Industrial Training

AT PRASAR BHARTI BHOPAL MP Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics & Communication Submitted to

RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDHYALAYA BHOPAL (M.P.)

Submitted By

Varun Shrivastava

0111EC091113

Under the supervision of Mr. P. K. Pati (Engg.)

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Technocrats Institute of Technology, Bhopal

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am extremely grateful and extend my sincerest thanks to Dept. of Doordarshan Kendra, Bhopal M.P. for providing me with an excellent working environment, so that I could work uninterruptedly and complete the project within due date. I also express my sincerest thanks and gratitude to the complete staff of Doordarshan Kendra, Bhopal M.P. under whose able supervision, valuable guidance, and all possible assistance, I successfully completed my vocational training and subsequent compiled this report. I also express my sincerest thanks to Mr.P.K.Pati DDG(E) and Mr.R.K Bajpai (Asst. Engineer) of Doordarshan Kendra, Bhopal M.P. without whose assistance the above would not have been possible. I am also thankful to my HOD EC Department Prof. Vikas Gupta for giving opportunity and encouragement for doing the Vocational Training.

INDEX

1. Introduction 2. Basic unit description 3. Detailed discretion a.Studio center b.Active area c.CCU d.Production Control Area e.Video Tape Recording f.Control Apparatus Unit 4. Usefulness 5. Summary 6. Conclusion

INTRODUCTION
Doordarshan Kendra is a television program production and telecasting center. A fully fledged Doordarshan Kendra consists of studio and transmitters. In television both the picture and sound are transmitted. This makes television program production a complex affair. Television stated in India as an experimental service in 1959. However, long and regular general service of television was started in August in 1965. National program was introduced over a entire network with effect from 15/08/1982. At the same time it introduced in a phased manner. The first telecast in color was an Independence Day function on 15/08/1982.Till 31/01/1992 Doordarshan had high power transmitter .371 low power transmitter, 76 very low power transmitter covering 78.7% of the population. Now a days number of power transmitters has increased with the tremendous demand for additional software facilities. To meet the requirement off diverse software objectives, a three tire service as under has been implemented.India adopts CCIR 625 PAL B television systems. In this system the picture system is amplitude and sound signal frequency modulated before transmission. The carrier frequencies are suitably spaced and the modulated outputs radiated through a common antennal. Thus each broadcasting station has it own frequency and a receiver can be tune to select any desired station. Doordarshan, the national television service of India, is one of the largest broadcasting organizations in the world in terms of coverage and the infrastructure of studio and transmitters. Todays broadcasting major had a modest beginning with the experimental telecast starting in Delhi in September, 1959 with a small transmitter and a makeshift studio. The regular daily transmission started in 1965 as a part of All India Radio. The television service was extended to a second city Mumbai only in 1972. Till 1975, only seven cities were covered by Television. Doordarshan was separated from AIR in 1976. Doordarshan operates 30 channels five All India channels. One Parliament channel, Eleven Regional Language Satellite channels, Eleven Hindi belt Network, Gyandarshan (Educational channel) and one International channel. Besides this, Doordarshan has DTH service DD Direct Plus.

The first experiment in satellite technology in India was conducted in 197576 under the programme Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE). This was incidentally, the first attempt in the world to use satellite broadcasting for social education. Colour transmission was introduced during the Asian Games held in New Delhi in 1982. Doordarshan then proceeded to install transmitters nationwide rapidly for terrestrial broadcasting. In camera tube the conversion of optical information to electrical form and its transmission are carried out element by element one at a time sequential manner to cover the entire scene which is to be televised. There remain approximately 10 regional stations which operate in areas not included within the present 75 per cent population coverage. Even if coverage was extended as far as 87 per cent, some regionals would still be outside such coverage. If the present terrestrial footprint was extended it may offer further opportunities for regional broadcasters who are currently outside the current footprint. Any extension would need to be supported by a business case assessing the related costs and benefits. Areas of future extension would be to less heavily populated areas with smaller potential audiences for broadcasters and higher costs per viewer. The extension of the present terrestrial footprint by the present licensees seems unlikely to be commercially viable in the present economic circumstances. Any Government support would therefore need to be weighed against other government priorities and the benefits to be gained from any extension; and the availability of funding cannot be assumed. Extension of the footprint also becomes increasingly unlikely as the country moves closer to a DSO date. At present there are around 60 per cent of viewers who are watching a digital service, and as DSO nears the other 40 per cent will gradually adopt digital reception. Viewers in areas outside the terrestrial footprint will only have the option of satellite reception, so as digital take-up increases, this would further weaken the case for extension of the terrestrial service. That is, households outside the existing coverage will already have purchased satellite television equipment

BASIC UNIT DISCRIPTION (WEEKLY) a) 1st week Primary Services

Each major state is to have its own primary service produced at state capital on the language of the state to be available throughout the state.

National Services
The programs for the nation T.V. Service are the mainly produced at Delhi. Besides programs produced at other regional centers are also used for the service. National services is already available throughout the country utilizing S band transponders of INSAT and the existing microwave links.

Television
India adopts CCIR 625 PAL B television systems. In this system the picture system is amplitude and sound signal frequency modulated before transmission. The carrier frequencies are suitably spaced and the modulated outputs radiated through a common antennal. Thus each broadcasting station has it own frequency and a receiver can be tune to select any desired station.

Picture Transmission
The Picture information is optical in chapter and may be thought of assembly of large no. of bright and dark areas representing picture details. These areas may be called as picture elements. In camera tube the conversion of optical information to electrical form and its transmission are carried out element by element one at a time sequential manner to cover the entire scene which is to be televised. The output from the last if stage is demodulated to recover the video signal. This signal that carries picture information is amplified and coupled to the picture

tube which converts the electrical signal back into picture element of the same degree of black and white. This glass envelop contain an electron guns produces beam of electrons aimed at the fluorescent screen. nick of the tube. The amplitude of the current in the horizontal and vertical deflection coils.When the electron beam strike the screen light is emitted. The beam is deflected by a pair of coils mounted at theso adjusted that the entire screen called raster gets illuminated because of the fast rate scanning. The video signal is fed to the grid or cathode of the picture tube. When the varying signal voltage makes the control grid less negative, the beam current is increased making the spot of light on screen brighter and vice versa. The rate at which the spot of light moves is so fast that the eye is unable to follow it and also so a complete picture is seen because of the storage capacity of the human eye.

Sound Reception
The path of the sound signal is common with the picture signal from antenna to the video detector section of the receiver. Here the two signals are separated and fed to the respective channels. The frequency modulated audio signals is demodulated after at least one stage of amplification. The audio output from FM detector is given due amplification before feeding it to the load speaker.

Synchronization
It is essential that the same co-ordinates be scanned at any instant both at the camera tube target plate and the raster of the picture tube otherwise picture details or would split and get distorted. To ensure perfect synchronization, synchronization pulses are transmitted during retrace in fly back intervals of horizontal and vertical motions of the camera scanning beam. Thus in addition to carrying picture details the radiated signal at the transmitter also contains synchronizing pulses. These pulses which are distinct for horizontal and vertical motion control are processed at the receiver and fed to the picture tube sweep. Scanning of the elements is done at a very fast rate and this process is repeated a large number of times per second to create an illusion of simultaneous

pickup and transmission of picture details. A camera tube is used to convert the optional information into a corresponding electrical signal, the amplified of which varies in accordance with the variation of brightness. The object to be televised be focused by a lens assembly on a rectangular glass plate which has a very thin layer has a very high sensitive when no light falls on it. According to the brightness of image the conduction of each element of photo layer changes accordingly. An electron beam is used to pick up the picture information now available on the target plate in terms of varying resistance at each point on its way the beam is deflected by a pair of deflecting coils kept mutually perpendicular to each other to achieve scanning of a entire area. Scanning is done in the same way. The magnetic deflection caused by the current in one coil gives horizontal motion to the beam from left to right at a uniform rate and then brings it quickly to the top of plate to start the procedure all over again. As the beam moves, than element to element it encounters a different resistance across the plate, depending on the resistance of photo conductive coating the result is a flow of current which varies in magnitude as the element across of the resistance Ri and this corresponds to the optical varying voltage picture. The electrical information obtained from the T.V. camera tube is modulated career frequency .The modulated output is fed to the transmitter antenna for radiating along with sound signal.

Sound Transmission
The microphone converts the sound signal into proportionate electrical signal which is normally a voltage. The audio signal from microphone after amplification is frequency modulated, employing the assigned carrier frequency. Output of the sound FM transmitter is finally combined with AM picture transmitter output through a combining network and fed to a common antenna for radiation of energy in the term of electromagnetic waves.

Transmiter
The one volt p-p video signal and 10dBmbalanced audio signal from master switching room (MSR) are fed to transmitter to transmit the signal into air. The 10KW transmitter can cover 80Km of air distance around Bhopal. Transmitter compact in construction and the design employees and state of art techniques and devices. The principal features of this transmitter are: 1. Solid state exciter 2. Control unit 3. Solid state power amplifier 4. Audio power amplifier Video power amplifier Video last power amplifier IF unit Up-converter unit D G corrector The IF unit consists of: 1. Video processor 2. Visual modulator 3. IF synthesizer 4. ICPM corrector 5. Rectifier and regulator board 6. Display board 7. CIN Diplexer

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig-Block Diagram of 10kW TV Transmitter

The video signal from MSR passed through hum suppressor to suppress any hum in the line then fed to video equalizer to signed they feed to the switcher. Output of the switcher routed to exciter through STAB (color establishing unit) to adjust the various parameter .The 10dBm audio signal from MSR is fed to switcher from it is routed through limiting amplifier /program amplifier. Two attenuator are provided on console for attenuation of the signal. VU meters are provided for monitoring the audio level from LA/PA the audio signal feed to aural exciter section. For monitors video signal on waveform monitor and vector-scope after switcher monitor are provided at various state for monitor signal level. Similarly loud speaker s provided at various stages to monitor audio level.

Antenna
The output of VLPA stage is fed through co-axial feeder into a combine network is CIN (constant impedance notch). Duplexer where the output from the FM sound transmitter is added to it. This network is designed in such a way that while combining either signal doesnt interfere with the working of the other transmits. A coaxial connects the combined output to the antenna system mounted on a higher tower situated close to me transmitted. A turnstile antenna array is used to radiate equal power in all direction. The antenna is mounted horizontally for better signal to noise ratio.

Fig- Antenna

b) 2nd week
OBJECTIVES OF DOORDARSHAN STUDIO

1) To originate programmes from studios 2) To knit various sources of programs i.e., camera output, OB out, M/W, VTR out, video graphics and characters generator etc. 3) Processing / distribution of different sources. 4) Routing of programme for recording/ transmission via MSR and Micro Wave.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

FIG-VIDEO CHAIN OF A DOORDARSHAN STUDIO

Activities in a Television studio can be divided into two major areas such as : 1) Action area (Studio) 2) Production control room (P.C.R). Action area a. This place requires large space and ceiling as compared to any other technical area. b. Action in this area includes staging, lighting, performance by artists, and arrangement to pick up picture and sound. c. Typical size of TV Studio is 20 x20x8.5 cubic meters Hardware provided in this area include: a. Monitoring facilities for all the input and output sources(audio/video). b. Remote control for video mixer, and special effect (ADO) etc. c. Communication facilities with technical areas and studio floor. d. Vision mixing and switching e. Character Generator (CG) f. Sync Pulse-Generator (SPG) g. Camera Control Unit (CCU) h. Light Control. i. Audio mixing and control j. Video Tape-Recorder k. Electronic Still Storage System l. Post Production Suites

Vision mixing and switching

Unlike films, television media allows switching between different sources simultaneously at the video switcher in Production control room operated by the Vision Mixer on the direction of the program producer. The producer directs the cameramen for proper shots on various cameras through intercom and the vision mixer (also called VM engineer) switches shots from the selected camera/cameras with split second accuracy, in close cooperation with the produce. The shots can be switched from one video source to another video source, superimposed, cross faded, faded in or faded out electronically with actual switching being done during the vertical intervals between the picture frames. Electronics special effects are also used now days as a transition between the two sources.

Fig- video mixing

Ampex Digital Optics (ADO-2000)

ADO is a very useful aid to production. 30 preset effects can be recalled through the keyboard. Various picture manipulations are possible. The picture can be compressed, size can be reduced and cropped into another picture. The principle of operation is that the input Video is converted in digital form using A/D and then the digits are manipulated to create the desired effects and then it is converted back to analog form using D/A.

Character genrator
Characters Generators are provide titles and credit captions during production in Roman script. It provides high resolution characters different colors for colonizing characters, background, edges etc. At present bilingual and trilingual C.G are also being used by Doordarshan. Character Generator is a microcomputer with Texts along instructions when typed in at the keyboard is stored on a floppy or a Hard disk. Many pages of scripts can be stored on the disk and recalled when needed, by typing the adresses for the stored pages, to appear as one of the video sources.

Central apparatus room

This is the nerve center for a television station. Activities in this area include: 1 Distribution of stabilized power supply to different technical areas with protection devices. 2.Sync pulse generation and distribution. 3 Distribution of sources to various destinations 4. Video processing and routing. 5. Electronics for camera chain, video switchers, special effect generator. 6. Monitoring facilities 7. Patch panel for video and audio lines 8. Electronics for micro wave links

Sync Pulse-Generator
It is essential that all the video sources as input to the switcher are in synchronism i.e., start and end of each line or all the frames of video sources is concurrent. SPG is normally duplicated for change over in case of failure.

Light Control
The scene to be televised must be well illuminated to produce a clear and noise free picture. The lighting should also give the depth, the correct contrast and artistic display of various shades without multiple shadows. The lighting arrangements in a TV studio have to be very elaborate. A large number of lights are used to meet the needs of key, fill, and back lights etc. Lights are classified as spot and soft lights. These are suspended from motorized hoists and telescopes. The up and down movement is remote controlled. The switching on and off the lights at the required time and their dimming is controlled from the light control panel inside a lighting control room using SCR dimmer controls. These remotely control various lights inside the studios Modern TV studios have a computer-controlled lighting system the intensities of various lights can be adjusted independently and memorized for reproduction. The status indication of lights regarding their location and intensity is available on a monitor/MIMIC display. During reproduction of a particular sequence, the information from the memory operates the respective light dimmers. Hand held control boxes are also available for controlling light intensities inside the studios which communicate via a control panel. Most of the operational controls of the computerized light control system can also be performed manually with the back up matrix and fadder controls.

Video Tape recorders

VTR room is provided at each studio center. It houses at least two console type 1 videotape recorders (VTRs) and a few Broadcast standard Videocassette recorders (VCRs). In these recorders, sound and video signals are recorded simultaneously on the same tape.

ACCESS TO ELECTRONIC STILL STORAGE SYSTEM Some PCRs have access to the electronic still storage system. One replay remote control of the digital library system is mounted on the video production control table at the PCR. Still pictures stored in the library system can be recalled and used in production by selecting them by their addresses either from the local or from the remote control pannel after recomposing if desired.

Video chain
Output from the switcher goes to stabilizing amplifier via PP and VDAs. Output from the stab. Is further distributed to various destinations. It may be noted that the use of VDAs helps to monitor the video signal at different locations and the use of PP is very helpful for emergency arrangements during breakdowns and trouble shooting.

A separate monitoring bus is provided in CCU, LCU and END CONTROL with sources as shown. END CONTROL also has a remote for the adjustment of levels etc. in the STAB AMP unit. Route for the other sources is similar to this and can be understood from the block schematic.

SYNC Pulse Generator

Television signals for broadcasting are originated by cameras and telecines, recorded and replayed by video tape recorders, mixed in studio vision mixers and finally distributed for transmission. Fig. shows the use of sync pulse generator for generating colour composite video signal (CCVS).

Black Burst (BB)

This pulse contains all the pulses except active video information. It contains pulses H, V, A, S K, P & SC. This pulse can be decoded back to regenerate these pulses back. Most of the equipment now a days are using this single pulse from SPG instead of several pulses. This allows us to have single distribution network for synchronising pulses.

Each source needs its own SPG. This is true if it has to work in a standalone environment. Where several cameras work together, as in a studio, it is better to use a common SPG. Characteristics of these waveform has specified durations, levels and rise-times, etc. The more stringent specifications cause complex and costly generator. One generator serving a number of sources is a better option than many separate generators. It is also important that the signals from the various camera match time-wise. This is easier to achieve if they all had same generators.

Pulse Distribution
With only one SPG centrally located a mechanism of pulse distribution is required. With each and every 75 ohm destination requires a dedicated 75 ohm source.

If this is not done then cables will be incorrectly terminated, signals will have the wrong amplitude and will suffer from reflections. Use of PDA provides multiple feed to various destinations.

Pulse Distribution Amplifiers

These amplifiers have a high input impedance (around 10 K typically) and a number of 75 ohm outputs. 10 outputs are typical for a pulse distribution amplifier (PDA). The PDA consists of an amplifier with very low output impedance, less than 0.1 ohm. It is capable of generating a considerable signal current (1V into 75 ohm is a peak signal current of 14 mA). This high current, low impedance, output is distributed to the various separate outputs by 75 ohm resistors. It is these resistors which determine the output impedance.

Video distribution Amplifiers

Video is distributed in the same way as pulses. Video signals are distributed by 75 ohm circuits, consequently separate distribution amplifier (DA) outputs are needed for each. Vision DAs are usually much more sophisticated than their pulse counterparts having performance up to 5.5 MHz with minimum impairment to the signal. The distortion introduced by a DA should be immeasurably small as the signal passes through the distribution system.

Video equalisers
Co-axial Cable has resistance, capacitance and inductance. It will therefore introduce losses to the signal particularly to the higher frequencies. This is undesirable and hence a suitable correction is carried out by equalizers. These are reactive circuits which basically introduce an equal and opposite frequency characteristic to that of the cable. For short cables upto 50 meters of length, simple equalisers are used. The basic tie line equalizer is a passive device and can only introduce more loss

Consequently such an equaliser is designed to reduce all frequencies to the same level, they are amplified again to regain level.

It is assumed that the total loss of such equalizer and cable is no more than 6 dB. Distribution amplifier also provides the necessary gain - in this case 6dB. (This is in addition to the termination loss of 6 dB required of all amplifiers driving into 75 ohms)

OB Signals
OB Signals are not synchronized with the station and hence they are non synchronized sources. In order to mix OB signal with other sources it has to be made synchronous with the station sync. There are two methods which can be used to make them synchronous. a) Gen-lock b) Frame synchronizer

Gen-lock is short for generator lock. The sync pulse generator providing the station pulses is referenced to the contribution video from the OB. It uses internal timing comparators to force its output timings to match those of the input video. The principle limitations of Gen-lock is that only one outside source can be made synchronous at a time. The alternative approach, using a synchronizer, does not suffer from this disadvantage.

Gen-Lock SPG
Sync Pulse Generator can be synchronized to an external video signal by referencing the sync pulse generator supplying the studio to the external signal. Similar arrangements apply in respect of Black Burst installations. Where each area in a studio complex has its own sync generator. A reference signal (usually black and burst) is distributed to all the generators to maintain synchronism between them.

Stabilising Amplifier
Stabilising Amplifier is placed at the end of the studio chain. As the video signal from the source has traveled to various D/A, switchers and other processing equipment before it comes to the stab. amplifier, it might have suffered some impairment etc., As synchronizing pulses are very important for the locking of TV receiver scanning oscillators, it is better to clean it. Stab. Amplifier provide the following : a) Clipping the sync. Pulses at 50% level, regenerate them and then fix them back to the video signal. b) Provide end control for the adjustment of various levels like video level, chroma level, sync. Level, burst level and chroma phase level etc. It is also possible to adjust these controls from a remote location.

3) 3rd week
VIDEO Video is the technology of electronically capturing, recording, processing, storing, transmitting, and reconstructing a sequence of still images representing scenes inmotion.

History
Video technology was first developed for cathode rat be(CRT) television systems, but several new technologies for video display devices have since been invented. Charles led an Ampex research team developing the first practical video tape recorder (VTR). In 1951 the first video tape recorder captured live images from television by converting the camera's electrical impulses and saving the information onto magnetic videotape. Video recorders sold for $50,000 in 1956, and videotape cost $300 per one-hour reel.[1] However, prices steadily dropped over the years; in 1971, Sony began selling videocassette (VCR) tapes to the public. After the invention of the DVD in 1997 and Blu-ray Disc in 2006, sales of videotape and tape equipment plummeted.Later advances in computer technology allowed computers to capture, store, edit and transmit video clips. Characteristics of video streams number of frames per second Frame rate, the number of still pictures per unit of time of video, ranges from six or eight frames per second (frame/s) for old mechanical cameras to 120 or more frames per second for new professional cameras. PAL(Europe, Asia, Australia, etc.) and SECAM (France, Russia, parts of Africa etc.) standards specify 25 frame/s, while NTSC (USA, Canada, Japan, etc.) specifies 29.97 frame/s. Film is shot at the slower frame rate of 24photograms/s, which complicates slightly the process of transferring a cinematic motion picture to video. The minimum frame rate to achieve the illusion of a moving image is about fifteen frames per second.

Interlaced vs progressive
Video can be interlaced or progressive. Interlacing was invented as a way to reduce flicker in early mechanical and CRT video displays without increasing the number of complete frames per second, which would have required sacrificing image detail in order to remain within the limitations of a narrow bandwidth. The horizontal scan lines of each complete frame are treated as if numbered consecutively and captured as two fields: an odd field(upper field) consisting of the odd-numbered lines and an even field (lower field) consisting of the evennumbered lines. Analog display devices reproduce each frame in the same way, effectively doubling the frame rate as far as perceptible overall flicker is concerned. When the image capture device acquires the fields one at a time, rather than dividing up a complete frame after it is captured, the frame rate for motion is effectively doubled as well, resulting in smoother, more life-like reproduction (although with halved detail) of rapidly moving parts of the image when viewed on an interlaced CRT display, but the display of such a signal on a progressive scan device is problematic. NTSC, PAL and SECAM are interlaced formats. Abbreviated video resolution specifications often include an i to indicate interlacing. For example, PAL video format is often specified as 576i50, where 576 indicates the total number of horizontal scan lines, i indicates interlacing, and 50 indicates 50 fields (half-frames) per second.

AUDIO SIGNAL
An audio signal is a representation of sound, typically as an electrical voltage. Audio signals have frequencies in the audio frequency range of roughly 20 to 20,000 Hz (the limits of human hearing). Audio signals may be synthesized directly, or may originate at a transducer such as a microphone, musical instrument pickup, phonograph cartridge, or tape head. Loudspeakers or headphones convert an electrical audio signal into sound. Digital representations of audio signals exist in a variety of formats.

VIDEO MEASUREMENT
Video measurement is a very important part of video production in doordarshan or in any broadcasting system.The transmission of Television signal can be termed as wave form transmission. The signal passes through many equipment and it gets amplitude/phase distorted. Engineers who are operating and maintaining the equipment are supposed to monitor and make regular checks and corrections at periodical intervals so that the received signal is distortion free. For making evaluation of video we normally use two methods and they are 1. Objective evaluation 2. Subjective evaluation. Each has its own merits and demerits and both combined together form an effective tool to judge the quality of the picture. In the Objective evaluation method normally a standard wave form is sent and the received wave from is compared for deviations from the original. This is called wave form comparison method. The other method is the sweep frequency method and popularly used for evaluating the frequency response of the transmitter. Whenever we think of video measurement or test signal immediately we think about the pulse and bar signal.

Fig- video measerment Since long time square wave is being used to find the response of any equipment as it is very easy to generate and convenient to use.

In Television also it is no exception. The figures given below illustrate a fairly good account of the effect of the deteriorations on the shape of the bar.The duration of the bar signal is 25 m sec. (one half of the active line period) in full field signals and 10 m sec. in ITS.

S/N Ratio
Noise can be defined here as a generic name for all the various forms of unwanted voltages which modify the signal during the course of transmission from one point to another. Whenever we say S/N ratio normally we mean the continuous random noise measurement only. The random noise takes the form of quasi infinite series of short pulses whose amplitudes and instants of occurrences are random. The S/N Ratio = 20 log 10 (Ep/Em) Where Ep = peak to peak Signal voltage and Em = RMS noise voltage. Normally the peak to peak Signal voltage will be 0.7 volts As you might be aware that higher luminance frequency components are subjectively less visible. So some people felt that you should simulate the response of the eye to get the true picture by introducing filters to filter out noise voltages of frequencies beyond 8 or 10 MHz. So a weighting filter is introduced which simulates the response of the eye. This is known as weighted S/N ratio. This is normally more than the unweight S/N ratio.

Fig-s/n ratio

4) 4th week
OB VAN Since 1998 we have been the biggest integrator and supplier of the TV and radio OB Vans in the Czech Republic as well as mobile TV satellites and terrestrial links for broadcasting, production and distribution companies. Over the course of time we have provided our customers with a great deal of deliveries ranging from the small vans to the custom-made coach buildings on the multi-tonne chassis or semi-trailers. The assembly of the OB Vans takes place in our new assembly hall in our manufacturing area. It has a capacity for a simultaneous assembly of two large OB Vans, or four to six small ones OB Van is equipped with 8 nos of Thomson TTV 1657 Digital CCD cameras, 16 input versatile vision mixer ROSS Synergy with various special effects. 16 channel Sound Craft make audio mixer with facility of individual channel equalization and limited. In addition to the above, one computerized MOVE CG for supering titles. Two nos. of broadcast quality VCR having slow motion (TTV3575p), two nos. of Recording VCRs and one EVS make Live slow motion hard disc recording system is also installed. One Long haul microwave link is also available with OB Van.

Fig- Ob van

5 camera OB/SNG van Vehicle Mercedes 814D, 1994,140HP, 280.000km Weight 8,4T, L: 6,33 m, W: 2,2m, H: 3,5m Power 32A 400V. CEE HF: 1x Antenna Vertex 1,8m 1x Downconverter PMCA SDC 50 1x Poleswitch Nortel Dasa 1x Antennacontrol Vertex 7031 1x Spectrum analyser Tektronix 2712 1x TV modulator Barco TVDM 40 2x HPA Nortel Dasa 300W KU Band 1x HPA switch Mitec MC2724 2x Upconverter Nortel Dasa Digital modulator Radyne ComStream DM-180 5-40 Mbps 2x DVB encoder Thomson DBE 4110 4:2:2/4:2:0 Analog/SDI Encryption: BISS1, BISS/E/buried ID, injected-ID 1x Digital satellite receiver Kathrein 2x Digital satellite receiver NDS, Scopus 1x Kathrein SAT splitter

Video 1x Sony DFS-700 8ch. digital videomixer 1x Videogenerator Grundig VG1100 1x WFM Tektronix 1741A 8 Sony monitors LMD 9030 9" 1x Sony monitor LMD 1430 14"

Audio 1x Yamaha O3D,digital 16ch. mixer 2x Meter NTP 277-400 2x Speaker K&H Intercom 2x D-net 2x Telephone hybrid (analog) 1x Intercomunit , 5 stations 2x Cameraring, production and engineer 1x Motorola basstation 4x Motorola walkie talkies 1 Drake intercomstation for connection with OB van.

Cables 1x 150m audio multicore (10x) 1x 100m video (SDI) AVA has recently evolved into one of the biggest production companies in Croatia. With future projects in mind, they ordered an OB van from AVC. Our team of experts has professionally fulfilled every request: from the initial meetings regarding the concept of the van, through concrete details concerning the technical characteristics, choice of equipment and requests for interior design, to the delivery itself and the subsequent support during field work. The van was equipped with 5 digital cameras, 3 digital recorders, 24-channel audio DSNG VAN The mobile DSNG Van is equipped with 400 W TWT of Xycom and Tandberg E5500 encoder in 1+1 mode along with upconvertors / downconvertors of ADVENT and base band equipments. The DSNG van can be operated in both C or Ku band and it has the unique dual band waveguide in it. The system is operational since November 2002 The 2 meter antenna system is of advent make having the auto tracking facility controlled through laptop computer and can track any satellite in very short period automatically. It has a GPS system with flux gate compass etc used for auto tracking of satellites. The vehicle mounted DSNG Van supplied through BECIL is used in live coverages for up linking.

DETAILED DISCRIPTION
a) Studio center
The studio centre of Doordarshan has the following objectives. 1. To originate programs from studios either for live telecast or for recording for a video tape. 2. To knit various other resources of program available at the production desk. 3. Processing/distribution of different sources to various distributions in technical areas. 4. Routing of mixed program for recording/transmission via master switching room and microwave to the transmitter or any other desired destination. Activities in a television studio can be divided into three major areas such as: Action area. CCU Production Control Area. Video Tape Recording.

b) Action area
This place requires large space as compared to any other technical area. Action in their area includes stage, lighting, performance by artists and arrangement to pickup picture and sound. Requirement 1. Very efficient air conditioning. 2.Uniform and even flooring.

3. Acoustic treatment (use cyclorama on the walls of the action area).

4.Supporting facilities (like make-up room, wardrobe etc). 5.Communication facilities for the floor. 6.Audio and video monitoring facilities. 7.Cyclorama and certain tracks blue and black curtain for chroma keying and limbo lighting respectively.

Fig PLAN OF TELEVISION STUDIO BHOPAL

c) Camera control unit (CCU)

This is the camera control unit. This provides necessary adjustments of the camera such as monitoring, super positioning of tubes (RGB picture tube in camera k125). Sequential display of picture tubes to find fault, tally light, color blanking, cap of lens, chroma adjustment, color temperature adjustment, gain of light, view find, filtering, menu section, auto facility.

d) Production Control Area

Activities:1. Direction to the production crew by the producer of the program. 2. Timing a production/telecast. 3. Editing of different sources available at the production desk. 4. Monitoring of output/off air signal. 5. Remote control for video mixer and library store and special effect. 6. Communicaton facilities with technical areas and studio floor.

The Production Control Area consists of:

1. Vision mixer 2. Character generator 3. Sync pulse generator 4. Sound and mixing control 5. Audio facilities

Vision mixer or video switching:

Through the video switching is done by the VM at the remote channel the electronics is located in CAR. The vision mixer is typically a 16x1 or 24x1 cross bar switcher relation any of the 10 or 20 input sources to 6 to 10 different output lines. The input sources includes cameras, VTR, telecine cast signal etc.

Same coincident with the station sync are called synchronous while others having their own independent synchronous are called non synchronous. The vision mixer provides for the following operational facilities for editing of TV program. 1. Take or cut : Selection of any input source, switching clearly from One source to another. 2. Dissolve : Fading out of no source of video and in another source

3. Superimposition : Keypad caption when selected in day is super imposed of two sources on the background picture. 4. Special Effects : A choice of a no. of a wire patterns fell split screen as Wipe effect. The selected output can be monitored in the corresponding preview monitor. All the picture sources are available on the monitors. The switches also provided facilities to switch camera tally, light as an indication to cameraman whether his/her camera is on or, out of the switch. 2. Character Generator Character generator is provided to provide titles and credit captions during Roman script. It provides high resolution characters for background edges etc. At present bilingual and trilingual C.G. are also being used by doordarshan. 3. Sync. Pulse-Generator It is essential that all the video sources and input to the switches are in synchronism i.e. start and end of each time for all the frames of video sources is concurrent. Their requirement is ensured by the sync. Pulse generator (SPG). SPG consists of highly stable crystal electrically which forms clock for the generator of video signal. These pulses are fed to all the video generally equipment to achieve their objective of synchronism. It provides the following outputs: 1. 2. 3. 4. Line drive Field drive Mixing blanking Mixed sync.

4. Sound Mixing and Control As a rule in television, sound accompanies the picture; several microphones are generally required for production of complex television program besides other audio sources also called married sound from telecine VTR and audio tape/disc. Replays. All these audio sources are connected to the sound control console.

Fig- sound mixing The sounds from different resources are controlled and mixed in accordance with are requirement of the program split second accuracy is required for providing the correct audio source in synchronization with the picture thus requiring lot of skill from the engineer. Even the level of sound sometimes is varied in accordance with the short composition called sound prospective. 5. Audio Facilities An audio mixing console, with a number of inputs say about 32 inputs is provided in a major studio. This includes special facilities such as equalization, RFL, Phase reversal, echo send/receive and pre-filter digital reverberation units at some placed takes records and EMI 938 disc reproduce are provided for playing back/creating audio effects as independent resources to the switches.

e) Video Tape Recording

This unit provides the recording of the video as well as audio input. In other words this unit records the video input and audio input coming from the production control unit through VDA and ADA simultaneously in tape with the help of the video cassette recording. The video tape recording system comprises of following steps. For video input amplifier one output two pre-emphasis circuit. Driven amplifier, FM-modulator, recording head amplifier, stepping brusher. Head drum. Other output of video amplifier fed to sync separator and shape, servo-controlled circuit, head drum motor drive, motor them motor fed to head drum. The four video head for audio input fed to amplifier ultrasonic biasing network-amplifier then to audio record head. A.C. bias oscillation is also used with ultrasonic biasing network.

Fig- video transmission For video input amplifier one output two pre-emphasis circuit. Driven amplifier, FM-modulator, recording head amplifier, stepping brusher.

Head drum. Other output of video amplifier fed to sync separator and shape, servo-controlled circuit, head drum motor drive, motor them motor fed to head drum. The four video head for audio input fed to amplifier ultrasonic biasing network-amplifier then to audio record head. A.C. bias oscillation is also used with ultrasonic biasing network.

SLIP RING BRUSHES

SWITCHER AMPLIFIER

EQUALISER AND LIMITER CIRCUIT

FM DEMODULATO R

VIDEO AMPLIFIER
TO MONITER

VIDEO HEAD S

HEAD DRUM

AM MODULATO R

TO TV

RECEIVER

MOTOR

HEAD MOTOR DRIVE

SERVO CONTROLLER D CKT

MOTOR

CAPSTAN MOTOR DRIVE

CAPSTAN

SPEED CONTROL SIGNALS AUDIO HEAD

AMPLIFIER

BLOCK DIAGRAM IN PLAYBACK MODE OF VIDEO TAPE RECORDER

Driven amplifier, FM-modulator, recording head amplifier, stepping brusher. Head drum. Other output of video amplifier fed to sync separator and shape, servocontrolled circuit, head drum motor drive, motor them motor fed to head drum.

The four video head for audio input fed to amplifier ultrasonic biasing network-amplifier then to audio record head. A.C. bias oscillation is also used with ultrasonic biasing network.

f) Control Apparatus Unit

This is the nerve center for a television station. Activities in this area included. 1. Distribution of established power supply to different technical areas with production devices. 2. Sync. Pulses generator and distribution. 3. Distribution of resources to various destinations. 4. Video processing and routing. 5. Electronics for camera chain, video switches special effect generator, test signal and pattern generator. 6. Monitoring facilities 7. Patch panel for video and audio lines. 8. Electronics for micro wave links or other technical areas associated with central apparatus room (CAR). a. CCU b. Light control unit and dimmer room c. ACR e. Telecine g. Video graphic d. VTR f. Digital library stage h. Post production and editing suit for Outdoor work by the (ENG/EFP)

Post Production Room

This unit is made for editing purpose. Then unit edits the already made program. This unit is also used for the audio recording such as to give voice effect in the already made program.

Master Switching/ Control Room

Master switching or control room is used mainly for the local transmission. This section sends signal to the earth station for the up-linking or the signal. The unit also receive the Delhi Signal (FS) same as received by the transmitter. And fed to transmitter to transmit the signal into air.

Studio Light
Light plays an important role in the studios and theatres. Artificial light not only creates adequate filming or viewing conditions, but is also an important factor in artistic direction. Many performance and light effects are not possible without the correct lamps. Constantly, new light sources and equipment open up new avenues lighting to meet the various requirements. There is a multitude of means from the new luminaries types (e.g. Footlights and softlights,flood and spots) to special control and dimming equipment modern theatrelamps must satisfy all demands on economy and lamp life as well as high requirements on luminous flux, luminaries efficacy and color temperature. For their reason, we have developed a whole range of progressive tungsten-halogen lamps and theatre lighting.

They combine the advantages of high grade quartz technology with the superior technology of the tungsten-halogen cycle. Television shooting requires an abundance of light. The ceiling of a modern studio is densely covered with flood lights. Tungsten-halogen technology is responsible for more compact and mobile luminaries which radiate less heat; our tungsten halogen lamps for films. Television and theatre provide high luminous efficacy and lower power consumption. They also yield a higher ratio of visible light infrared heat radiation. The actors suffer less from the heat radiation. The actors suffer less from the heat and the air conditioners are less loaded. For studio lightning therefore, the standard color temperature for which electronic cameras and color films are balanced is important. Television Lighting Technical requirements:

1. Incidental Lighting Level: In general it is governed by the sensitivity of the camera tube, taking into account the working aperture of the camera lens. The working lens operation is determined from the depth of field consideration. 2. Contrast Ratio: Contrast is the ration between the luminance of the lightest and darkest part of the subject or image. The scene contrast outof-door is the average 160:1, although it may be as 1000:1. 19 The uses of lighting to model a set i.e. create areas of light and shade increase the overall contrast ratio. 3. Colour temperature: In colour television studios the colour temperature of the light sources should be within 150K of the line upcolour temperature i.e. 2950K to 2150K. 4. The working lens operation is determined from the depth of field consideration. 5. Tungsten-halogen technology is responsible for more compact and mobile luminaries which radiate less heat; our tungsten halogen lamps for films. Television and theatre provide high luminous efficacy and lower power consumption..

6. They also yield a higher ratio of visible light infrared heat radiation. The actors suffer less from the heat radiation. The actors suffer less from the heat and the air conditioners are less loaded. For studio lightning therefore, the standard color temperature for which electronic cameras and color films are balanced is important

Fig- lights used in studio

Artistic Requirements
1. Illusion of Depth: This is the first artistic consideration otherwise picture will tend to look flat and uninspiring. Monochrome re-production takes away the interest normally created by contrasting area of colour and it is necessary to light for shape, form tonal contrast and surface texture. In general, lighting can be divided in two parts, the first being modelling of artists and second lighting the sets, subjects are modelled by lightusing shadows. 2. Script: Script requirements have to be satisfied to create atmosphere and mood whilst at the same time maintaining a balance picture content which has a fairly constant main brightness, so minimising the effect at the receiver due to the absence of D. C. restoration. Additionally, it reduces the amount of vision control required. The script requirement of basically twofold: Explicit - Day, light, interior, exterior. Implicit - mood or artistic impression etc visualized by director and lighting supervisor. 3. Compatibility: Not all domestic receiver are colour and a further constraint is added to the transmitted picture, namely that the compatible picture(monochrome) is not degraded. To artist the realization team (lighting, scenic design, costume and make up) in this respect, most of the studio control room monitors are monochrome. Only the monitors are used for final assessment are colour. 4. Light Sources : The lighting sources fall into two categories Hard source : A hard source behaves as a point source and cast a Single hand edge shadow. Soft source : A soft source behave as a large area source taking

Into account the relative sides of objects and light Source and the distance separating them. 5. Lighting Control: In a television production each scene will required it own lighting plot with the appropriate dumiraires switched on and their intensities balanced to give the desired effect. The intensities are varied by some form of dimming arrangement, and the dimming and on/off are remotely controlled by a channel controller on a lighting console.

6. Basic Portraiture : In portrait lighting, four basic lamp are used: Key light: This is the principle resource of illumination. It gives Shapes and modelling by casting shadows. It is the sun In the sky, there should only be one sun. Normally it is The hard source. Filler: Controls lightly contrast by filling in shadows. It can also provide catch lights in eyes. Normally a soft source. Background light : Separates the person from the background, Reveals back ground interest and shape. Normally it is a hard source.

CAMERA Introduction
A typical video camera consists of the following Sections. 1. Lens 2. Optical Block 3. Transducer or Pick-up device. 4. Electronic. The lens and optical block forms camera optics. The purpose of the camera lens is to focus the image at the face plate of a pickup device i. e. to term a optical image. The lens used for the video camera depends on the size of the pick-up device. The lens for a video camera has the following section. Back focus section with adjustment facilities for back focus and micro focus. Focus section. Zoom section with manual or servo mode. Aperture section with manual or auto mode. Servo drive assembly for zoom and iris control. Whereas the optical assembly inside camera head has colour filters wheel, optical block consisting of diachronic mirror, bias light and a suitable lens mount.

CCD Device
Charge coupled devices are being used in studio cameras of full broadcast quality. CCD device is a kind of transducer which converts optical image into electrical signal. Any camera having CCD device is called a CCD camera.

Principle of CCD camera

Any camera will need a device to convert optical image into electrical signal. For more sharpness or better resolution, we have to increase the elements of small picture. This picture frame can now be focused on a structure of so many CCD elements. Each CCD elements will now convert light information on it to a charge signal. There should be arrangement to collect this charge and convert it to voltage.

Types of CCD chips used as pick-up devices for CCD cameras are Interline transfer type Frame transfer type Frame interlining transfer type

Fig- cameras

T.V. Camera
A T.V. camera consists of three sections 1. A camera lens and optics: To form optical image on the face plate if a pick up device. 2. A transducer or pick-up device: To convert the optical image into an electrical signal. 3. Electronic: To process output if a transducer to get a CCVS signals.

Fig- tv cameras

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Studio Camera KCM-125

KCM-125 color camera uses a 3-tube RGB system with plumb icon pick-up tubes. The color camera head, thecamera control unit are each equipped with a micro-computers are inter connected via several data lines and are in contact with each other. Each micro-computer has its own program. When the camera is turned on micro-computer can recall setup data which had been stored automatically when the system was turned off. The control Panel consists of the following set-up: Set-up Add on unit. Remote Control unit. Camera Control unit. Joystick panel.

Telecine
Telecine is an equipment to convert film based program material to a video tape, optical image produced by the film projection is converted into a line scanner. A typical side telecine room will have two no. of CCD telecine chain type FDL-60 two no. of sepmag sound following slide projectors compromising a camera multiplex assignment switcher and monitors etc. in a studio setup besides side scanners film editing tables and projectors FDL-60 can handle 16mm, 35mm normal/cinema scope uses any type of sound.

EARTH STATION
Earth station in Bhopal doordanshan was meant for up-link M. P. Signal services. It consists of expanded C-band up-link satellite system operating in the frequency range 6.725GHz to 7. 025GHz for transmit and 4.5GHz to 4.8GHz for receiving signals. The total system consists of 7. 0m parabolic reflector antenna step track control system redundant LNA systems, redundant 3KW klystron high power amplifier redundant up convertor with change of the earth station equipment, redundant 70MHz. video modulator and demodulator video and audio processing units, control remote, power distribution panel, dehydrator microwave handwave and set of measuring instruments.

Up-Link
Video Hum Suppressor Hum Suppressor is intended to be used in television network for reducing the spurious signal which arise as a result of different earth potentiality the sending and receiving ends of a transmission line. It is effective in suppressing spurious signal.

Video Equalizer The video equalizer is used to compensate for the video signal attenuation in cables of length up to 300m. The equalization can be adjusted in 20 steps. The outputs are free from mutual interaction and from the input..The equalizer is suitable for color television as different phase distortion is very small. Video Distributer The video distributer amplifiers are employed to distribute blank video (BA) signals to a no. of units. Video distributer contains two independent distributing amplifiers each provides 5 outputs.

FIG- Video Distributer

Stab
The color stabilizing amplifier is used along with a sync processor to process the composite video signal. The composite video signal is processed to remove the hum and noise for the timing component in the sync processor which produces regenerated noise free sync and blanking signal. These noise free sync and blanking signals are added to the composite color video signal in the color stability amplifier.

Modulator
The modulator subsystem frequency modulates both video and up to two audio signals to IF (70MHz.)

Video/Sound combiner
The video/sound combiner accepts video input from the 5MHz low pass filter module, sound subcarrier signals from the sound modulator. Modules 1 and 2 and 25MHz energy dispersal signal from the ED generator module combines and amplifiers them to give up a composite output.

Up-Convertor
The up converter frequency translating circuits which convert 70MHz signal to FC is in the band 5.8GHz to 6.425GHz (6.725-7.025for external C-band). The up-convertor has a nominal gain of 15 dB with the nominal power being 0dBm. The up-converter contents filters for super vision of Lo Leak and spurious products. Equalizers compensate for group delay introduced by the filters and beep amplitude response within specification.

High Power Amplifier

The klystron amplifier contains a high power klystron amplifier tube solid state amplifier IPA, various RF components. Beam power supply, beam power regulator supply and a control panel which controls the entire system.

DOWN LINK LNA (Low noise amplifier)

Low noise bi-polar transistors are used as an active device in these amplifiers, LNA provides again in excess to these incoming signals. This gain also ensures that the noise figure of succeeding stages does not degrade over all noise figure of the system. The micro skip band pass filter follows the LNA ensure image rejection. The input- output impedances of this circuit block are 50 ohms.

Down Converter
The down converter constants frequency translating circuits which convert FC MHz input signal to70MHz signal where FC is in the band of 3625MHz to 4200MHz (4500MHz to 4800MHz for external c band). The down converter has variable gave of 58dB to 8dB, with nominal power output being -12dBm. The down convertor contains filter for suppressions of local oscillators (LO) leak and is various products. Equalizer compensate for group delay introduced by filters and keep amplitude response within specification.

Demodulator
The demodulator system frequency demodulates both video and up to two audio signal to IF (70MHz).

Working
Video drives are routed through the hum suppressor forelements hum and then video equalizer studio lines are routed through stab, where different video parameters viz. chrommance level, luminance level, blanking level, sync. , level and color burst level adjusted. Then finally processed video signal feed to modulator input. After switching audio signal passed through a limiting amplifier where audio level limits to a preset wall and pre-emphasis is done (boosting of higher frequency). Then audio signal goes to input of the modulator

AIR CONDITION
One of the primary function of an air conditioning system is to maintain conditions that are conductive the code of minimum requirement for comfort air conditioning sponsored by a a-ahvfasvf has defined the scope of system and its state comfort air conditioning .for purpose of the code is defined as the process by which simultaneously the temperature moisture contain movement and quality of air in enclosed spaces, intended for human occupancy may be in within required limits In order to satisfy the stipulated requirement as complete air conditioning system is obliged to perform the following function. 1. Cooling and dehumidification for summer condition 2. Heating and humidification for winter conditions 3. Air filtration and proper ventilation the year along Necessarily, these function involve control of temperature humidity, purity and movement of air .mechanical refrigeration is achieved by altering compressing and expanding the refrigerant with the help of a compressor and pressure reducing device

Compressors Serve Two Purposes:

1 it draws the refrigerant from the chiller and forces it into the condenser 2 it increases the pressure of the refrigerant By sucking the refrigerant, the compressor reduces the pressure in the cooling coil and maintains it at level low enough to permit the refrigerant to boil or vaporized and consequently heat in the process. By discharging refrigerant vapour into the condenser the compressor increase vapour pressure and temperature. The hot vapors flow to the condenser where it is condensed into the liquid at high temperature giving up heat to atmospheric Air or water depending upon the weather the condenser is air cooled or water cooled. The liquid refrigerant thus passes through pressure reducing devices such as expansion Valve.

BOLCK DIAGRAM

Fig-BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AIR CONDITIONING UNIT

Primary function of an air conditioning system is to maintain conditions that are conductive the code of minimum requirement for comfort air conditioning sponsored by a a-ahvfasvf has defined the scope of system and its state comfort air conditioning .for purpose of the code is defined as the process by which simultaneously the temperature moisture contain movement and quality of air in enclosed spaces

USEFULNESS Energy consumption

Artificial lighting consumes a significant part of all electrical energy consumed worldwide. In homes and offices from 20 to 50 percent of total energy consumed is due to lighting. Most importantly, for some buildings over 90 percent of lighting energy consumed can be an unnecessary expense through overillumination. The cost of that lighting can be substantial. A single 100 W light bulb used just 6 hours a day can cost over $25 per year to use (.12/kWh). According to the UN Environment Programme/Global Environment Facility en.lighten initiative, by simply replacing all incandescent lamps with energy efficient compact fluorescent lamps globally, 409 TWh per year would be saved, which is approximately 2.5% of global electricity consumption. This is equivalent to the combined yearly electricity consumption of the United Kingdom and Denmark.[1]. Thus lighting represents a critical component of energy use today, especially in large office buildings where there are many alternatives for energy usage in lighting. There are several strategies available to minimize energy requirements in any building:

Specification of illumination requirements for each given use area. Analysis of lighting quality to ensure that adverse components of lighting (for example, glare or incorrect color spectrum) are not biasing the design. Integration of space planning and interior architecture (including choice of interior surfaces and room geometries) to lighting design. Design of time of day use that does not expend unnecessary energy. Selection of fixture and lamp types that reflect best available technology for energy conservation. Training of building occupants to use lighting equipment in most efficient manner. Maintenance of lighting systems to minimize energy wastage. Use of natural light - some big box stores are being built (ca 2006 on) with numerous plastic bubble skylights, in many cases completely obviating the need for interior artificial lighting for many hours of the day

Load shedding can help reduce the power requested by individuals to the main power supply. Load shedding can be done on an individual level, at a building level, or even at a regional level. Specification of illumination requirements is the basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task. Clearly, much less light is required to illuminate a hallway or bathroom compared to that needed for a word processing work station. Generally speaking, the energy expended is proportional to the design illumination level. For example, a lighting level of 80 footcandles might be chosen for a work environment involving meeting rooms and conferences, whereas a level of 40 footcandles could be selected for building hallways. If the hallway standard simply emulates the conference room needs, then twice the amount of energy will be consumed as is needed for hallways. Unfortunately, most of the lighting standards even today have been specified by industrial groups who manufacture and sell lighting, so that a historical commercial bias exists in designing most building lighting, especially for office and industrial settings.

Daylighting
Daylighting is the oldest method of interior lighting. Daylighting is simply designing a space to use as much natural light as possible. This decreases energy consumption and costs, and requires less heating and cooling from the building. Daylighting has also been proven to have positive effects on patients in hospitals as well as work and school performance. Due to a lack of information that indicate the likely energy savings, day lighting schemes are not yet popular among most buildings..

Portable air condition

A portable air conditioner is one on wheels that can be easily transported inside a home or office. They are currently available with capacities of about 5,00060,000 BTU/h (1,80018,000 W output) and with and without electricresistance heaters. Portable air conditioners are either evaporative or refrigerative. Portable refrigerative air conditioners come in two forms, split and hose. These compressor-based refrigerant systems are air-cooled, meaning they use air to exchange heat, in the same way as a car or typical household air conditioner does. Such a system dehumidifies the air as it cools it. It collects water condensed from the cooled air and produces hot air which must be vented outside the cooled area; doing so transfers heat from the air in the cooled area to the outside air.

A portable split system has an indoor unit on wheels connected to an outdoor unit via flexible pipes, similar to a permanently fixed installed unit. Hose systems, which can be monoblock or air-to-air, are vented to the outside via air ducts. The monoblock type collects the water in a bucket or tray and stops when full. The air-to-air type re-evaporates the water and discharges it through the ducted hose and can run continuously. A single-duct unit uses air from within the room to cool its condenser, and then vents it outside. This air is replaced by hot air from outside or other rooms, thus reducing the unit's effectiveness. Modern units might have a coefficient of performance (COP, sometimes called "efficiency") of approximately 3 (i.e., 1 kW of electricity will produce 3 kW of cooling). A dual-duct unit draws air to cool its condenser from outside instead of from inside the room, and thus is more effective than most single-duct units.

Health issues
Air-conditioning systems can promote the growth and spread of microorganisms, such as Legionella pneumophila, the infectious agent responsible for Legionnaire' disease, or thermophilic actinomycetes; however, this is only prevalent in poorly-maintained water cooling towers. As long as the cooling tower is kept clean (usually by means of a chlorine treatment), these health hazards can be avoided.

Energy use
In a thermodynamically closed system, any power dissipated into the system that is being maintained at a set temperature (which is a standard mode of operation for modern air conditioners) requires that the rate of energy removal by the air conditioner increase. This increase has the effect that, for each unit of energy input into the system (say to power a light bulb in the closed system), the air conditioner removes that energy.[14] In order to do so, the air conditioner must increase its power consumption by the inverse of its "efficiency" (coefficient of performance) times the amount of power dissipated into the system. As an example, assume that inside the closed system a 100 W heating element is activated, and the air conditioner has an coefficient of performance of 200%. The air conditioner's power consumption will increase by 50 W to compensate for this, thus making the 100 W heating element cost a total of 150 W of power.

Humidity control
Refrigeration air-conditioning equipment usually reduces the absolute humidity of the air processed by the system. The relatively cold (below the dewpoint) evaporator coil condenses water vapor from the processed air (much like an ice-cold drink will condense water on the outside of a glass), sending the water to a drain and removing water vapor from the cooled space and lowering the relative humidity in the room. Since humans perspire to provide natural cooling by the evaporation of perspiration from the skin, drier air (up to a point) improves the comfort provided. The comfort air conditioner is designed to create a 40% to 60% relative humidity in the occupied space. In food-retailing establishments, large open chiller cabinets act as highly effective air dehumidifying units

SUMMARY
TECHNICAL FACILITY Doordarshan Bhopal was commissioned on 20th October 1992. There are two Studios A of an area of 374 Sq.m. and Continuity Booth (Studio-B) of an area of 50 Sq.m. two Transmitters (DD-I & DD-News) of 10 KW each, one Earth Station Unlinking the Regional Service of M.P., one OB Van for outdoor live coverages and one DSNG Van for Mobile unlinking.

STUDIO-A Studio-A having an area of 374 initially equipped with 4 nos. of A Philips Digital LDK 20 and LDK 100 (two each) CCD cameras and modern lighting equipments with dimmer controls. There are 14 nos. of motorized buttons with provision for 8 light fittings in each button and 36 nos. of motorized buttons with provision for 4 light fittings in each buttons. There are also 18 nos. of telescopic light fitting arrangements in the Studio floor. This studio is mainly used for programme recordings. Presently 31 nos. of cool lights are in use.

PRODUCTION CONTROL ROOM (PCR-A) PCR is equipped with 16 input versatile vision mixer of PDS 9000 Digital Switcher with various special effects and 16 channel sound craft audio mixer with the facility of individual channel equalization, limiting and Phone-in console. One reverberation unit & one Advance Feedback Suppressor (dBX) for producing special audio effect is available in PCR. In addition to the above, one Computerized MOVECG for supering titles and other special effects is also installed in PCR . The PCR-A is also equipped with Dimmer Control panel for Studio-A.

CAMERA CONTROL UNIT (CCU) In this section, the studio levels are adjusted and controlled for proper matching in order to achieve excellent quality recording, now integrated in PCR console itself.

VIDEO TAPE RECORDER (VTR) VTR is equipped with 4 nos. of BETA format and one no. of DVC Pro AJD VCRs of broadcast quality (PVW 2800-4 nos). These are used for studio recordings and transmissions. It is also equipped with Video Server make Letch VR445 consisting of two independent recorders and players based on hard disc recording system.

MASTER SWITCHING ROOM (MSR) This section is equipped with a 16X16 Digital Routing Switcher where all the signals from Studio-A, Studio-B, Transmitter, Earth Station, OB Van signal, DSNG etc are routed to various areas as per requirements for recording/transmission. One OFC link between MSR and Earth Station has also been installed.

POST PRODUCTION FACILITY There is a separate post production section having 3 nos. of edit suites with voice over facility, each edit suite having following component of the equipment.

Suit-1[A/B Roll edit suit with DVE cum Video switcher] VM (Snell & Wilcox), Edit Controller AJ 850, Audio mixer (12 Channel), CD Player, Phone in console, move CG 2001, DVC pro AJ-D455E, PVW2800P, PVW-2800P

Suit-2 [Beta Edit Suit with FXE-120P] FXE-120P, PVW-2800P, DVC Pro AJ-D455E, BVW-70P

Computerized editing system is also available at this Centre having the latest state of the art technology used for editing/post production for better presentation of the programmes namely, NLE, Media 100,DPS Velocity, QUATTRUS NLE, 3D Graphics & ISLEWIZ Compuer graphics.

STUDIO-B Studio-B (Continuity booth) having an area of 50 sq.m was initially equipped with three KCA-110 tube cameras and now replaced with two CCD cameras (SONY DXC-50-1 No. KYD-29JVC-1 no) & modern lighting equipments with 7 nos. of cool lights mounted on fixed grid . One auto BDL system has been integrated with SONY DXC-50 Camera and another unit has been networked with News Room for semi automation of News system. This Studio is used for transmission of Regional Service including Regional News.

PCR-B PCR-B is equipped with 16 input versatile vision mixer of PDS 9000 Pinnacle make with various special effects. 16 channel Sound Craft make audio mixer with facility of individual channel equalization and limiting. In addition to the above, one computerized MOVE CG for supering titles, Phone-in-Console, Advance feedback Suppressor and other high quality bi-lingual Collage make CG is also installed in PCR-B.

ENG This section is equipped with 6 nos. of Beta camcorder unit, 6 nos. of DVC Pro camcorder and 3 no of Mini DV Camcorders for field coverage. These units are deployed throughout M.P. for recording all important and special events which are later edited and including in the news/programmes. Four No of DVCPRO50 Camcorders are being included.

A/C PLANT The Studio is air-conditioned with 4X60 tones centrally air-conditioned plant with 5 nos. of air handling unit of M/s Utility make. In addition to that, there are 4 nos. of package units of Blue Star make for other sections.

POWER SUPPLY Two 33 KVA Feeder are terminated at DDK complex from which power supply is extended to studio complex, transmitter and Earth Station. In addition to above, captive power supply is available for meeting the emergency requirement of Studio, Transmitter and Earth Station. Diesel Generator having capacity of 62.5 KVA each is used at Studio, DD-I, DD News Transmitter, Earth Station and 35 KVA D.G is used for OB Van set up. There is a 40 KVA online UPS system with back up period of 30 minutes for all Studio equipments and 20 KVA UPS for OB Van in order to maintain uninterrupted transmission.

CLIPMAIL SYSTEM Doordarshan Kendra, Bhopal has installed a Clip mail Receive system through which video clips from different of Doordarshan i.e. Indore, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Rewa and Sagar can be received. The Transmit unit has been installed at the above Kendras.

EARTH STATION Earth Station Bhopal was commissioned on 19/11/93 and DDK, Bhopal is up

linking M.P. Regional Service. Earth Station is equipped with two number of 3 KW High Power Amplifier of MCL make upgraded with 2+1 Digital Simulcast facility, Recently two amplifiers of 400W have included. There is a 7 meter solid motorized PDA having linearly polarized feed with auto tracking facility.

TRANSMITTER-DD-I Bhopal was brought on map of Doordarshan with the commissioning of a Low Power Transmitter for relay of National Programmes on 19th November, 1982. This was upgraded to a 10 KW High Power Transmitter operating in Channel-5 radiating DD-I programmes. It is a BEL Mark-II Transmitter working since 24th October, 1984. This transmitter has further been replaced by NEC Transmitter on dated 28/12/2003.

TRANSMITTER-DD-II (NEWS) Metro channel transmission was started on 30th July 1994 with commissioning of Low Power Transmitter. This has been upgraded to a 10 KW High Power Transmitter operating in CH #7 radiating DD-II Metro programmes. It is a Thomcast Transmitter commissioned on 3/8/2000 and dedicated on 12/5/2001. It is a solid state transmitter with the latest state of the art technology. Both DD-I and DD-II Transmitter outputs are combined and signal radiated with a signal Wide Band Antenna system of Jampro, USA make, which has been installed on 11/7/2001.

The Central Air Conditioning Plant For TV Studio Bhopal

Capacity Refrigerant Type of System 4x60 T.R Freon 22 Chilled Water Type.

Oil Servo Freeze F-68. S.NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Equipments Compressor Compressor-Motor Condenser Chiller Cooling Tower Condenser Water Pump Chilled WaterPump Water Softening Plant Make UP Water Make UP Water Air-Handling Unit A-H-5 A.H-7 A.H-7 AH-9 Make Utility trane 4BD SPDP Utility trane Utility trane Prajapati Kirloskar Kirloskar type-Model 3E-5H-60 75HP CDS-322 EVP-368 induced Draft type FRP KDS-830 7.5 HP 6000 LTS 10000 LTS 2HP AH-5 AH-7 AH-7 AH-9 Capacity (Each) 60TR 100TR. 60TR 120TR.

NIMA Sintex Kirloskar Utility trane Utility trane Utility trane Built up Utility trane Utility trane

CONCLUSION
The technology of earth stations has been reviewed and a few illustrative systems have been described. In coming years the number of large earth station facilities that we are accustomed to seeing will continue to grow. However, in addition, there will be an exponential growth of small earth terminals for consumer services. Like a web, the major nodes will be filled in by a dense network of smaller nodes of varies types and sizes. An earth station, ground station, or earth terminal is a terrestrial terminal station designed for extraplanetary telecommunication with spacecraft, and/or reception of radio waves from an astronomical radio source. Earth stations are located either on the surface of the Earth, or within Earth's atmosphere. Earth stations communicate with spacecraft by transmitting and receiving radio waves in the super high frequency or extremely high frequency bands (e.g., microwaves). When an earth station successfully transmits radio waves to a spacecraft (or vice versa), it establishes a telecommunications link. Earth stations may occupy either a fixed or itinerant position. Article 1 III of the ITU Radio Regulations describes various types of earth stations, stationary and mobile, and their interrelationships. Specialized satellite earth stations are used to telecommunicate with satelliteschiefly communications satellites. Other earth stations communicate with manned space stations or unmanned space probes. An earth station that primarily receives telemetry data, or that follows a satellite not in geostationary orbit, is called a tracking station. When a satellite is within an earth station's line of sight, the earth station is said to have a view of the satellite. It is possible for a satellite to communicate with more than one earth station at a time. A pair of earth stations are said to have a satellite in mutual view when the stations share simultaneous, unobstructed, lineof-sight contact with the satellite.