International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF Issue 1, January- February (2013),

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ANALYSIS OF GENERATED HARMONICS DUE TO TRANSFORMER LOAD ON POWER SYSTEM USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
Dharmendra Kumar singh Dr.Moushmi Kar Dr.A.S.Zadgaonkar Dr. C.V. Raman University Kargi Road Kota Bilaspur (C.G), INDIA

ABSTRACT In power system transformer are major component and widely used in different sector. Modern transformers operate at increasing levels of saturation in order to reduce the weight and cost of the core used. Because of this and due to the hysteresis, the transformer core behaves as a highly non-linear element and generates harmonic voltages and currents in power system. Once the power system polluted with harmonics then the function of transformer will be affected due to different losses in transformer. The generated harmonics can flow into the distributed power system causing many problems for the power network operation. Consequently to avoid all these problems and to improve the quality of the delivered energy harmonics parameter such as magnitude and phase angle should be known. Fast methods for the measuring and estimating harmonics signal are thus required various digital signal analysis techniques are being used for the measurement and estimation of power system harmonics. Recently the application of Artificial Neural Network for power system problems has gained considerable attention. This paper presented a novel technique, based on Neural Network for analysis of power system harmonics due to transformer load on power system. Keyword: Power system, Harmonics, Artificial Neural Network, and Transformer. INTRODUCTION In power system transformer are major component and it uses in large number in industries, commercial place, domestic, institutions, transportation, communication, entertainment etc. Bobbins that have iron core will cause harmonics in electrical power systems. Transformers are the most common between those. As being one of the most important elements in power system transformer are the oldest non-linear element known [1].
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), IAEME

The magnetizing characteristic of a transformer core is non-linear and will produce harmonics as it is saturated. The source of the harmonics in the transformer magnetic flux may be due to transformer itself. Once the power system polluted with harmonics then the function of transformer will be affected due to different losses in transformer. The generated harmonics can flow into the distributed power system causing many problems for the power network operation. Consequently to avoid all these problems and to improve the quality of the delivered energy harmonics parameter such as magnitude and phase angle should be known. Fast methods for the measuring and estimating harmonics signal are thus required various digital signal analysis techniques are being used for the measurement and estimation of power system harmonics. These include fast Fourier Transform, Least Square algorithm and others [2]. Recently the application of Artificial Neural Network for power system problems has gained considerable attention. This paper presented a novel technique, based on Neural Network for analysis of power system harmonics due to transformer load on power system. Power system Harmonic sources are Converters, Devices which includes semi-conductor elements, Generators, Motors, Transformers, Lightening equipments working by gas discharge principle, Photovoltaic systems, Computers, Electronic ballasts, Uninterruptible power supplies, Switching power supplies, Welding machines, Control circuits, Frequency converters, Static VAR compensators, Arc furnaces, HVDC transmission systems, Electrical Communication systems[1]. Transformer Modern transformers operate at increasing levels of saturation in order to reduce the weight and cost of the core used in the same. For economic reasons transformers are normally designed to make good use of the magnetic properties of the core material. This means that a typical transformer using a good quality grain-oriented steel might be expected to run with a peak magnetic flux density in the steady state . If a transformer running with this peak operating magnetic flux density is subjected to a magnetic flux density which will produce considerable saturation. Because of this and due to the hysteresis, the transformer core behaves as a highly non-linear element and generates harmonic voltages and currents. The equivalent circuit of a transformer is given below fig (1)

Fig(1) Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer Here Rp and Xp show the primary circuit resistance and the leakage reactance, Rs and Xs shows the secondary resistance and leakage reactance that is transformed (reduced) to the primary respectively. RFE is the resistance which symbolizes the iron losses and IFE is the current related to this losses. In parallel to the resistance, Xm shows the magnetization reactance and Im is the related current passes through.
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), IAEME

The harmonic currents produce harmonic fields in the core and harmonic voltages in the windings. Relatively small value of harmonic fields generates considerable magnitude of harmonic voltages. These effects get even more pronounced for higher order harmonics. As these harmonic voltages get short circuited through the low impedance of the supply they produce harmonic currents. These currents produce effects according to Lenzs law and tend to neutralize the harmonic flux and bring the flux wave to a sinusoid. Normally third harmonic is the largest in its magnitude. In a single phase transformer the harmonics are confined mostly to the primary side as the source impedance is much smaller compared to the load impedance. The understanding of the phenomenon becomes clearer if the transformer is supplied with a sinusoidal current source. In this case current has to be sinusoidal and the harmonic currents cannot be supplied by the source and hence the induced EMF will be peaky containing harmonic voltages. When the load is connected on the secondary side the harmonic currents flow through the load and voltage tends to become sinusoidal. The harmonic voltages induce electric stress on dielectrics and increased electro static interference. The harmonic currents produce losses and electromagnetic interference [3].

Fig (2) Harmonics Generated By Transformer ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK For many decades, it has been a good of science and engineering to develop intelligent machines with a large number of simple elements. The interest in neural network comes from the networks ability to mimic human brain as well as its ability to learn and respond. As a result, neural networks have been used a large number of applications and have proven to be effective in performing complex functions in a variety of fields. There include pattern recognition, classification, vision, control systems, and prediction. Adaptation or learning is a major focus of neural net research that provides a degree of robustness to the NN model. In predictive modeling the goal is to map a set of input patterns on to a set of output patterns. NN accomplishes this task by learning from a series of input / output data sets presented to the network. The trained network is then used to apply what it has learned to approximate or predict the corresponding output. The human nervous system is a very complex neural network. The brain is the central element of the human nervous system, consisting of near 1x10 biological neurons that are connected to each other through sub networks. Each neuron in the brain is composed of a body, on axon and multitude of dendrites [4]. A biological neuron is shown in fig (3).

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), IAEME

Fig (3) A Biological Neuron The dendrites receive signals from other neurons. The axon can be considered as a long tube, which divides into branches terminating in little end bulls. The small gap between an end bulb and a dendrite is called a synapse. The axon of a single neuron forms synaptic connections with many other neurons. Depending upon the type of neuron, of synapse connections from other neurons may range from a few hundred to 104.The cell body of a neuron sums the incoming signal from dendrites as well as the signals from numerous synapses on its surface. A particular neuron will send an impulse to its axon if sufficient input signal are received to stimulate the neuron to its threshold the input will quickly decay and will not generate any action. The biological neuron model is the foundation of an artificial neuron [4]. An artificial neuron is shown in below fig (4)

Fig (4) An Artificial neuron It consists of three basic components that include weights, threshold and a signal activation function. Each neurons receives inputs x1, x2, x3,..xn, which are connected to the input side of the neuron. Each input is multiplied by the associated weight of the neuron connection XTW. Depending upon the activation function if the weight is positive, XTW commonly excites the node output; whereas for negative weight XTW tends to inhibit the node output. The nodes internal threshold is the magnitude offset that affect the activation of the node output as follow
n

Y = (XiWi) i=1

k..

An activation function performs a mathematical operation on the signal output. Multilayer Feed forward Network The most popular Artificial Neural Network (ANN) architecture is multilayer feedforward Network back- propagation (BP) learning algorithm. This network as its name indicates is made up of multilayers. Thus architecture of this class besides processing an input and an output layer also has one or more intermediary layers called hidden layers. The computational units of the hidden layer are known as the hidden neurons or hidden units. The hidden layer aids
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), IAEME

in performing useful intermediary computations before directing the input to the output layer. The input layer neurons are linked to the hidden layer neurons and the weights on these links are referred to as input hidden layer weights. Again, the hidden layer neurons are linked to the output layer neurons and the corresponding weights are referred to as hidden output layer weights.

Fig(5). Multilayer feed- forward Network Back propagation learning (training) Backpropagation is a systematic method of training multi layer Artificial Neural Networks. It is built on high mathematical foundation and has very good application potential [5]. The Backpropagation algorithms consist of two phases: (1) Training phase and (2) Recall phase. In the training phase, first, the weights of the network are randomly initialized. Then the output of the network is calculated and compared to the desired value. In sequel, the error of the network is calculated and used to adjust the weights of the output layer. In similar fashion, the network error is also propagate backward and used to update the weights of the previous layers. ANN Designing Process [6] ANN designing process involves five steps: gathering input data, normalizing the data, selecting the ANN architecture, and Training the Network, Validation-testing the network. Gathering Input Data The configuration of the experimental system block diagram is shown in below fig (6)

Fig (6) Experimental Set-Up

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), IAEME

In the above block diagram a experimental set-up is shown, a transformer is connected with power supply and linear or non-linear load is connected with this transformer. Due to transformer and other loads on this transformer, harmonics are generating in power system. A data acquisition card is connected at input line of transformer to collect the distorted current/voltage waveform or data. These collected waveform/data transmitted to PC through RS-485 for ANN input which is designed in MATLAB. Normalization of input and output data sets Normalization of data is a process of scaling the numbers in a data set to improve the accuracy of the subsequent numeric computation and is an important stage for training of the ANN. Normalization also helps in shaping the activation function. For this reason [-1, 1] normalization function has been used. Selecting the ANN Architecture The numbers of layers and the number of processing element per layer are important decision for selecting the ANN architecture. Choosing these parameters to a feed forward backpropagation topology is the art of the ANN designer. In this paper the a Feed Forward Backpropagation topology is used and ANN configuration has 40 input neurons receiving 40 sampled points of the distorted waveform and 7 output neurons producing the magnitude and angles of harmonic components up to the 13th odd harmonics. The hidden layer has 52 neurons to bridge input layer with output layer. For a set of input there is a corresponding set up of output target values already stored in a data array. Training Of the ANN Model The ANN model used, is executed by a structured computer program that can update neurons almost simultaneously .This model requires a large amount of RAM during operation and therefore only the odd harmonics which are known to have adverse effects on power system application, were used to train the Neural Network. Before the start of training, the initial weight were randomized to value between -0.5 and +0.5. These input and target outputs were shown to the ANN in a sequential manner so that the weights were updated step by step according to the backpropagation learning algorithm. The error between the actual output and the target was evaluated after every upd

Fig(7) Training of ANN The back propagation learning algorithm employed works toward reduction of the RMS error, and the training ceases as the total sum of square error reaches just below the error
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), IAEME

criteria initially set. The weights are then supposed to have converged enough that they should represent the non-linear transfer functions between inputs and outputs of the ANN model accurately. It was observed that during the initial stage of training (within the first 500 training epochs) the rate of convergence in weights update was fast at a learning rate of 0.05. Subsequently training yielded a slower convergence rate. Testing To test the generalizing capabilities of the magnitude networks the distorted waveforms that contained odd harmonics up to the 13th harmonic with no noise added were considered for the training process. RESULT AND DISCUSSION In this research paper, Artificial Neural Network is used to efficiently measure the magnitude of harmonic component in power system generated due to transformer load. The input and output waveform are shown.

Fig(9) Power system supply ,voltage and current waveform when resitive load connected

Fig(10) Distorted voltage and current waveform of power supply when transformer and motor load connected.

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), IAEME

Fig(8) Output waveform of Trained ANN with Target

Fig(11) Distorted Current waveform for ANN input

Fig(12) ANN Output with diffent harmonics component in distorted current waveform

Fig(13) ANN output of different harmonics component in distorted voltage waveform

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), IAEME

CONCLUSIONS An artificial neural network model was developed and implemented for power system harmonics component measurement. It was tested off-line under different conditions. The result of the off-line test indicates that the ANN model has very high accuracy for power system harmonics component measurement. The developed ANN model was implemented on a PC with Matlab Software (with ANN Toolbox) using a data acquisition card. The ANN model was able to measure the harmonic components of voltage and current at various levels. It can be seen that except for fundamental component, 3rd and 5th harmonics dominate the current and the other harmonics being generated are of order 7,11,13,17,19..In under normal excitation condition transformer core may have entered slightly the saturation region and being to generate some harmonics in the excitation current. In overvoltage condition, harmonic amplitudes increase with respect to excitation voltage. REFERENCE 1) Krishna Vasudevan, G.Sridhara Rao,P.Sasidhara Rao,Electrical Machine-1 IIT Madras,Google.com,online.google search 2) Ibrahim EI-Amin, Ihab Arafah, Artificial Neural Networks for Power Systems Harmonic Estimation IEEE Explore. 14-18 Oct 1998 Volume: 2 Page(s): 999 - 1009 vol.2 3) Nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/IIT-NADRAS/Electrical-II/pdf/1-5.pdf 4) C.Naga Bhaskar , G.Vijay Kunar,Neural Network And Fuzzy Logic BS Publications,2011 5) S.Rajasekaran, G.A.Vijayalakshmi Pai Neural Network, Fuzzy Logic And Genetic Algorithms PHI,2003 6) H.Selcuk , Yasar Birbir Application Of Artificial Neural Network for Harmonic Estimation in Different Produced Induction Motor, International Jornel Of Circuit, System And Signal Processing , Issue 4 Volume 1 2007. 7) W.W.L Keerthipala ,Low Tah Chong,Tham Chong Leong, Artificial Neural Network Model for Analysis of Power System Harmonics IEEE Xplore, 15-18 Sept. 2008. 8) Xihong Wu,Wei He,Zhanlong Zhang,Jun Deng,Bing Li,The Harmonics Analaysis Of Power System Based On Artificial Network IEEE ,Automation Congress, 2008. WAC 2008. World, Sept. 28 2008-Oct. 2 2008 Page(s): 1 4 J. Mazumdar, R. Harley, F. Lambert and G.K. Venayagamoorthy, Using a neural network to distinguish between the contributions to harmonic pollution of non linear loads and the rest of the power system, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2005. PESC '05. IEEE . Dharmendra Kumar Singh, A. S. 9) Zadgaonkar, Power System harmonics Analysis Using Multi-Layer Feed Forward Artificial Neural Network Model International Journal of Electronics And computers vol 4 no1 2012 issn:09753796 10) J. Arrillaga, B.C.Smith, N.R.Wood and A.R.Wood, Power System Harmonic Analysis,John Wiley edition,2ND 2003 11) J. Arrillaga, N.R. Watson, and S. Chen, Power System Quality Assessment,John Wiley & Sons, England,2000

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12) J.C.Liand Y.P. Wu, FFT algorithm for the harmonic analysis of three-phase transformer banks with magnetic saturation, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 6, Issue 1, pp. 158 - 161, Jan 1991. 13) Pallavi.H.Agarwal, Prof.Dr.P.M.George and Prof.Dr.L.M.Manocha, Material Removal Rate Prediction Of C-Sic Composite: Comparative Analysis Of Neural Network And Fuzzy Logic International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume 3, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 128 - 137, Published by IAEME. 14) K.Pounraj, Dr.V.Rajasekaran and S.Selvaperumal, Fuzzy Co-Ordination of UPFC For Damping Power System Oscillation International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET), Volume 3, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 226 - 234, Published by IAEME. 15) A.Padmaja, V.S.Vakula, T.Padmavathi and S.V.Padmavathi, Small Signal Stability Analysis Using Fuzzy Controller And Artificial Neural Network Stabilizer International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET), Volume 1, Issue 1, 2010, pp. 47 - 70, Published by IAEME. 16) G.Suresh babu,U.K.Choudhury and G.Tulasi ram das, A Novel Approach In Designing A Filter For A Solid Rotor Alternator To Minimise Harmonics International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET), Volume 3, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 328 - 342, Published by IAEME.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to all staff of EEE Department Dr C.V. Raman University who has contributed, directly or indirectly, in accomplishing this paper. Special thanks to extend Mr Judas Pratap Singh for his suport in completing this Paper. BIOGRAPHIES Dharmendra kumar obtained M. Tech. Degree in Electronics Design and Technology from Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam in the year 2003. Currently he is pursuing research work in the area of Power Quality under the guidance of Prof A. S. Zadgaonkar. Dr. A. S. Zadgaonkar has obtained B. E. degree in Electrical Engineering from Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, studying at Govt. Engineering College, Raipur in 1965. He obtained M. E. in 1978 from Nagpur University. His research paper for M. E. was awarded best paper by the Institution of Engineers (India) in the year 1976 & 1977 respectively. The testing technique for quality of wood developed by him was included in ISI in 1979. He was awarded Ph. D. in 1985 by Indira Gandhi Kala & Sangeet University, Khairagah for his work on Acoustical and Mechanical Properties of Wood for Contemporary Indian Musical Instrument Making. He obtained another Ph. D. in 1986 by Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University on Investigation of Dynamic Properties of Non-Conducting Materials Using Electrical Analogy. He has 47 years of teaching experience. He is currently adding glory to the post of Vice Chancellor of Dr. C. V. Raman University. He has published more than 500 technical papers for journals, national and international conferences. He was the Joint Director, Technical Education, Govt. of Chhattisgarh in 2004 & the Principal of NIT, Raipur in 2005. He is life member of Acoustical Society of India, Biomedical Society of India, Linguistic Society of India, Indian Society for Technical Education and many social bodies.
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