International Journal of Engineering Inventions

International Journal of Engineering Inventions
e-ISSN: 2278-7461, p-ISBN: 2319-6491

Volume 2, Issue 3 (February 2013) PP: 49-58
www.ijeijournal.com P a g e | 49
Further Generalizations of Enestrom-Kakeya Theorem
M. H. Gulzar
Department of Mathematics, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006

Abstract:- Many generalizations of the Enestrom Kakeya Theorem are available in the literature. In this paper
we prove some results which further generalize some known results.
Mathematics Subject Classification: 30C10,30C15

Keywords and phrases:- Complex number, Polynomial , Zero, Enestrom Kakeya Theorem.

I. INTRODUCTION AND STATEMENT OF RESULTS
The Enestrom Kakeya Theorem (see[6]) is well known in the theory of the distribution of zeros of
polynomials and is often stated as follows:
Theorem A: Let
=
=
n
j
j
j
z a z P
0
) ( be a polynomial of degree n whose coefficients satisfy
0 ......
0 1 1
> > > > >

a a a a
n n
.
Then P(z) has all its zeros in the closed unit disk 1 s z .
In the literature there exist several generalizations and extensions of this result. Joyal et al [5] extended
it to polynomials with general monotonic coefficients and proved the following result:
Theorem B: Let
=
=
n
j
j
j
z a z P
0
) ( be a polynomial of degree n whose coefficients satisfy

0 1 1
...... a a a a
n n
> > > >

.
Then P(z) has all its zeros in

n
n
a
a a a
z
0 0
+
s .
Aziz and zargar [1] generalized the result of Joyal et al [6] as follows:
Theorem C: Let
=
=
n
j
j
j
z a z P
0
) ( be a polynomial of degree n such that for some 1 > k

0 1 1
...... a a a ka
n n
> > > >

.
Then P(z) has all its zeros in

n
n
a
a a ka
k z
0 0
1
+
s + .
For polynomials ,whose coefficients are not necessarily real, Govil and Rahman [2] proved the following
generalization of Theorem A:
Theorem C: If
=
=
n
j
j
j
z a z P
0
) ( is a polynomial of degree n with
j j
a o = ) Re( and
j j
a | = ) Im( ,
j=0,1,2,,n, such that
0 ......
0 1 1
> > > > >

o o o o
n n
,
where 0 >
n
o , then P(z) has all its zeros in
) )(
2
( 1
0
=
+ s
n
j
j
n
z |
o
.
Govil and Mc-tume [3] proved the following generalisations of Theorems B and C:
Theorem D: Let
=
=
n
j
j
j
z a z P
0
) ( be a polynomial of degree n with
j j
a o = ) Re( and
j j
a | = ) Im( ,
j=0,1,2,,n. If for some 1 > k ,

0 1 1
...... o o o o > > > >
n n
k ,
then P(z) has all its zeros in

n
n
j
j n
k
k z
o
| o o o

=
+ +
s +
0
0 0
2
1
.
Theorem E: Let
=
=
n
j
j
j
z a z P
0
j j
a o = ) Re( and
j j
a | = ) Im( ,
j=0,1,2,,n. If for some 1 > k ,

0 1 1
...... | | | | > > > >
n n
k ,
then P(z) has all its zeros in

n
n
j
j n
k
k z
|
o | | |

=
+ +
s +
0
0 0
2
1
.
M. H. Gulzar [4] proved the following generalizations of Theorems D and E:
Theorem F: Let
=
=
n
j
j
j
z a z P
0
j j
a o = ) Re( and
j j
a | = ) Im( ,
j=0,1,2,,n. If for some real numbers 0 > , , 1 0 s <

0 1 1
...... o o o o > > > > +
n n
,
then P(z) has all its zeros in the disk

n
n
j
j n
n
z
o
| o o o o
o

=
+ + + +
s +
0
0 0 0
2 ) ( 2
.
Theorem G: Let
=
=
n
j
j
j
z a z P
0
j j
a o = ) Re( and
j j
a | = ) Im( ,
j=0,1,2,,n. If for some real number 0 > ,

0 1 1
...... | | | | > > > > +
n n
,

n
n
j
j n
n
z
|
o | | | |
|

=
+ + + +
s +
0
0 0 0
2 ) ( 2
.
In this paper we give generalization of Theorems F and G. In fact, we prove the following:
Theorem 1: Let
=
=
n
j
j
j
z a z P
0
j j
a o = ) Re( and
j j
a | = ) Im( ,
j=0,1,2,,n. If for some real numbers , 0 > , , 1 0 , 0 , 1 s < = s s

k n
a n k

0 1 1 1 1
... ... o o o o o o o > > > > > > > +
+ k n k n k n n n
,
and ,
1 k n k n
> o o then P(z) has all its zeros in the disk

n
n
j
j k n k n n
n
a a
z
=

+ + + + + +
s +
0
0 0 0
2 ( 2 1 ) 1 ( | o o o o o o
,
and if ,
1 +
>
k n k n
o o then P(z) has all its zeros in the disk

n
n
j
j k n k n n
n
a a
z
=

+ + + + + +
s +
0
0 0 0
2 ( 2 1 ) 1 ( | o o o o o o

Remark 1: Taking 1 = , Theorem 1 reduces to Theorem F.
If
j
a are real i.e. 0 =
j
| for all j, we get the following result:
Corollary 1: Let
=
=
n
j
j
j
z a z P
0
) ( be a polynomial of degree n. If for some real numbers , 0 > ,
, 0 , 1 = s s
k n
a n k , 1 0 s <

0 1 1 1 1
... ... a a a a a a a
k n k n k n n n
> > > > > > > > +
+
,
and ,
1 k n k n
a a

> then P(z) has all its zeros in the disk

n
k n k n n
n
a
a a a a a a
a
z
) ( 2 1 ) 1 (
0 0 0
+ + + + +
s +

,,
and if ,
1 +
>
k n k n
a a then P(z) has all its zeros in the disk

n
k n k n n
n
a
a a a a a a
a
z
) ( 2 1 ) 1 (
0 0 0
+ + + + +
s +

If we apply Theorem 1 to the polynomial iP(z) , we easily get the following result:
Theorem 2: Let
=
=
n
j
j
j
z a z P
0
j j
a o = ) Re( and
j j
a | = ) Im( ,
j=0,1, 2,,n. If for some real numbers , 0 > , , 0 , 1 = s s
k n
a n k , 1 0 s <

0 1 1 1 1
.. .... | | | | | | | > > > > > > > > +
+ k n k n k n n n
,
and ,
1 k n k n
> | | then P(z) has all its zeros in the disk

n
n
j
j k n k n n
n
a a
z
=

+ + + + + +
s +
0
0 0 0
2 ) ( 2 1 ) 1 ( o | | | | | |
,
and if ,
1 +
>
k n k n
| | then P(z) has all its zeros in the disk

n
n
j
j k n k n n
n
a a
z
=

+ + + + + +
s +
0
0 0 0
2 ) ( 2 1 ) 1 ( o | | | | | |

Remark 2: Taking 1 = , Theorem 2 reduces to Theorem G.
Theorem 3: Let
=
=
n
j
j
j
z a z P
0
) ( be a polynomial of degree n such that for some real numbers , 0 > ,
, 1 0 , , 0 , 1 s < = s s

|
k n
a n k ,

0 1 1 1 1
... ... a a a a a a a
k n k n k n n n
> > > > > > > > +
+

and
. ,......, 1 , 0 ,
2
arg n j a
j
= s s
t
o |
If
k n k n
a a

>
1
(i.e. 1 > ) , then P(z) has all its zeros in the disk
n
n
k n j j
j
k n n
n
a
a a a
a a
a
z
= =
+ + +
+ + +
s +
1
, 1
0 0
] sin 2 2 ) 1 cos (sin
) 1 sin cos sin (cos ) sin (cos [
o o o
o o o o o o

If
1 +
>
k n k n
a a (i.e. 1 < ), then P(z) has all its zeros in the disk
n
n
k n j j
j
k n n
n
a
a a a
a a
a
z
= =
+ + +
+ + + + + +
s +
1
, 1
0 0
o o o
o o o o o o

Remark 3: Taking 1 = in Theorem 3 , we get the following result:
Corollary 2: Let
=
=
n
j
j
j
z a z P
0
) ( be a polynomial of degree n. If for some real numbers 0 > , , 1 0 s <

0 1 1
...... a a a a
n n
> > > > +

,

n
n
j
j n
n
a
a a a a
a
z
=
+ + + + +
s +
1
, 1
0 0
] sin 2 2 ) 1 cos (sin ) sin (cos [ o o o o o
.
Remark 4: Taking 1 , ) 1 ( > = k a k
n
in Cor.2, we get the following result:
Corollary 3: Let
=
=
n
j
j
j
z a z P
0
) ( be a polynomial of degree n. If for some real numbers 0 > , , 1 0 s <

0 1 1
...... a a a a k
n n
> > > >

,

n
n
j
j n
n
a
a a a a k
a
z
=
+ + + +
s +
1
, 1
0 0
] sin 2 2 ) 1 cos (sin ) sin (cos [ o o o o o

Taking 1 , ) 1 ( > = k a k
n
, and 1 = in Cor. 3, we get a result of Shah and Liman [7,Theorem 1].

II. LEMMAS
For the proofs of the above results , we need the following results:
Lemma 1: . Let P(z)=
=
n
j
j
j
z a
0
be a polynomial of degree n with complex coefficients such that
for n j a
j
, ,... 1 , 0 ,
2
arg = s s
t
o | some real . | Then for some t>0,
| | | | . sin cos
1
1 1
o o

+ + s

j
a a t a a t a ta
j j j j j

The proof of lemma 1 follows from a lemma due to Govil and Rahman [2].
Lemma 2.If p(z) is regular ,p(0) = 0 and M z p s ) ( in , 1 s z then the number of zeros of p(z)in
, 1 0 , < < s o o z does not exceed
) 0 (
log
1
log
1
p
M
o
(see[8],p171).

III. PROOFS OF THEOREMS
Proof of Theorem 1: Consider the polynomial
) ( ) 1 ( ) ( z P z z F =

k n
k n k n
k n
k n k n
n
n n
n
n
n
n
n
n
z a a z a a z a a z a
a z a z a z a z

+
+
+
+ + + + =
+ + + + =
) ( ) ( ...... ) (
) ...... )( 1 (
1
1
1 1
1
0 1
1
1

0 0 1
1
2 1
) ( ...... ) ( a z a a z a a
k n
k n k n
+ + + +

1
1 1
1
) ( ...... ) ( ) (
+
+
+
+ + + + =
k n
k n k n
n
n n
n
n n
z z z i o o o o | o

0
1
1 0 0
0 1
1
2 1 1
) ( ) 1 (
) ( ...... ) ( ) (
| | | o o
o o o o o o
i z i z
z z z
n
j
j
j j
k n
k n k n
k n
k n k n
+ + + +
+ + + +

If ,
1 k n k n
> o o then ,
1 k n k n
> o o and we have

1
1 1
1
) ( ...... ) ( ) ( ) (
+
+
+
+ + + + + =
k n
k n k n
n
n n
n n
n n
z z z z i z F o o o o | o
...... ) ( ) 1 ( ) (
1
2 1 1
+ + +

k n
k n k n
k n
k n
k n
k n k n
z z a z o o o o
. ) ( ) 1 ( ) (
0
1
1 0 0 0 1
| | | o o o o i z i z z
n
j
j
j j
+ + + + +

=

For 1 > z ,
1
1
1
2 1 1
1
) ( ...... ) ( ) ( ) (
+
+

+
+ + + + + >
k n
k n k n
n
n n
n
n n
n n
n
z z z z z a z F o o o o o o

0
1
1 0 0 0 1
1
2 1 1
) ( ) 1 ( ) (
...... ) ( ) 1 ( ) (
| | | o o o o
o o o o
i z i z z
z z a z
n
j
j
j j
k n
k n k n
k n
k n
k n
k n k n
+ + + + +
+ + + +
+ + + + + =

+
1
1 2 1 1
1
) ( ......
1
) ( ) (
k
k n k n n n n n n
n
z z
z a z o o o o o o

|
n
n
j
j n
j j
n n n
k n k n
k
k n
k
k n k n
z
i
z
i
z z z
k z z
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0 1
2 1 1
1
) ( ) 1 (
1
) (
....
1
1
) (
1
) 1 (
1
) (
|
| |
o o
o o
o o o o o

+ + + + +
+
+
+ +

{ |
k n k n n n n n n
n
z a z
+
+ + + + + > o o o o o o
1 2 1 1
......

} |
0
1
1 0 0
0 1 2 1 1
1
...... 1
| | | o o
o o o o o o o
+ + + +
+ + + + +
=

n
j
j j
k n k n k n k n k n

{ |
1 1 2 1 1
......
+
+ + + + + + >

k n n k n k n n n n n n
n
k n
z a z o o o o o o o o

} |
=

+ +
+ + + + +
n
j
j
k n k n k n
0
0
0 0 1 2 1
2
) 1 ( ...... 1
| o
o o o o o o


|
|
=

+
+ + + + + + =
n
j
j
k n k n n n
n
z a z
0
0 0 0
2
2 ) ( 1 ) 1 ( { [
|
o o o o o o

>0
if
=

+ + + + + + > +
n
j
j k n k n n n
z a
0
0 0 0
2 2 ) ( 1 ) 1 ( | o o o o o o
This shows that the zeros of F(z) whose modulus is greater than 1 lie in

n
n
j
j k n k n n
n
a a
z
=

+ + + + + +
s +
0
0 0 0
2 ) ( 2 1 ) 1 ( | o o o o o o
.
But the zeros of F(z) whose modulus is less than or equal to 1 already satisfy the above inequality. Hence all the
zeros of F(z) lie in

n
n
j
j k n k n n
n
a a
z
=

+ + + + + +
s +
0
0 0 0
2 ) ( 2 1 ) 1 ( | o o o o o o
.
Since the zeros of P(z) are also the zeros of F(z), it follows that all the zeros of P(z) lie in

n
n
j
j k n k n n
n
a a
z
=

+ + + + + +
s +
0
0 0 0
2 ) ( 2 1 ) 1 ( | o o o o o o
.
If ,
1 +
>
k n k n
o o then ,
1
>
k n k n
o o and we have

1
1 1
1
) ( ...... ) ( ) ( ) (
+
+
+
+ + + + + =
k n
k n k n
n
n n
n n
n n
z z z z i z F o o o o | o

. ) ( ) 1 ( ) (
...... ) ( ) 1 ( ) (
0
1
1 0 0 0 1
1
2 1
1
1
| | | o o o o
o o o o o
i z i z z
z z z
n
j
j
j j
k n
k n k n
k n
k n
k n
k n k n
+ + + + +
+ + +
=

+

For 1 > z ,
1
1
1
2 1 1
1
) ( ...... ) ( ) ( ) (
+
+

+
+ + + + + >
k n
k n k n
n
n n
n
n n
n n
n
z z z z z a z F o o o o o o

0
1
1 0 0 0 1
1
2 1
1
1
) ( ) 1 ( ) (
...... ) ( ) 1 ( ) (
| | | o o o o
o o o o o
i z i z z
z z z
n
j
j
j j
k n
k n k n
k n
k n
k n
k n k n
+ + + + +
+ + +
=

+
+ + + + + =

+
1
1 2 1 1
1
) ( ......
1
) ( ) (
k
k n k n n n n n n
n
z z
z a z o o o o o o

|
n
n
j
j n
j j
n n n
k
k n k n
k
k n
k
k n k n
z
i
z
i
z z z
z z z
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0 1
1
2 1
1
1
1
) ( ) 1 (
1
) (
....
1
) (
1
) 1 (
1
) (
|
| |
o o
o o
o o o o o

+ + + + +
+ + +

{ |
k n k n n n n n n
n
z a z
+
+ + + + + > o o o o o o
1 2 1 1
......

} |
0
1
1 0 0
0 1 2 1 1
1
...... 1
| | | o o
o o o o o o o
+ + + +
+ + + + +
=

n
j
j j
k n k n k n k n k n

{ |
1 1 2 1 1
......
+
+ + + + + + >

k n n k n k n n n n n n
n
k n
z a z o o o o o o o o

} |
=

+ +
+ + + + +
n
j
j
k n k n k n
0
0
0 0 1 2 1
2
) 1 ( ...... 1
| o
o o o o o o

(
(
(
+
+ + + + + +
=
=

n
j
j
k n k n n n
n
z a
z
0
0
0 0
} 2 2
) ( 1 ) 1 ( {
| o
o o o o o

>0
if
=

+ + + + + + > +
n
j
j k n k n n n
z a
0
0 0 0
2 2 ) ( 1 ) 1 ( | o o o o o o

n
n
j
j k n k n n
n
a a
z
=

+ + + + + +
s +
0
0 0 0
2 ) ( 2 1 ) 1 ( | o o o o o o
.

n
n
j
j k n k n n
n
a a
z
=

+ + + + + +
s +
0
0 0 0
2 ) ( 2 1 ) 1 ( | o o o o o o
.

n
n
j
j k n k n n
n
a a
z
=

+ + + + + +
s +
0
0 0 0
2 ) ( 2 1 ) 1 ( | o o o o o o
.

That proves Theorem 1.
Proof of Theorem 3: Consider the polynomial
) ( ) 1 ( ) ( z P z z F =

k n
k n k n
k n
k n k n
n
n n
n
n
n
n
n
n
z a a z a a z a a z a
a z a z a z a z

+
+
+
+ + + + =
+ + + + =
) ( ) ( ...... ) (
) ...... )( 1 (
1
1
1 1
1
0 1
1
1

0 0 1
1
2 1
) ( ...... ) ( a z a a z a a
k n
k n k n
+ + + +

.
If
k n k n
a a

>
1
, then
k n k n
a a
+
>
1
, 1 > and we have, for 1 > z , by using Lemma1,
1
1
1
2 1 1
1
) ( ...... ) ( ) ( ) (
+
+

+
+ + + + + >
k n
k n k n
n
n n
n
n n
n n
n
z a a z a a z a a z z a z F

0 0 0 1
1
2 1 1
) 1 ( ) (
...... ) ( ) 1 ( ) (
a z a z a a
z a a z a z a a
k n
k n k n
k n
k n
k n
k n k n
+ + +
+ + + +


+ + + + + =

+
1
1 2 1 1
1
) ( ......
1
) ( ) (
k
k n k n n n n n n
n
z
a a
z
a a a a z a z

|
n n n
k
k n k n
k
k n
k
k n k n
z
a
z
a
z
a a
z
a a
z
a
z
a a
0
1
0
1
0 1
1
2 1 1
) 1 (
1
) (
....
1
) (
1
) 1 (
1
) (
+ + +
+ + + +

+

{ |
k n k n n n n n n
n
a a a a a a z a z
+
+ + + + + >
1 2 1 1
......

} |
0 0
0 1 2 1 1
1
...... 1
a a
a a a a a a a
k n k n k n k n k n
+ +
+ + + + +

| o o sin ) ( cos ) {(
1 1
+ + + + + >
n n n n n
n
a a a a z a z
o o o cos ) ( ...... sin ) ( cos ) (
1 2 1 2 1 k n k n n n n n
a a a a a a
+
+ + + + +
( + o o o sin ) ( cos ) ( sin )
1 1 1 +
+ + + +
k n k n k n k n k n k n
a a a a a a
o o sin ) ( cos ) ( 1
2 1 2 1
+ + + +
k n k n k n k n k n
a a a a a
| } ) 1 ( sin ) ( cos ) ( ......
0 0 0 1 0 1
a a a a a a + + + + + + o o
| o o o o o o sin cos sin (cos ) sin (cos { + + + =
k n n n
n
a a z a z
| } sin 2 2 ) 1 cos (sin ) 1
1
, 1
0 0
= =
+ + + + +
n
k n j j
j
a a a o o o
0 >
if
| o o o o o o sin cos sin (cos ) sin (cos + + > +
k n n n
a a z a

= =
+ + + +
1
, 1
0 0
sin 2 2 ) 1 cos (sin ) 1
n
k n j j
j
a a a o o o

n
n
k n j j
j
k n n
n
a
a a a
a a
a
z
= =
+ + +
+ + +
s +
1
, 1
0 0
o o o
o o o o o o
. .

n
n
k n j j
j
k n n
n
a
a a a
a a
a
z
= =
+ + +
+ + +
s +
1
, 1
0 0
o o o
o o o o o o
.

n
n
k n j j
j
k n n
n
a
a a a
a a
a
z
= =
+ + +
+ + +
s +
1
, 1
0 0
o o o
o o o o o o

If
1 +
>
k n k n
a a , then
1
>
k n k n
a a , 1 < and we have, for 1 > z , by using Lemma 1,
1
1
1
2 1 1
1
) ( ...... ) ( ) ( ) (
+
+

+
+ + + + + >
k n
k n k n
n
n n
n
n n
n n
n
z a a z a a z a a z z a z F

0 0 0 1
1
2 1
1
1
) 1 ( ) (
...... ) ( ) 1 ( ) (
a z a z a a
z a a z a z a a
k n
k n k n
k n
k n
k n
k n k n
+ + +
+ + +

+
+ + + + + =

+
1
1 2 1 1
1
) ( ......
1
) ( ) (
k
k n k n n n n n n
n
z
a a
z
a a a a z a z

|
n n n
k
k n k n
k
k n
k
k n k n
z
a
z
a
z
a a
z
a a
z
a
z
a a
0
1
0
1
0 1
1
2 1
1
1
) 1 (
1
) (
....
1
) (
1
) 1 (
1
) (
+ + +
+ + +

+

{ |
k n k n n n n n n
n
a a a a a a z a z
+
+ + + + + >
1 2 1 1
......

} |
0 0
0 1 2 1 1
1
...... 1
a a
a a a a a a a
k n k n k n k n k n
+
+ + + + +

| o o sin ) ( cos ) {(
1 1
+ + + + + >
n n n n n
n
a a a a z a z
o o o cos ) ( ...... sin ) ( cos ) (
1 2 1 2 1 k n k n n n n n
a a a a a a
+
+ + + + +
( + o o o sin ) ( cos ) ( sin )
1 1 1 +
+ + + +
k n k n k n k n k n k n
a a a a a a
o o sin ) ( cos ) ( 1
2 1 2 1
+ + + +
k n k n k n k n k n
a a a a a
| } ) 1 ( sin ) ( cos ) ( ......
0 0 0 1 0 1
a a a a a a + + + + + + o o
| o o o o o o sin cos sin (cos ) sin (cos { + + + + + + =
k n n n
n
a a z a z
| } sin 2 2 ) 1 cos (sin ) 1
1
, 1
0 0
= =
+ + + +
n
k n j j
j
a a a o o o
0 >
if
| o o o o o o sin cos sin (cos ) sin (cos + + + + + > +
k n n n
a a z a

= =
+ + + +
1
, 1
0 0
sin 2 2 ) 1 cos (sin ) 1
n
k n j j
j
a a a o o o

n
n
k n j j
j
k n n
n
a
a a a
a a
a
z
= =
+ + +
+ + + + + +
s +
1
, 1
0 0
o o o
o o o o o o
.
zeros of F(z) and therefore P(z) lie in

n
n
k n j j
j
k n n
n
a
a a a
a a
a
z
= =
+ + +
+ + + + + +
s +
1
, 1
0 0
o o o
o o o o o o

That proves Theorem 3.
REFERENCES
1) A.Aziz and B.A.Zargar, Some extensions of the Enestrom-Kakeya Theorem , Glasnik Mathematiki,
31(1996) , 239-244.
2) N.K.Govil and Q.I.Rehman, On the Enestrom-Kakeya Theorem, Tohoku Math. J.,20(1968) , 126-136.
3) N.K.Govil and G.N.Mc-tume, Some extensions of the Enestrom- Kakeya Theorem , Int.J.Appl.Math.
Vol.11,No.3,2002, 246-253.
4) M. H. Gulzar, On the Zeros of polynomials, International Journal of Modern Engineering Research,
Vol.2,Issue 6, Nov-Dec. 2012, 4318- 4322.
5) A. Joyal, G. Labelle, Q.I. Rahman, On the location of zeros of polynomials, Canadian Math.
Bull.,10(1967) , 55-63.
6) M. Marden , Geometry of Polynomials, IInd Ed.Math. Surveys, No. 3, Amer. Math. Soc. Providence,R.
I,1996.
7) W. M. Shah and A.Liman, On Enestrom-Kakeya Theorem and related Analytic Functions, Proc.
Indian Acad. Sci. (Math. Sci.), 117(2007), 359-370.
8) E C. Titchmarsh,The Theory of Functions,2
nd
edition,Oxford University Press,London,1939.

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