma to the environment. The summary below has been divided into four sections, for its effect on humans, the atmosphere, the land, and the sea. 11-topic Global ecological problems Our planet is home to millions of different kinds of plant and animal species, which are linked in different ways. Together, they make up the complex world of nature. Unfortunately, co-habiting with humans brings up ecological problems. The most acute are pollution, acid rain, wildlife destruction, shortage of natural resources and global warming. These problems are interrelated as everything in the natural world depends on one another. Wild plants and animals live in a particular set of surroundings, called their habitat. Nowadays people change habitats to suit their own needs - to create farmlands or build cities, for example. They also destroy wildlife habitats while mining or by building roads. A lot of species - fish, reptiles, insects, birds, mammals - are disappearing fast. Its reported that by 2030 25% of all animals, birds and insects may be extinct. All living organisms breathe in oxygen, and breathe out carbon dioxide. We produce carbon dioxide when we burn things. Trees take this gas from the air, and produce oxygen. But in the last few years, people have cut and burnt large amount of rainforest. Many plants in the world are known to be in danger or threatened with extinction. The world has over nine million square km. of forests. Paper and cardboard are made from wood. Every year over 100000 sq. km. of

forests are cleared for different uses, and a lot of forests are so badly damaged that they will hardly be able to recover. Acid rain falls when poisonous gases from power stations and vehicles mix with oxygen and moisture in the air. Acid rain poisons or kills wildlife in lakes, rivers, and forests, and damages the surrounding plant life. The problem could be controlled by reducing vehicle emissions and limiting the gases released from power stations. World temperatures are currently rising every year. This phenomenon is called global warming. As the planet warms up, the water in the oceans will take up more space and water from glaciers and the polar ice caps will start to melt. This could cause sea levels to rise and many habitats will disappear under water. The cause of global warming is attributed to the greenhouse effect. It works in the following way - sunlight gives us heat which warms the atmosphere. Some of the heat returns into space. Nowadays the air surrounding the earth has become much warmer because the heat can't go back into space. That's why winter and summer temperatures in many places have become higher. Summing everything up, the climate in different parts of the world changes every year. These changes can be dangerous for our planet which needs protection. The measures to be taken include limitations for cutting rainforests and poisonous gas emissions as well as personal ecology of humans. 13-topic The ways to protect our environment Our planet is changing. We need to help it change for the better and we're asking for your help to do that! There are a lot of things that affect our planet in a bad way but the good news is that everyone can help to reduce them and do their bit for the environment. Heres a list of important topics and with them a list of big ways that you can help. So read on and start protecting the environment today. We all want to protect our planet, but we're mostly too busy or too lazy to put up big change that would improve our lifestyle and save the environment. 1 Prevent pollution by disposing of all your litter and waste in the correct, legal way, such as using on-street waste receptacles when you are out and about, or putting it in your domestic trash can when you're at home. Follow local procedures for normal waste disposal. Contact your local authority for advice on disposing of unusual waste items, such as paint and computer parts. 2 Recycle all materials that can be processed by your local authority. Place plastics, metals, paper and glass in the correct collection receptacles. Donate unwanted items to charity, such as The Salvation Army, who are happy to accept good condition clothing, furniture and even automobiles. 3 Look after reserves of water by making sure you turn off the faucet after use and by repairing leaks and drips. Purchase waterefficient appliances. Take showers instead of baths. Gather rainwater for garden use and use your lawn sprinkler less often or not at all. 4) Conserve energy by choosing Energy Star products. Turn these off, as well as lights, when you don't need them to be on. Use air conditioning and heating less often. Make sure your home is insulated correctly to maintain a steady temperature. 5Reduce the amount of material you use. Print emails occasionally or not at all rather than printing them every time. Buy new things when you actually need them rather than on a whim. Organize a car pool with friends to use fuel efficiently. Efficiently managing your use of the world's resources protects the environment. 14-topic Water and air pollution What Is Pollution? We often talk about the harms of pollution but do you know what pollution actually is? Before we can understand how to control environmental impacts caused by various forms of pollution we must first start at the beginning with the basics to understand what exactly pollution is and where it comes from. The official definition of pollution is the introduction of harmful substances or products into the environment. Basically, any time a foreign substance is introduced into an environment, particularly a contaminant or toxin, that produces some kind of a negative or harmful impact on the environment or living beings is considered pollution. Water Pollution: occurs anytime these contaminants, or pollutants, enter into a water source such as the ocean, rivers, lakes, or ground water. Many of the same sources that result in air pollution can also release pollutants into water supplies through either directly leaking or spilling materials into the water or releasing chemicals into the air that then fall back into water supplies in the form of acid rain. Water pollution also results from runoff which occurs when storm water drains off of farms or other areas carrying with it a variety of pollutants including fertilizer, pesticides, and waste. Oil spills are

also another source of water pollution, even on land since it can contaminate water via run off or by seeping into the ground, polluting ground water. Air Pollution: which is generally in the form of a gas emitted by factories, power plants, automobiles, etc. such as the familiar greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide and methane but can also include particulate matter such as is the case with asbestos or biological matter that could be released into the air. The most common sources of air pollution include oil refineries, power plants, burning of fossil fuels, automobiles, fumes from aerosols and chemicals such as paint, factories, and incinerators. 15topic The environmental Problems of our country The environment of Kazakstan has been badly damaged by human activity. Most of the water in Kazakstan is polluted by industrial effluents, pesticide and fertilizer residue, and, in some places, radioactivity. The most visible damage has been to the Aral Sea, which as recently as the 1970s was larger than any of the Great Lakes of North America save Lake Superior. The sea began to shrink rapidly when sharply increased irrigation and other demands on the only significant tributaries, the Syrdariya and the Amu Darya, all but eliminated inflow. By 1993 the Aral Sea had lost an estimated 60 percent of its volume, in the process breaking into three unconnected segments. Increasing salinity and reduced habitat have killed the Aral Sea's fish, hence destroying its once-active fishing industry, and the receding shoreline has left the former port of Aral'sk more than sixty kilometers from the water's edge. The depletion of this large body of water has increased temperature variations in the region, which in turn have had an impact on agriculture. A much greater agricultural impact, however, has come from the salt- and pesticide-laden soil that the wind is known to carry as far away as the Himalaya Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. Deposition of this heavily saline soil on nearby fields effectively sterilizes them. Evidence suggests that salts, pesticides, and residues of chemical fertilizers are also adversely affecting human life around the former Aral Sea; infant mortality in the region approaches 10 percent, compared with the 1991 national rate of 2.7 percent. By contrast, the water level of the Caspian Sea has been rising steadily since 1978 for reasons that scientists have not been able to explain fully. At the northern end of the sea, more than a million hectares of land in Atyrau Province have been flooded. Experts estimate that if current rates of increase persist, the coastal city of Atyrau, eightyeight other population centers, and many of Kazakstan's Caspian oil fields could be submerged by 2020. Industrial pollution is a bigger concern in Kazakstan's manufacturing cities, where aging factories pump huge quantities of unfiltered pollutants into the air and groundwater. Almaty, is particularly threatened, in part because of the postindependence boom in private automobile ownership. The gravest environmental threat to Kazakstan comes from radiation, especially in the Semey (Semipalatinsk) region of the northeast, where the Soviet Union tested almost 500 nuclear weapons, 116 of them above ground. Often, such tests were conducted without evacuating or even alerting the local population. Although nuclear testing was halted in 1990, radiation poisoning, birth defects, severe anemia, and leukemia are very common in the area. In February 1989, opposition to Soviet nuclear testing and its ill effects in Kazakstan led to the creation of one of the republic's largest and most influential grassroots movements, Nevada-Semipalatinsk, which was founded by Kazak poet and public figure Olzhas Suleymenov. After a year of demonstrations and protests, the test ban took effect in 1990. 16-topic Types of Holidays Holiday is an extended period of recreation, especially spent away from home or travelling. A break from work or a day of festivity or recreation when no work is done is also called the same way. This means that holiday is a kind of tourist activity that is not connected with work or business. Therefore, to make out which types of tourist activity refer to holiday one should exclude all kinds of business travelling and then its quite possible to compose a list of types of holiday according to different criteria. Such criteria might be duration of holiday, its geography, tourists mobility, their age, transportation, seasons, value for money, etc. But the main criterion is the aim of holiday. Different people take holidays on various purposes. Some go hunting, others prefer to climb mountains. A lot of people have holidays relative to sport activities, such as hiking, cycling, horse-back riding, rowing and canoeing, as well as scuba-diving or even bungee jumping. There are also such purposes as recreation, treatment and medical care. In this case people can choose resort or a spa. Tourism for recreation is very popular in our region. The local nature is perfectly suitable not only for treatment but also for various kinds of adventure

holiday. Today a great attention is paid to ecological tourism and Krasnodar territory is the very place to develop it in. I think shop-tourism and business travelling cannot be added to the list of types of holiday, for they are related to work. No less important criterion in this classification is how a holiday can be organized. It may be done with the help of some travel agencies, tour operator companies, or one can organise his rest himself, that is, self-catering type of holiday takes place here. One of the tourist activities is studying. Im not sure if it is a type of holiday, but one should not forget that for some people studying is more recreating and relaxing than for example hunting or climbing mountains. Nowadays there are many kinds of work and each of them requires its own type of holiday. So the number of types of holiday is steadily growing. 17-topic The country I`d like to visit I haven't been to Great Britain yet, & I'd like to visit this country very much, because I like the English language, & I' m curious to learn about everyday life of the people who speak this beautiful language, & just see the sights. Here's what I know about this country so far. The full official name of the country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland. It is a constitutional monarchy - the nominal head of state is Queen Elizabeth the Second, but the real law-making body is the Parliament, consisting of two Chambers, the House of Commons & the House of Lords. The royal family is preserved as a kind of a tourist attraction. The country is situated on the British Isles, which lie off the north-west of Europe. They are separated from the continent by the English Channel, better known by its French name - La Manche. Now, there is a tunnel under the Channel, efficiently binding Great Britain & the continent. The climate is rather mild, influenced by the Gulf Stream, & famous English lawns & gardens are of some special shade of green. The UK is a very highly developed industrial country, with such branches of industry as ship-building, manufacturing of textiles, machinery, electrical & electronic equipment, & many others. The population of the UK is about 55 million people . There are two major political parties in the UK, Labour & Conservative. The Conservative are in office now. I know a lot more about the UK, but this information has been taken from books & mass media. I'd like to visit the country & see everything for myself. 18-topic The tourism sector development in KZ Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to Kazakhstan, a country located right in the heart of Eurasia, where ancient meets modern and oriental traditions coexist with Western culture. We are sure that the centuries-old Kazakh culture and the unique nature of the region will enchant you. A trip to Kazakhstan will be a truly wonderful experience, a time that you will treasure forever. Recently, Kazakhstan has become increasingly popular among travelers from all around the world. Local travel companies have been quick to respond to this phenomenon by increasing the range of services they offer, attracting even more travelers. Many of these travelers come from Germany, the UK, Japan, South Korea and China. These travelers have already experienced the touring routes of Kazakhstan, and we believe that it's high time to follow their example. Today, Kazakhstan offers virtually all types of travel services - educational and entertainment tours, ethnic and eco-tourism, just to name a few. Numerous touring routes cover the country's entire territory. For example, you can't afford to miss the Golden Ring of Southern Kazakhstan. Some of the World's earliest cities flourished in this fertile oasis, located on the southern steppe, at the frontier between nomads and ancient settlements. A system of caravan routes connecting China with the Near East and Europe used to cross through this land. The Great Silk Road, or Zhibek Zholy in the Kazakh language, emerged as a major trade route as early as the 3rd century BC. A significant part of this road now belongs to the territory of Kazakhstan. Cities such as Turkestan (Yasi), Taraz (Talas) and Otrar are located along this ancient route, and in the past they used to be major settlements along the path of the caravans. Southern Kazakhstan also hosts the world

young people. 19-topic The invention of the car has changed the world There is no doubt that the invention of the car has changed the whole world. In no place of the earth people doesn't know what a car is. It is the most popular vehicle of all continents and so there are also many advantages and disadvantages that mark the apparat: The first thing to take into account is that the invention of the car has sped up the whole world. Nowadays, people don't have to go to shops on foot anymore. They can get to many different places in one day and from city to city in a few hours. What is more, people spend their leisure time in clubs and shopping centers which are far away from home. In the past people didn't have the possibility to do these things. It was very difficult to get into another town and for transporting bulky items you needed some strong because of the items' weight. Secondly, without cars ambulance and police wouldn't be punctual at the right place. People would die because of their hurts and bandits would escape without a scratch. To sum up, there could not be the busy lifestyle of these days without cars. People wouldn't get punctual to work and so their work would not be ready as well. That means that big companies wouldn't be as large as now. In the old days people had to travel several days, weeks and months to get to the place they needed. They either went on foot, by coaches driven by horses or on horseback or by boats and ships. Then trains, trams, cars, buses, airplanes, underground and other means appeared. Many people like to travel by air as it is the fastest way of travelling. A lot of people like to travel by train because they can look at passing villages, forests and fields through windows. Some people like to travel by car. There they can go as slowly or as fast as they like. They can stop when and where they want. 20-topic crime is a global problem .we can do nothing to prevent it .to what extent do you agree or disagree? Nowadays,people wants the peaceful and safe life.however,the fact always fail to satisified.even ,some people dsipoint about this situation .they think wecan not provent the crime to happen.maby these people are have their own reason ,but ,i disagree with them .i believe that crime can be prevent . those people who lose faith to reality due to the crime showing a upward trendcy.they argue that crime is not a objective practice.it occures someone who decide it by themselves .so,if we make barrier to these practices which includes stealing ,robbery,murder happen ,we should alter their mind .in fact ,it is not easy to cope with this problem. For someone ,they neglect the important element which is enviroment where can provid us civilization.to some extent ,someone indulge in the internet or tv even some books ,which includes the violent and pornographic contents.and these unhealthy contents give rise to aggressive behaviour.especiaslly the futher generations who lack of self-discipline and selfcontrol,thus,these evil contents mislead them go astray even robing bank or raping.teenagers are so immature and innocent ,they can hardly distinguish the right from the wrong ,which they cannot resist the tempetation of the violent and pornographic contents.so, the circumstance have a important effect to shap one's character and mind. So, i think parents play a key roles,they can help offsprings distinguish the merits and negtives,as well as afford them a perfect study or work atmosphere.also,make them far away from the unhealthy contents.for goverment is to impose the sensorship make sure the citizens expose to a civilzed circumstance.islate all of things that will misguide people to be a criminal. All in all, if people adopt effective ways ,it is possible that crime can be stoped. 21-topic Who are the teens turning to crime?Many of them come from broken homes or families where the parents do not spend much time with them. Teens who do not get love and acceptance from their parents may get it from gangs instead which leads them into crime. Also, many of these youths are poor; for them, it is the

famous space port, Baykonur. It is quite possible that in the near future, not only the local people, but also travelers from abroad will be able to get one step closer to space and feel its fascinating aura, if not by joining a rocket launch, then by witnessing it from a nearby location. There is a proposal to create at Baikonur an entertainment complex with modern hotels and service facilities, similar to that existing atCape Canaveral. Facilities would include a mini-mission control center which would simulate spacecraft launch, a planetarium, a museum of space development, a shopping network, restaurants, as well as 'cosmic cafes' for

attraction of easy money that draws them to commit crimes. Why do they turn to crime?For fun and adventure, for acceptance in a gang, or just for cash. Teens can be lured into gangs by promises of perks and easy money. Free booze, cigarettes and women, as well as well-paid loan-shark running contracts ($80 for scrawling "O$P$", $150 for splashing paint, $200 for harassing one household) are part of the attraction. Where does teen crime come from?Atrisk youths, former youth offenders, counsellors and youth experts all point to the same causes: bad parenting; negative peer

group influences; and the universal teenage desire to be accepted in a group or, in these cases, a gang. 22-topic The most serious crimes *Hate crimes (also known as bias motivated crimes) occur when a perpetrator targets a victim because of his or her membership in a certain social group, usually defined by race, religion, sexual orientation, disability, ethnicity, nationality, age, gender, gender identity, or political affiliation Hate crimes differ from conventional crime because they are not directed simply at an individual, but are meant to cause fear and intimidation in an entire group or class of people. *White-collar crime has been defined as a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation." White-collar crime therefore with corporate crime because the opportunity for fraud, bribery, insider trading, embezzlement, computer crime, environmental and health and safety law violations and forgery is more available to white-collar employees. * Sexual acts which are prohibited by law in a jurisdiction, are also called sex crimes: rape, all sorts forms of sexual assault and sexual abuse, frotteurism, exhibitionism and voyeurism, if deliberate and non-consensual, incest between close relatives; sex with animals, sexual harassment. Extra-maritial relations are illegal in some places. * Domestic violence (sometimes referred to as domestic abuse) occurs when a family member, partner or ex-partner attempts to physically or psychologically dominate another. Domestic violence often refers to violence between spouses, but can also include cohabitants and non-married intimate partners. Family violence is a broader definition, often used to include child abuse, elder abuse, and other violent acts between family members. Some legal jurisdictions have specific definitions. 23-topic The ways to prevent crime Crime can have negative effects on community morale as well as business growth and development. Fear of being victimized by crime affects purchasing habits, community involvement and tourism. Preventing crime is the responsibility of those who seek a safe, peaceful environment. Learning effective ways to deter crime is the first step to securing and maintaining low crime rates.

1.Stay informed of crime legislation initiatives. Contact your local representatives to get the latest information regarding new proposals. Encourage your leaders to vote for bills that target crime and protect communities. Examples of these types of bills include legislation for harsher sentencing guidelines and initiatives to enact curfews for underage citizens. 2Stay involved in the community. Participate in neighborhood watch programs to stay proactive in crime prevention in your immediate surroundings. Volunteer time and money to social programs that help at-risk youth. Programs like Big Brothers Big Sisters of America provide mentors to young people in need of positive influences. These activities help deter crime as well as guide the actions of youth. 3Report criminal offenses to the authorities. Take note of suspicious activities that occur inside and outside your neighborhood. Contact the police with eyewitness information such as a suspect description to assist law enforcement in their crime prevention efforts. Avoid looking the other way when criminal offenses occur. You could find yourself in need of another citizens assistance if you become a crime victim. 4Secure your valuables. Use monitored alarm systems to protect your home and vehicle. Avoid leaving high-priced items in plain view of others. Store yard and portable items in your garage when youre not home. Use a heavy duty lock to protect your bicycle from theft. Never flaunt large amounts of cash or jewelry to people you dont know well. 5Travel with a group. Use the strength of numbers to help prevent crime. Never go to unfamiliar places by yourself, especially at night. Bring a cell phone and extra money for emergency use. Walk along well-lit paths when traveling outside. 24-topic Travelling is the best knowledge Almost all people are fond of travelling. It is very interesting to see new places, another towns and countries. People may travel either for pleasure or on business. There are various means of travelling. For me there is nothing like travel by air; it is more comfortable, more convenient and, of course, far quicker than any other means. There is none of the dust and dirt of a railway or car journey, none of the trouble of changing from train to steamer and then to another train.

With a train you have speed, comfort and pleasure combined. From the comfortable seat of a railway carriage you have a splendid view of the whole countryside. If you are hungry, you can have a meal in the dining-car; and if a journey is a long one you can have a wonderful bed in a sleeper. Travelling by ship is also very popular now. It is very pleasant to feel the deck of the ship under the feet, to see the rise and fall of the waves, to feel the fresh sea wind blowing in the face and hear the cry of the seagulls. Many people like to travel by car. It is interesting too, because you can see many sights in a short time, you can stop when and where you like, you do not have to buy tickets or carry your suitcases. A very popular means of travelling is hiking. It is travelling on foot. Walking tours are very interesting. Hitch-hiking is a very popular method of travelling among young people. But it is not as popular in our country as abroad. 25-topic Litter is the problem in our country Pollution comes in many forms and no matter where you live, youve probably seen some form of it. From litter on NYC city streets to the smog that lingers over LA to the plastic trash that floats in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, the visible signs of pollution are more than evident. The main reason for why pollution has gotten so out of control is that our desire for more stuff has led to our old stuff being thrown away at an alarming and unnecessary rate. For more information on this, watch Annie Leonards Story of Stuff. This need for manufactured items also leads to the air and water pollution emitted from factories, which in many countries are highly unregulated. Looking at the bigger picture, government oversight and sloppy industrial practices on the part of big companies has also exacerbated our pollution problem. The first thing we can all do to reduce the amount of pollution in our streets, air and water is to make a mental change. Before buying a new product, ask yourself if you really need it or if you might be able to purchase it secondhand. It could make a big difference in the amount of trash we see in our landfills. Secondly, if you dont already recycle, get into the habit. If everyone adopted these easy principles, the world would be in a much better place. Who litters? Unfortunately many people litter. And they may be members of your family, your friends even you. Research shows that

individuals under 30 are more likely to litter than those who are older. In fact, age, and not gender, is a significant predictor of littering behavior. This campaign is meant to shine a light on the act of littering and to help us all see that its an unaccepted and wrong behavior, just like buying sushi at a gas station. Gross! Why do people litter? Thats a complicated question with no easy answer. Our research shows that people often litter because they have no sense of ownership, even though parks and waterfronts are really owned by us all. Another common reason for littering is the belief that someone else will pick it up for me. Some REAL jerks even use the excuse that theyre creating jobs for people who clean up. Well, that couldnt be farther from the truth. Those cleaner-uppers are often paid for by your tax dollars or the extra money you pay for products and services at local businesses. Most of the time litter invites more litter. Once litter has accumulated along a road or in a community, people are more likely to keep littering in that location. Sometimes its simply a matter of laziness. If there is no garbage or recycling container nearby, some people will just throw their garbage in a spot that is convenient to them (which can be anywhere from a parking lot to a public park). In other cases, people dont want to cross a street or walk a few feet to where a garbage receptacle is located. Also, sometimes people litter and dont realize it. Unintentional litter, such as litter that flies out of the window of your car, from an uncovered container, or the back of a pick-up truck, is still litter. What can I do to stop litter? So glad you asked! Here are a few ideas: First, dont litter. Set a good example for your friends, kids and neighbors. Even an apple core is considered litter. Never throw trash out of your car window. Also, be aware when driving with your windows open. Loose items like paper or candy wrappers can fly out easily. Place a bag in your car to collect personal trash (or recyclables) instead of tossing them. At home, secure the lids on your trash and recycling containers, especially when you set them out on collection day.