Flexure

Lecture Goals
Doubly Reinforced beams

Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Sections

Effect of Compression Reinforcement on the Strength and Behavior Less concrete is needed to resist the T and thereby moving the neutral axis (NA) up.

T = As f y C =T

Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Sections

Effect of Compression Reinforcement on the Strength and Behavior
Singly Reinforced a1 C = Cc ; M n = As f y d 2 Doubly Reinforced a2 C = Cc + C ; M n = As f y d s 2 and (a2 < a1 )

Reasons for Providing Compression Reinforcement

Reduced sustained load deflections.
Creep of concrete in compression zone transfer load to compression steel reduced stress in concrete less creep less sustained load deflection

Reasons for Providing Compression Reinforcement

Effective of compression reinforcement on sustained load deflections.
Fig 5-14 MacGregor

Reasons for Providing Compression Reinforcement

Increased Ductility
reduced stress block depth increase in steel strain larger curvature are obtained.

Reasons for Providing Compression Reinforcement

Effect of compression reinforcement on strength and ductility of under reinforced beams. < b
Fig 5-15 MacGregor

Reasons for Providing Compression Reinforcement

Change failure mode from compression to tension. When > bal addition of As strengthens.
Compression zone allows tension steel to yield before crushing of concrete.

Effective reinforcement ratio = ( )

Reasons for Providing Compression Reinforcement

Eases in Fabrication - Use corner bars to hold & anchor stirrups.

Effect of Compression Reinforcement

Compare the strain distribution in two beams with the same As

Effect of Compression Reinforcement

Section 1:
T = As f s T = Cc1 = 0.85 f c ba = 0.85 f c b1c1 As f s c1 = 0.85 f c b1

Section 2:
T = As f s T = Cs + Cc1 = As f s + 0.85 f c ba2 = As f s + 0.85 f c b1c2 As f s As f s c2 = 0.85 f c b1

Addition of As strengthens compression zone so that less concrete is needed to resist a given value of T. NA goes up (c2 <c1) and s increases (s2 >s1).

Doubly Reinforced Beams

Four Possible Modes of Failure
Under reinforced Failure
( Case 1 ) Compression and tension steel yields ( Case 2 ) Only tension steel yields

Over reinforced Failure

( Case 3 ) Only compression steel yields ( Case 4 ) No yielding Concrete crushes

Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Sections

Strain Compatibility Check Assume s using similar triangles

( c d ') *0.003 =
s

0.003 = c ( c d ') c

Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Sections

Strain Compatibility Using equilibrium and find a

T = Cc + Cs a = a

( As As ) f y
0.85 f cb

( As As ) f y ( ') d f y = = c= 1 1 ( 0.85 f cb ) 1 ( 0.85 f c)

Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Sections

Strain Compatibility The strain in the compression steel is

d s = 1 cu c 1 ( 0.85 f c) d = 1 0.003 ( ') d f y

Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Sections

Strain Compatibility Confirm

s y =

fy Es

s y

1 ( 0.85 f c) d fy fy = s = 1 0.003 Es 200000 ( ') d f y

Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Sections

Strain Compatibility Confirm

1 ( 0.85 f c) d f y 600 600 ( ') d f y

1 ( 0.85 f c) d 600 ( ') 600 f d fy y

Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Sections

If the statement is true then

a M n = ( As As ) f y d + As f y ( d d ) 2
else the strain in the compression steel

f s = E s

Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Sections

Strain Compute the stress in the compression steel.

1 ( 0.85 f c) d fs = 200000 1 0.003 ( ') d f y

Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Sections

Go back and calculate the equilibrium with fs

(A f T = C + C a =
s c s

0.85 f cb

As f s )

c=

Iterate until the c value is adjusted for the fs

d fs = 1 600 c

Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Sections

Go back and calculate the moment capacity of the beam

a M n = ( As f y As fs) d + As fs( d d ) 2

Limitations on Reinforcement Ratio for Doubly Reinforced beams

Lower Limit on NSR-98 C.10.5.1

As(min)

f c = * bw d 4 fy

1.4 * bw d fy

same as for single reinforce beams.

Doubly Reinforced Beams Design Procedure when section dimensions are known
1 Calculate controlling value for the design
moment, Mu.

2 Calculate d, since h is known

d h 60 mm For one layer of reinforcement. d h 90 mm For two layers of reinforcement.

Doubly Reinforced Beams Design Procedure when section dimensions are known

3 Estimate a c/d value, which will cause a

strain, t >0.005 and find the area As1 for a singly reinforced section. Compute c from d

Doubly Reinforced Beams Design Procedure when section dimensions are known
4 Find nominal moment capacity provided by As1

0.85 f c ba As1 = fy
a1 M f1 = As1 f y d 2

Doubly Reinforced Beams Design Procedure when section dimensions are known
5 Find nominal moment capacity that must be
provided by the web.

M =

Mu

M f1

Doubly Reinforced Beams Design Procedure when section dimensions are known Mu M = M f1
If M 0 , compression steel is not required to resist Mu /. If M > 0 , go to step 6. Note: Use = 0.9 for flexure without axial
load, which will be dependent on the strain in the tension steel. (NSR-10 Sec. 9.3)

Doubly Reinforced Beams Design Procedure when section dimensions are known
6 Determine As required to resist M
(assume s

y)

As( req'd )

M = ( d d ) ( f y )

Doubly Reinforced Beams Design Procedure when section dimensions are known

7 Calculate total tension reinforcement

required.

As( req'd ) = As1 + As( req'd )

Doubly Reinforced Beams Design Procedure when section dimensions are known
8 Select reinforcing bars so As(provided) As(reqd)
and As As(reqd). Confirm that the bars will fit within the cross section.

Doubly Reinforced Beams Design Procedure when section dimensions are known
9 Confirm that s
y. If not go back to step 6 and substitute fs = Es s for fy to get correct value of As(reqd)

Doubly Reinforced Beams Design Procedure when section dimensions are known
10 Calculate the actual Mn for the section dimensions and reinforcement selected. Check strength, Mn Mu. (keep overdesign within 10 % )

Doubly Reinforced Beams Design Procedure when section dimensions are known
11 Check whether provided is within

allowable limits.

Example: Doubly Reinforced Section

Given: fc= 28 MPa fy = 420 MPa As = 2 #6 As = 4 #7 d= 60 mm d = 390 mm h=450 mm, b = 300 mm Calculate Mn for the section for the given compression steel.

Example: Doubly Reinforced Section

Compute the reinforcement coefficients, the area of the bars #7 (387 mm2) and #6 (284 mm2)
As = 4 ( 387 mm 2 ) = 1548 mm 2 As = 2 ( 248 mm 2 ) = 568 mm 2 1548 mm 2 As = = = 0.0132 bd ( 300 mm )( 390 mm ) As 568 mm 2 = = = 0.0049 bd ( 300 mm )( 390 mm )

Example: Doubly Reinforced Section

Compute the effective reinforcement ratio and minimum eff = = 0.0132 0.0049 = 0.0083
1.4 1.4 = = = 0.0033 f y 420 fc 28 or = = 0.0031 4 f y 4 ( 420 )

min 0.0132 0.0033 OK!

Example: Doubly Reinforced Section

Compute the effective reinforcement ratio and minimum
1 ( 0, 85 f ' c ) d ' 600 600 0, 85 ( 0, 85 28 ) 60 ( ') 600 420 d fy ( 390 )( 420 ) 600 420 0, 0083 0, 0247 not true

Compression steel has not yielded.

Example: Doubly Reinforced Section

Compute the effective reinforcement ratio and minimum
1 ( 0,85 f ' c ) d ' 600 ( 600 fs ') = ( ') df y 1 ( 0,85 f ' c ) d ' 0,85 ( 0,85 28) 60 fs ' = 600 1 = 600 1 = 64.32MPa ( ') df y 0,0083 390 420

Use an iterative technique to find fs

Example: Doubly Reinforced Section

Compute the iterative values (1)
c= Asf y As ' fs ' 0,85 f ' c 1 b

(1548mm ) ( 420MPa ) ( 568mm ) ( 64.32MPa ) = 101mm =

2 2

0,85 ( 28MPa ) 0,85 ( 300mm )

60mm fs ' = Es 's = (200000MPa) 1 0,003 = 244MPa 101mm

Use an iterative technique to find fs

Example: Doubly Reinforced Section

Compute the iterative values (2)
c= Asf y As ' fs ' 0,85 f ' c 1 b

(1548mm ) ( 420MPa) ( 568mm ) ( 244MPa) = 84mm =

2 2

0,85 ( 28MPa ) 0,85 ( 300mm)

60mm f ' s = Es 's = (200000MPa) 1 0,003 = 171MPa 84mm

Use an iterative technique to find fs

Example: Doubly Reinforced Section

Compute the iterative values (3)
c= Asf y As ' fs ' 0,85 f ' c 1 b

(1548mm ) ( 420MPa ) ( 568mm ) (171MPa ) = 91mm =

2 2

0,85 ( 28MPa ) 0,85 ( 300mm )

60mm f ' s = Es 's = (200000MPa) 1 0,003 = 204MPa 91mm

Use an iterative technique to find fs

Example: Doubly Reinforced Section

Compute the iterative values (etc) Asf y As ' fs ' (1548mm2 ) ( 420MPa ) ( 568mm2 ) ( 204MPa ) = 88mm c= = 0,85 f ' c 1 b 0,85 ( 28MPa ) 0,85 ( 300mm )
60mm f ' s = Es 's = (200000MPa) 1 0, 003 = 191MPa 88mm

c=

Asf y As ' fs ' 0,85 f ' c 1 b

(1548mm ) ( 420MPa) (568mm ) (191MPa) = 89mm =

2 2

0,85 ( 28MPa ) 0,85 ( 300mm)

60mm f ' s = Es 's = (200000MPa) 1 0,003 = 196MPa 89mm

Use fs=196 MPa and c=89 mm

Example: Doubly Reinforced Section

Compute the moment capacity of the beam
a Mn = ( Asf y As ' f ' s ) d + As ' f ' s ( d d ') 2 0,85 0,089m Mn = (1,548103 m2 ) ( 420000KPa ) ( 0,568 103 m2 ) (196000KPa ) 0,39 + 2

( 0,56810

m2 ) (196000KPa )( 0,39m 0,06m)

Mn = 226.5KN m