MEC 307

FLUID MACHINERY
Textbook: Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines
by Sukumar Pati
M. G. Hills
Mid Term Examination (MTE) Mar 03-11, 2013

End Term Examinations(ETE) May 01-28, 2013
Introduction: Impulse
Momentum Principle
Lecture 1
Introduction:

The most common practical engineering application of fluid
mechanics is the design of FLUID MACHINERY.

The types of fluid machinery are:

Machines which add energy to the fluid (the pump family),

Machines which extract energy (turbines).
TURBINES : Extract energy from the
fluid(liquid, steam or gas)
Water Wheels: Ancestor of the modern day turbines
Undershot Water Wheel Overshot Water Wheel
Commonly used in Great Britain and the United States with the vertical wheel
rotating about a horizontal axle.
Historical Background
Backshot Water Wheel
Breastshot Water Wheel
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
PUMPS: Supply energy to the fluid
HAND PUMP

SUBMERSIBLE PUMP
When applied to a single body Newton's second law can be stated as:
The sum of forces on the body equals the rate of change of momentum
of the body in the direction of the force.

In equation form (F and V are in the same direction):
Impulse Momentum Principle
where m is the mass of the body and V is the velocity of the body and t is
the time.
This also means the impulse Fdt equals the change in momentum of the
body during the time dt.
When applied to control volume, through which the fluid is flowing, the
principle can be stated as:
The sum of forces on the fluid equals the difference between the
momentum flowing in and momentum flowing out and the change in
momentum of the fluid inside the control volume, under steady flow condition
the last term vanishes.
So the forces in the fluid is given by:
In other words, the net force on the fluid mass is equal to the net rate of out
flow of momentum across the control surface.
The above equation can also be written as:
1 1 1 2 2 2
in in in out out out
in out
out
in
out
out
in out
in out
in out in out
V Q V Q
V Q V Q
) QV ( ) QV (
dt
dx
) Q (
dt
dx
) Q (
dt
) Qx ( d
dt
) Qx ( d
dt
) x ) AV ( ( d
dt
) x ) AV ( ( d
dt
) AxV ( d
dt
) AxV ( d
dt
) vV ( d
dt
) vV ( d
F
=
=
=
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
=

for compressible fluid

for incompressible fluid
But,
k

w j

v i

u V A + A + A = A
k

w j

v i

u Q k

F j

F i

F
z
y x
A + A + A = + +

k

F j

F i

F F
z
y x

+ + =
Using above relations we have:
Comparing the two sides we have:
is the impulse momentum equation in scalar form.
where u, v and w are the components of velocity in the x, y and z directions.
When calculating the momentum flowing in or out, if the velocity over the
section is not uniform a correction has to applied.

The correction factor is given by



where V is the average velocity.
Forces Exerted on Pressure Conduits:
Consider the reducer section shown in figure below:






The free body diagram is given by:
Application of Impulse Momentum
Principle:
Assuming ideal fluid flow,

F
x
= P
1
A
1
P
2
A
2
F
x
= Q (u
2
u
1
)
or the force on the fluid is given by:
F
x
= P
1
A
1
P
2
A
2
Q (u
2
u
1
)
This force is the force exerted by the reducer on the fluid in the x direction.
This force acts towards the left as assumed in the figure.
Exercises
(2) A 45 bend in the horizontal plane is shown in figure. The inlet area is 1.2 m
2

and the outlet area is 0.6 m
2
. The velocity of water at inlet is 12 m/s. The
pressures at inlet and outlet are 40 and 30 KPa respectively. Calculate the
magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the bend.
(1) A reducer in the horizontal plane has an inlet area of 0.02 m
2
and the outlet
area is 0.01 m
2
. The velocity at the inlet is 4 m/s. The pressures are 40 KPa
at inlet and 10 KPa of outlet. Determine the force exerted by the reducer on
the fluid.
(1) As the flow is in the horizontal plane body forces are neglected. The
free body diagram is as shown below:







Given: A
1
/A
2
= 2, u
2
= 2u
1
= 8 m/s
Using equation:


= 40 KPa * 0.02 m
2
10 KPa * 0.01 m
2
1000*0.02*4*(8-4)


= 40000 * 0.02 m
2
10000 * 0.01 m
2
1000*0.02*4*(8-4)


= 800 100 320 = 380 N


Solutions
F
x
= P
1
A
1
P
2
A
2
Q (u
2
u
1
)
(2) The free body diagram is as shown below:








Given: A
1
= 1.2 m
2
, A
2
= 0.6 m
2
, V
1
= 12 m/s , V
2
= A
1
V
1
/ A
2
= 24 m/s
Using equations:

F
x
= Q u
Or, P
1
A
1
P
2
A
2
cos 45
o
F
x
= Q (u
2
u
1
)
Or, P
1
A
1
P
2
A
2
cos 45
o
F
x
= Q (V
2
cos 45
o
V
1
)
Or, 40000*1.2

30000*0.6

cos 45
o
F
x
= 1000*1.2*12 (24

cos 45
o
12)
Or, 48000 18000cos 45
o
F
x
= 14400*4.97
= -36296 N towards ve x-axis
F
y
= Q v

F
y
= P
2
A
2
sin + m V
2
sin
= P
2
A
2
sin 45
o
+ Q V
2
sin 45

= 30 KPa *0.6 sin 45
o
+ 1000*1.2*12* 24 sin 45


= 30000 *0.6 sin 45
o
+ 1000*1.2*12* 24 sin 45

= 257104 N in downward direction






Resultant force on the bend: 259653.36 N
Direction: tan
-1
(257104/36296) = 81.96
o
with -ve x axis

Tutorial Questions:



End of Lecture 1