ASEXUAL

ADVANTAGE
SEXUAL

SEXUAL
DISADVANTAGE Costly because there is a need to produce gametes and make the gametes meet (time + energy ) Genetic uniformity leads to susceptibility to diseases.

Genetic diversity increase chances of survival in an unstable environment Beneficial parental genotype can be preserved in a stable environment.

ASEXUAL

5. HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM INTRODUCTION

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM STRUCTURE SPERMATOGENESIS HORMONE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM STRUCTURE OOGENESIS MENSTRUAL (HORMONE) MAMMARY GLAND

STRUCTURE

5. HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Testes:
producing sperm cells and delivering them to the female reproductive tract. site of hormone production.

VAS DEFERENS SCROTUM EPIDIDYMIS TESTIS

The testes are located inside the scrotum that serves as a cooling unit.
Under normal conditions, the scrotum hangs loosely away from the body to provide a temperature at about 3C lower that is necessary for healthy sperm production. At lower temperature, the scrotum becomes heavily wrinkled to pull testes closer to the warmth of the body.

STRUCTURE

5. HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Inside the testes, there are a number of lobules. Each lobules contains one to four tightly coiled seminiferous tubules which is the site of sperm production.

STRUCTURE

5. HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Seminiferous tubules is the site of sperm production. Leydig cells located at the soft connective tissue of the seminiferous tubules to produce testosterone.

STRUCTURE

5. HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Seminiferous tubules of each lobe empty sperm into another set of tubules called the rete testis. Sperm travel from the rete testis to enter the epididymis which hugs the external surface of the testis. The epididymis is a tube that is coiled and measure about 20 feet.
It provides a temporary storage site for immature sperm that enter from the testes. Site of maturation and gain ability to swim (about 20 days along the epididymis).

STRUCTURE

5. HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Vas deferens runs upward to the pelvic cavity and pass above the urinary bladder. Each vas deferens empties into the short ejaculatory duct, which passes through the prostate gland and merges into the urethra. The main function of the vas deferens is to pass through the live sperm from their storage site into the urethra. The urethra is a tube that conducts urine and semen at different times. When ejaculation occurs, sperm enter the urethra at the same time with the constriction of the bladder sphincter.

STRUCTURE

5. HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

When ejaculation occurs, sperm enter the urethra at the same time with the constriction of the bladder sphincter. Sperm released is a part of semen. Semen is a secretion that has a mixture of secretion from three types of accessory glands in the internal genitalia
the seminal vesicles prostate gland bulbourethral gland.

STRUCTURE

5. HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Seminal Vesicle produce about 60% of the fluid volume of semen. It is located at the base of the bladder. Secrete a nutritive fluid rich in fructose and prostaglandin. Fructose nourishes and provides energy for the sperm to swim. Prostaglandins stimulate contraction of the uterus that helps move sperm up the female reproductive tract.

STRUCTURE

5. HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Prostate gland is located below the bladder. It secretes a milky and alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acidic environment in the vagina that might kill or slow down the sperm.

STRUCTURE

5. HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Bulbourethral gland is a tiny pea-sized gland under the prostate gland It release mucous secretion when a man becomes sexually excited. It cleanses the urethra of traces of acidic urine. The mucus also lubricates the penis to facilitate penetration into the vagina.

THE ACCESSORY GLANDS

GLANDS SEMINAL VESICLE
Prostaglandin milky and alkaline fluid mucous secretion

SECRETION
Fructose

FUNCTIONS
nourishes and provides energy for the sperm to swim. stimulate contraction of the uterus that helps move sperm up the female reproductive tract neutralizes the acidic environment in the vagina that might kill or slow down the sperm cleanses the urethra of traces of acidic urine lubricates the penis to facilitate penetration into the vagina

PROSTATE GLAND BULBOURETHRAL GLAND

STRUCTURE

5. HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

The penis is an erectile copulatory organ that delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract.

Internally, the urethra is surrounded by erectile tissue that fills with blood during erection.

The artery is located at the spongy erectile tissue.

SPERMATOGENESIS

5. HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Spermatogenesis is the process of sperm production. It begins during puberty and continues throughout lifetime. Within the testes, sperms form in the seminiferous tubules.

Sperm develop in seminiferous tubule

SPERMATOGENESIS

5. HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

A diploid cell called the spermatogonium remains at the basement membrane of seminiferous tubule as a stem cell. At puberty, FSH secreted caused the stem cell to be pushed forward tubule lumen and enlarged into a primary spermatocyte. The primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis I to form two haploid secondary spermatocytes. The secondary spermatocyte will undergo meiosis II producing four haploid spermatids.

SPERMATOGENESIS

5. HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Spermatogenesis starts from the outermost part of the seminiferous tubules inwards to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules.

SPERMATOGENESIS

5. HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Spermiogenesis is the final stage of spermatogenesis which sees the maturation of spermatids into mature, motile spermatozoa. The process of spermiogenesis is traditionally divided into four stages:
Golgi phase Cap phase Acrosomal phase Maturation stage

SPERMATOGENESIS

5. HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

SPERMATOGENESIS

5. HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

As a result of Spermiogenesis, spermatids will develop flagella during differentiation and excess cytoplasm is stripped away resulting in four mature sperm cells. Each mature sperm consists of a head, midpiece and a flagellum.

SPERMATOGENESIS

5. HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

The sperm head contains DNA. Part of the head contains acrosome that has enzymes that help the sperm to penetrate the egg. In the midpiece, there are mitochondria provide the energy for movement of the flagellum. The entire spermatogenesis process took about 64 to 72 days. The sperm will move through peristalsis to the epididymis. The epididymis is the site for sperm maturation that results in increased motility and fertilizing power.

HORMONE

5. HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Besides testis, endocrine regulation in the male involves the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus secretes gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete FSH and LH.

HORMONE

5. HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

LH stimulates the Leydig cells of the testes to produce testosterone, which assists in stimulating the formation and the development of the sperm. FSH stimulates Sertoli cells to produce a protein that concentrate testosterone. Besides that they cause the formation of primary spermatocyte from the stem cell spermatogonium. When sperm count is high, Sertoli cells release inhibin that act on hypothalamus and pituitary gland to cut the release of GnRH and FSH.

HORMONE

5. HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

When the hypothalamus detects excessive amounts of testosterone in the blood, it reduces its secretion of GnRH. In response, the anterior pituitary reduces its production of LH and FSH, which results in a decrease in the production of testosterone by interstitial cells. GnRH secretion is also inhibited by inhibin, a hormone secreted by sertoli cells in response to excessive levels of sperm production

HORMONE

5. HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Testosterone is the principal male sex hormone. It produces the males primary sex characteristics such as growth of reproductive organs and spermatogenesis. Testosterone also stimulates the development of the secondary sex characteristics at puberty such as
the growth of facial and body hair at the pubic regions deepening of the voice due to enlargement of the larynx enlargement and development of skeletal muscle to produce heavier muscle mass increased heaviness of the skeleton due to thickening of the bones