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!
!
!"#$%&'!#(!)&*"+,"&*%-&!
...................................................!
/01+($#2!3"4+1#+2!55!!6+#7%(!8"9%&#+!:+-1;!
www.gradcam.le!
...................................................!
!
!
!
ueslgn! vlsuallzaLlon! of! seaLlng! consLrucLlon! belng! bullL! by!
praxls! semlnar! group! ln! con[uncLlon! wlLh! Lhelr! readlng! of!
!"#$%&"'(')*+.!!
...................................................!
!
1he! flrsL! of! a! serles! of! semlnars! explorlng! Lhe! noLlons! of!
'parallax'!and!'praxls'!ln!!apanese!phllosopher!ko[ln!karaLanl's!
book! !"#$%&"'(')*+.! 1he! group! begln! wlLh! Lhe! consLrucLlon! of!
an!'assoclaLe!chalr'!ln!Lhe!gallery!whlch!wlll!serve!as!a!plaLform!
for! Lhe! praxls! of! 'readlng! as! lnLervenLlon',! and! an! lnLeracLlve!
mulLlmedla! performance! of! lmages/LexL/dlscusslon,! feaLurlng!
new!vldeo"work!by!Lhe!lrlsh!arLlsL!Colln!MarLln.!
!
1ranscrlLlque-forms! a! space! of! Lranscodlngs!
beLween! Lhe! domalns! of! eLhlcs! and! pollLlcal!
economy,! beLween! Lhe! kanLlan! crlLlque! and! Lhe!
Marxlan!crlLlque.!1hls!ls!an!aLLempL!Lo!read!kanL!vla!
Marx! and! Marx! vla! kanL,! and! recover! Lhe!
slgnlflcance! of! Lhe! crlLlque! common! Lo! kanL! and!
Marx.! 1hls! crlLlque! ls,! of! course,! noL! an! accusaLory!
devlce,!buL!someLhlng!LhaL!beglns!from!a!scruLlny,!a!
raLher!elaboraLe!self"scruLlny!"!ko[ln!karaLanl!
!
ln!Lhe!summer!of!Lhe!year!2000,!we!ln!!apan!began!
a!new!assoclaLlonlsL!movemenL!almed!aL!abollshlng!
caplLallsm,! naLlon,! and! sLaLe! of! Lhelr! amalgamaLlon!
(caplLallsm!=!naLlon!=!sLaLe).!We!call!lL!nAM".!As!a!
consequence! of! Lhe! declslve! fallure! of! 8olshevlsm,!
soclal! democracy"ln! any! of! lLs! gulses"has! become!
domlnanL! ln! Lhe! world! Loday.! ln! lL! we! cannoL! flnd!
any!hope!for!a!real!change,!lL!ls!Lhe!way!caplLallsm!=!
naLlon!=!sLaLe!has!adapLed!lLself!for!lLs!own!survlval.!
AL!Lhe!same!Llme,!anarchlsm!(or!assoclaLlonlsm)!has!
been! re"emerglng,! and! lL! mlghL! be! LhaL! our! nAM!
movemenL! ls! parL! of! Lhls! Lendency.! Powever,! our!
sLarLlng! polnL! ls! a! Lhorough! scruLlny! of!
assoclaLlonlsm! lLself"! why! lL! has! Lhus! far! been! so!
lneffecLual.! nam! lnLends! Lo! be! LransnaLlonal.! 1hus!
we! address! Lhe! prlnclples! of! our! movemenL! Lo! Lhe!
people! of! Lhe! world! who! sLruggle! ln! varlous!
slLuaLlons!wlLh!Lhe!lnLenLlon!Lo!abollsh!caplLallsm!=!!
naLlon! =! sLaLe,! for! a! LransnaLlonal! solldarlLy! and!
assoclaLlon.'!"!ko[ln!karaLanl!!
!
!!
ko[ln!karaLanl's!!"#$%&"'(')*+!ls!Lhe!mosL!useful!and!
lmporLanL! book! of! phllosophy/Lheory! LhaL! l! have!
read! ln! some! Llme...karaLanl's! rereadlng! of! Marx's!
,#-'(#.! for! Lhe! LwenLy"flrsL! cenLury! ls! noL! as!
sweeplng! as! LhaL! of! Mlchael! PardL! and! AnLonlo!
negrl,! nor! does! lL! have! Lhe! vlvaclLy! and! seducLlve!
wlL! of! Zlzek's! recenL! MarxlsL! speculaLlons.! 8uL!
perhaps!lL!offers!a!more!lucld!accounL!Lhan!elLher!of!
whaL! lL! really! means! Lo! be! encompassed! on! all!
sldes,! as! we! are! Loday,! by! Lhe! flows! of! CaplLal,! and!
by!Lhe!supposed!"raLlonallLy"!of!Lhe!MarkeL.'!"!SLeve!
Shavlro!
___________________...............................!
!
/0"!6+#7%(!#&$!6"$#'-'2!("9%&#+!'+-1;!
<"*0-$-=-'2>!
...................................................!
!
1he! raxls! and! edagogy! 8esearch! Croup! wlll! develop! an!
lnnovaLlve! programme! of! pracLlce! and! Lheory! LhaL! ls!
sLrucLured!by!Lhree!lnLer"relaLed!elemenLs,!whlch!are:!!
!
/0"!/0"-+"*%?#=@!/0"!6+#?*%?#=!#&$!/0"!6"$#'-'%?#=A!
!
1heory! arLlculaLes! models! of! analysls,! lnLerpreLaLlon,! and!
concepLuallzaLlon! LhaL! express! Lhe! general! condlLlons! of!
parLlcular! ob[ecLs,! relaLlonshlps,! or! slLuaLlons.! 1heory!
descrlbes! Lhe! sysLems! and! sLrucLures! of! knowledge,! power,!
symbollc! represenLaLlon,! and! maLerlal! exchange! LhaL! operaLe!
wlLhln! a! wlde! range! of! soclal,! pollLlcal,! and! culLural! flelds.!
Moreover,! Lheory! esLabllshes! connecLlons! beLween! dlsLlncL!
dlscurslve! and! concepLual! flelds,! allowlng! for! lnLerdlsclpllnary!
dlscusslons! Lo! emerge! around! shared! ldeas! and! lssues.!
racLlce! ls! Lhe! basls! from! whlch! Lhe! posslblllLy! of! 'new!
Lhlnklng'!can!develop,!Lo!esLabllsh!'Lhe!pracLlce'!as!Lhe!core!of!
Lhe! programme! ls! Lo! prescrlbe! Lhe! condlLlons! of! openness,!
uncerLalnLy! and! rlsk.! 1heoreLlcal! pracLlce! and! crlLlcal! Lhlnklng!
wlll! supporL! Lhe! experlmenLal! naLure! of! pracLlce.! 8y! allgnlng!
Lhe! programme! wlLh! an! eLhos! of! experlmenLaLlon! beLween!
Lheory!and!pracLlce,!Lhe!course!lnLends!Lo!expand!noL!only!Lhe!
range! of! ob[ecLs! under! lnvesLlgaLlon! buL! also! Lhe! posslblllLles!
of! Lheory! lLself! as! pracLlce,! as! a! form! of! creaLlve! acLlvlLy!
responslve! Lo! developmenLs! boLh! lnLernal! Lo! lLs! LradlLlonal!
flelds! and! exLernal,! ln! areas! of! lnvesLlgaLlon! noL! commonly!
assoclaLed!wlLh!Lheory.!llnally,!Lhe!noLlon!of!raxls!lmplles!Lhe!
urgency! LhaL! Lheory! expands! beyond! lLs! hlsLory,! beyond! Lhe!
recelved! undersLandlng! of! lLs! proper! pracLlces,! ln! order! Lo!
propose!new!modes!of!crlLlcal!reflecLlon.!
!
edagogy!lnslsLs!on!Lhe!llmlLs!of!Lheory,!Lhe!sLrucLural!barrlers!
LhaL! condlLlon! all! acLs! of! predlcaLlon! and! lnLerpreLaLlon.! 8y!
llnklng! 1heory! Lo! racLlce,! edagogy! quesLlons! Lhe!
assumpLlons! and! generallzaLlons! elaboraLed! by! LheoreLlcal!
pro[ecLs,! Lo! lnLerrogaLe! whaL! remalns! undlsclosed! or!
unLhoughL! ln! Lhelr! concepLs! and! pracLlces.! 1he! pedagoglcal!
'acL'! ls! Lhe! 'evenL'! LhaL! sLrucLures! Lhe! LruLh! LhaL! knowledge! ls!
noL! whole,! knowledge! does! noL! necessarlly! exlsL! ln! Lhe!
classroom,! ln! Lhe! lecLure,! or! ln! a! LexL,! buL! arlses! from! all! Lhe!
lnqulrles!we!pursue!ln!Lhe!world.!
!
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!
raxls!and!edagogy!semlnar!noLes!from!ko[ln!karaLanl's!!
!
!"#$%&"'(')*+!!
!
1he!kanLlan!1urn!
!
CD-+$(! #+"! E%*&"(("(! E0%?0! -F*"&! (;"#G! =-1$"+! *0#&!
$-?19"&*(!H!"!Pobsbawn,!L.!!
!
5A WhaL!ls!Lhe!'Copernlcan!Lurn'?!
IA WhaL!ls!Lhe!'kanLlan!(Copernlcan)!Lurn'?!
JA WhaL!ls!'1ranscendenLal!ldeallsm'?!
KA WhaL!ls!'1ranscendenLal!CrlLlque'?!
LA WhaL!ls!'arallax'?!
!
5A!D0#*!%(!*0"!MN-;"+&%?#&!*1+&OP!
!
1he! 'Copernlcan! 1urn'! ls! Lhe! name! deslgnaLlng! a! Lurn! ln!
cosmologlcal! Lhlnklng! aLLrlbuLed! Lo! ollsh! (8enalssance)!
polymaLh!nlcolas!Copernlcus!(1473"1343):!Copernlcus!was!Lhe!
flrsL! asLronomer! Lo! concelve! a! comprehenslve! hellocenLrlc!
cosmology! whlch! dlsplaced! Lhe! LarLh! as! Lhe! sLaLlonery"!
cenLre! of! Lhe! unlverse.! ln! opposlLlon! Lo! CeocenLrlclsm!
(ldenLlflable! as! 'Lgo"cenLered')! "! Lhe! prevalllng! Lheory! ln!
Lurope!durlng!Copernlcus'!llfeLlme,!and!aLLrlbuLed!Lo!Lolemy!
and!hls!book!AmalgesL!clrca130!CL!"!Copernlcus'!epochal!book!
ue! 8evoluLlonlbus! Crblum! CoalesLlum! :! Cn! Lhe! 8evoluLlon! of!
Lhe! CelesLlal! Spheres! (1343),! puL! forward! Lhe! flrsL! ma[or!
Lheory!of!hellocenLrlsm!(predecessors:!hllolaus!(yLhagorean!
school)! 480"383! 8CL,! Peraclldes! ollLlcus! 387"312! 8CL! and!
ArlsLarchus! of! Samos! 310"230! 8CL),! a! Lheory! whlch! can! be!
summarlzed!here!as!follows:!
!
1here!ls!no!one!cenLer!of!all!celesLlal!clrcles!or!spheres.!
1he! cenLer! of! Lhe! LarLh! ls! noL! Lhe! cenLer! of! Lhe! unlverse! buL!
only!of!gravlLy!and!Lhe!lunar!sphere.!
All! spheres! revolve! around! Lhe! sun! as! Lhelr! mld"polnL,! and!
Lherefore! Lhe! sun! ls! Lhe! cenLer! of! Lhe! unlverse.! 1he! dlsLance!
from!Lhe!LarLh!Lo!Lhe!sun!ls!lmpercepLlble!compared!wlLh!Lhe!
dlsLance! Lo! Lhe! sLars.! 1he! roLaLlon! of! Lhe! LarLh! accounLs! for!
Lhe! apparenL! roLaLlon! of! Lhe! sLars.! 1he! apparenL! annual! cycle!
of! movemenL! of! Lhe! sun! ls! caused! by! Lhe! LarLh! revolvlng!
around! lL.! 1he! apparenL! reLrograde! moLlon! of! Lhe! planeLs! ls!
caused! by! Lhe! moLlon! of! Lhe! LarLh! from! whlch! one! observes.!
Copernlcus'! comprehenslve! cosmologlcal! accounL! of!
hellocenLrlsm! ln! Cn! Lhe! 8evoluLlon! of! Lhe! CelesLlal! Spheres!
encouraged! furLher! sclenLlflc! lnvesLlgaLlon,! becomlng! a!
landmark! ln! Lhe! hlsLory! of! sclence! LhaL! ls! ofLen! referred! Lo! as!
Lhe! 'Copernlcan! 8evoluLlon'! (successors! lnclude! kepler! and!
Callleo).! 1heoreLlcal! evldence! for! Lhe! Copernlcan! Lheory! was!
provlded! for! by! newLon's! '1heory! of! CravlLaLlon'! around! 130!
years!afLer!Copernlcus'!deaLh,!and!Lhe!subsequenL!publlcaLlon!
of! hls! book,! deemlng! lL! aL! lasL! plauslble! by! boLh! asLronomy!
and! naLural! phllosophy.! Powever,! Copernlcus'! book,! and!
ma[or! Lheory,! remalned! prohlblLed! by! Lhe! CaLhollc! church!
unLll! 1833:! reflecLlng! down! Lhe! ages! Lhe! purporLed! lmpleLy"!
(recorded! by! luLarch)! LhaL! ArlsLarchus! of! Samos! (310"230!
8CL)! sLood! accused! of! for! puLLlng! Lhe! LarLh! ln! moLlon."!
karaLanl,!kanL!1.,!1.1!1he!Copernlcan!1urn,!p.!29:!
!
'When! kanL! called! hls! new! pro[ecL! ln! CrlLlque! of! ure! 8eason!
Lhe!Copernlcan!Lurn,"!he!was!alludlng!Lo!hls!own!lnverslon!of!
Lhe! sub[ecL/! ob[ecL! hlerarchy:! whlle! pre"kanLlan! meLaphyslcs!
had!malnLalned!LhaL!Lhe!sub[ecL!coples!(or!conforms!Lo"!"!my!
noLe)! Lhe! exLernal! ob[ecL,! kanL! proposed! LhaL! ob[ecLs! are!
consLlLuLed! by! Lhe! form! LhaL! Lhe! sub[ecL! pro[ecLs! lnLo! Lhe!
exLernal! world.! ln! Lhls! sense,! Lhe! kanLlan! Lurn! ls! obvlously! a!
shlfL!Loward!sub[ecL"cenLrlsm!(or!anLhropocenLrlsm),!whlle!Lhe!
Lurn! known! by! Copernlcus! Lends! Loward! Lhe! opposlLe:! Lhe!
shlfL! from! geocenLrlsm! Lo! hellocenLrlsm! "! a! negaLlon! of! Lhe!
sLance! LhaL! ls! earLh! cenLered! (ldenLlflable! as! ego"cenLered).!
uld! kanL! lgnore! Lhe! Lurn! ln! Lhe! laLLer! sense?! l! Lhlnk! noL.! lL! ls!
my! conLesLaLlon! LhaL! ln! hls! consLellaLlon! of! LhoughL!
surroundlng! Lhe! Lhlng"ln"lLself"! and/or! LranscendenLal!
ob[ecL",! he! was! echolng! Lhls! very! essence! of! Lhe! Copernlcan!
Lurn,! especlally! ln! sLresslng! Lhe! passlvlLy! of! sub[ecL! ln! relaLlon!
wlLh!Lhe!exLernal,!ob[ecLlve!world.'!
!
IA!D0#*!%(!*0"!MQ#&*%#&!RN-;"+&%?#&S!*1+&OP!
!
1he! 'kanLlan! (Copernlcan)! Lurn'! ls! generally! (and! mlsLakenly)!
undersLood! as! Lhe! slmple! and! dlrecL! lnverslon! of! Lhe!
sub[ecL/ob[ecL! hlerarchy,! LhaL! ls! Lo! say,! Lhe! kanLlan! Lurn! ln!
Lhlnklng! ls! wldely! undersLood! as! a! dlrecL! shlfL! from! ob[ecL"
cenLrlsm! (undersLood! as! hellocenLrlc,! Lhe! source! of! knowlng!
belng!ouLslde!Lhe!sub[ecL)!Lo!sub[ecL"cenLrlsm,!(ldenLlflable!as!
geo"!or!ego"cenLrlsm)!wlLhouL!recourse!Lo!Lhe!reclprocallLy!of!
Lhe! Copernlcan! sLrucLure.! karaLanl! noLes! LhaL! kanL! 'ls!
mlsLakenly! ldenLlfled! as! Lhe! founder! of! Lhe! phllosophy! of!
sub[ecLlvlLy! "! LhaL! whlch! lnslsLs! upon! Lhe! sub[ecL! as! acLlvely!
consLlLuLlng! Lhe! world',! slmply! suggesLlng! Lherefore:! LhaL! Lhe!
ob[ecLlve! world! does! noL! consLlLuLe! Lhe! sub[ecL,! buL! raLher!
LhaL! Lhe! ob[ecLlve! world! conforms! Lo! Lhe! sub[ecL,! LhaL! Lhe!
ob[ecLlve! world! ls! consLlLuLed! by! Lhe! forms! LhaL! Lhe! sub[ecL!
pro[ecLs!lnLo!Lhe!exLernal!world.!
!
kanL! noLes:! 'PlLherLo! lL! has! been! assumed! LhaL! all! our!
knowledge! musL! conform! Lo! ob[ecLs.! 8uL! all! our! aLLempLs! Lo!
exLend!our!knowledge!of!ob[ecLs!by!esLabllshlng!someLhlng!ln!
regard! Lo! Lhem! a! prlorl! by! means! of! concepL,! have! on! Lhls!
assumpLlon,! ended! ln! fallure.! We! musL! Lherefore! make! Lrlal!
wheLher! we! may! noL! have! more! success! ln! Lhe! Lasks! of!
meLaphyslcs,! lf! we! suppose! LhaL! ob[ecLs! musL! conform! Lo! our!
knowledge...we! should! Lhen! be! proceedlng! on! Lhe! llnes! of!
Copernlcus'!hypoLhesls...'!
!
1he! slgnlflcance! of! Copernlcus'! hypoLhesls! here! ls! Lwofold,! ln!
LhaL! Lhe! paradlgm! shlfL! LhaL! Look! place! wlLh! Copernlcus! was!
noL!slmply!ln!usurplng!Lhe!LarLh!as!Lhe!cenLre!of!Lhe!unlverse,!
and! poslLlng! Lhe! sun,! buL! ln! grasplng/undersLandlng! Lhe! solar!
sysLem!as!a!relaLlonal/reclprocal!sLrucLure,!one!LhaL!ls!'LoLally!
lndependenL! of! emplrlcally! observed! ob[ecLs! or! evenLs.'! 1hls!
'sLrucLure'! ls! whaL! Lhe! 'kanLlan! (Copernlcan)! Lurn'! poslLs! qua!
knowledge! (as! experlence)! as! Lhe! 'LranscendenLal! sLrucLure'.!
1hls! ls,! accordlng! Lo! one! auLhor,! Lhe! cenLral! paradox! ln! kanLs!
LhoughL,! Lhe! LhoughL! LhaL:! Lhere! ls! more! ln! experlence! Lhan!
merely!experlence.!
!
lor! kanL,! all! knowledge! (all! cognlLlon! or! 'geLLlng! Lo! know')!
comes! from! experlence,! buL! experlence! lLself! does! noL! come!
Lo! us! raw,! lL! ls! always! already! sLrucLured! ln! some! way.! 1hls!
framework/sLrucLure! does! noL! go! beyond! our! experlence,!
however!lL!ls!also!noL!glven!Lo!us!ln!experlence,!buL!raLher!lL!ls!
always!presupposed!by!whaLever!experlence!we!do!have.!
!
ln! oLher! words,! and! drawlng! on! Copernlcus'! hypoLhesls:! Lhe!
knowledge! qua! experlence! of! Lhe! sub[ecL,! ls! here,! analogous!
Lo!Lhe!emplrlcally!observed!ob[ecLs!and!evenLs!LhaL!Lake!place!
on! LarLh:! Lhe! day! Lo! day! happenlngs! of! llfe! on! LarLh! whlch!
'are',! and! 'Lake! place',! lndependenL! of,! and! yeL! noL!
auLonomous! Lo,! an! exlsLlng! sLrucLure! "! Lhe! solar! sysLem.!
Pence,!Lhe!sLrucLure!known!as!Lhe!solar!sysLem!ls!noL!glven!Lo!
us! ln! emplrlcally! observed!ob[ecLs! and! evenLs! on!LarLh,! buL! ls!
ln! facL! always! presupposed! by! emplrlcally! observed! ob[ecLs!
and!evenLs!on!LarLh.!
!
WhllsL! kanL! dld! lndeed! malnLaln! LhaL! Lhe! sub[ecL! consLlLuLes!
Lhe! exLernal! world! Lhrough! Lhe! sub[ecLs! own! knowledge! qua!
experlence! of! lL,! lL! ls! karaLanl's! conLenLlon! LhaL! Lhe! 'kanLlan!
Copernlcan! Lurn'! echoes! Lhe! very! essence! of! Lhe! Copernlcan!
Lurn! ln! Lhls! sense,! lnsofar! as,! and! ln! relaLlon! Lo! above,! lL!
sLresses! Lhe! passlvlLy,! or! Lhrowness! of! Lhe! sub[ecL! ln! relaLlon!
Lo!Lhe!exLernal,!ob[ecLlve!world!qua!sLrucLure!(Lhe!passlvlLy!of!
emplrlcal! evenLs! on! LarLh! ln! relaLlon! Lo! Lhe! solar! sysLem).!
karaLanl! noLes:! 'kanL! lnLroduced! Lhose! sLrucLures! "! LhaL! ls,!
forms! of! senslblllLy! or! caLegorles! of! undersLandlng! "! of! whlch!
one! ls! unaware,! calllng! Lhem! LranscendenLal"! sLrucLures.!
Words! such! as! 'senslblllLy'! and! 'undersLandlng'! had! long!
exlsLed! as! concepLuallzaLlons! of! llfe! experlence! ...buL! kanL!
compleLely! alLered! Lhelr! meanlng! ln! a! way! slmllar! Lo! whaL!
Copernlcus! had! done! when! he! redlscovered! 'sun'! and! 'earLh'!
as!Lerms!wlLhln!Lhe!solar!sysLem!qua!reclprocal!sLrucLure.'!So,!
ln!summaLlon,!we!can!say!LhaL!Lhe!'kanLlan!(Copernlcan)!Lurn'!
marks! a! paradlgmaLlc! shlfL! Lo! sub[ecL"cenLrlsm! or!
anLhropocenLrlsm,! wlLh! Lhe! lnLroducLlon! of! LranscendenLal"!
sLrucLures! LhaL! presuppose! Lhe! sub[ecLs! knowledge! qua!
experlence,!and!of!whlch!Lhe!sub[ecL!ls!unaware.!
!
JA!D0#*!%(!M/+#&(?"&$"&*#=!)$"#=%(9OP!
!
1ranscendenLal:!presupposed!ln!and!necessary!Lo!experlence.!
ldeallsm:! any! of! varlous! sysLems! of! LhoughL! ln! whlch! Lhe!
ob[ecLs! of! knowledge! are! held! Lo! be! ln! some! way! dependenL!
on!Lhe!acLlvlLy!of!Lhe!mlnd,!ofLen!conLrasLed!wlLh!8eallsm.!
!
8eallsm:! Lhe! docLrlne! LhaL! maLLer! as! Lhe! ob[ecL! of! percepLlon!
has!real!exlsLence!and!ls!nelLher!reduclble!Lo!unlversal!mlnd!or!
splrlL,! nor! dependenL! on! a! percelvlng! agenL,! Lhe! aLLlLude! or!
pracLlce! of! accepLlng! a! slLuaLlon! as! lL! ls! /as! lL! ls! glven,! and!
belng! prepared! Lo! deal! wlLh! lL! accordlngly,! Lhe! vlew! LhaL! Lhe!
sub[ecL!maLLer!of!pollLlcs!ls!pollLlcal!power!and!noL!maLLers!of!
prlnclple,! from! 'reallLy'! vla! lrench! medlevel! LaLln! "+#.'(#%,!
from!LaLln!"+#.'%!'relaLlng!Lo!Lhlngs'.!
!
1ranscendenLal!ldeallsm:!a!docLrlne,!or!seL!of!bellefs,!founded!
by! kanL! ln! Lhe! elghLeenLh! cenLury! LhaL! malnLalned! LhaL! all!
human!knowledge!of!Lhlngs!conslsLs!of!how!Lhey!appear!Lo!us!
"! lmplylng! a! fundamenLally! sub[ecL"based! componenL,! raLher!
Lhan!Lhe!assumpLlon!LhaL!human!knowledge!ls!an!acLlvlLy!LhaL!
dlrecLly! (and! wlLhouL! any! aLLrlbuLable! causal! llnk)!
comprehends!Lhlngs!as!Lhey!are!ln!and!of!Lhemselves.!
!
1ranscendenLal! ldeallsm! aLLrlbuLes! meLaphyslcal! prlnclples! "!
prlnclples! LhaL! Lranscend! physlcal! maLLer! or! Lhe! laws! of!
naLure:! prlnclples! such! as! 'Cood'! and! 'Lvll'! "! Lo! Lhe! mlnd,!
raLher!Lhan!Lo!exLernal!reallLy.!ln!dolng!so,!kanL,!dld!however,!
wlsh! Lo! avold! boLh! Lhe! skepLlclsm! of! Pume! (aLLrlbuLed! Lo! a!
poslLlon! ln! whlch! 'Cod'! does! noL! exlsL)! and! Lhe! ldeallsm! of!
8erkeley! (aLLrlbuLed! Lo! a! poslLlon! LhaL! clalms! we! have! access!
only!Lo!ldeas!and!noL!Lo!exLernal!ob[ecLlve!reallLy).!
!
1ranscendenLal! ldeallsm! was! flrsL! descrlbed! by! kanL! ln! hls!
,"'(')*+! /0! 1*"+! 2+#%/$,! ln! whlch! he! proposes! LhaL! all!
knowledge,! all! cognlLlon! or! 'geLLlng! Lo! know',! comes! from!
experlence.! ln! llghL! of! Lhls! concepLlon,! kanL! malnLalns! LhaL!
whllsL!('8eal')!knowledge!of!Lhe!exLernal!ob[ecLlve!world!does!
noL!go!beyond!our!experlence!(Lhe!'8eal'!ls!noL!LranscendenL)!
lL!ls!also!noL!glven!Lo!us!ln!experlence,!buL!raLher,!lL!(ls!already,!
ln!LhaL,!lL,!or!Lhe!'8eal')!presupposes!whaLever!experlence!we!
do!have.!
!
1o! puL! lL!Lhls!way,! lL! seems,! as! one! auLhor! noLes,!LhaL! we! are!
sLuck! ln! a! vlclous! clrcle:! 'lf! all! knowledge! comes! from!
experlence,! Lhen! how! can! we! know! abouL! someLhlng! LhaL!
cannoL! lLself! be! experlenced,! because! lL! precedes! and!
condlLlons! any! experlence?'! ConfronLed! wlLh! Lhls! apparenL!
lmpasse! kanL! advocaLes! 'crlLlque'! as! sLemmlng! from! Lhe!
LranscendenLal"! quesLlon:! WhaL! are! Lhe! condlLlons! of! our!
experlence?"!
!
KA!D0#*!%(!M/+#&(?"&$"&*#=!N+%*%T1"OP!
!
'CrlLlque'! for! kanL,! lnvolves! maklng! a! self"reflexlve! move,! one!
LhaL! afLer! hlm! becomes! characLerlsLlc! of! all! modern! or!
modernlsL! arL,! phllosophy! and! Lheory! (! Lhlnk! of! Cublsm! ln!
parLlcular! ln! relaLlon! Lo! palnLlng:! palnLlng! ls! no! longer! a!
'wlndow'!lnLo!anoLher!world,!buL!a!serles!of!marks!on!a!canvas!
LhaL! are! medlum! speclflc,! or! sLrucLurallsm/posL"sLrucLurallsm!
ln! Lhe! domaln! of! llLeraLure,! Lhe! LranscendenLal! quesLlon:!
'whaL! are! Lhe! condlLlons! of! our! experlence?'! LhaL! formed! Lhe!
foundaLlon!of!a!range!of!wrlLlng!from!8oland!8arLhes!Lhrough!
Lo! Louls! AlLhusser! and! !acques! Lacan.! '1ranscendenLal!
CrlLlque'! ls! one! ln! whlch! LhoughL! reflecLs! back! upon! lLself,! Lo!
quesLlon! lLself,! Lo! examlne! lLself,! Lo! probe! lLs! own! power! and!
llmlLs.!
!
'!"#$%&"'(')*+'!ls!Lhe!name!of!karaLanl's!book,!and!orlglnal!and!
lnnovaLlve! move! Lo! read! Marx's! ,#-'(#.,! Lhe! subLlLle! of! whlch!
ls!'CrlLlque!of!ollLlcal!Lconomy',!ln!preclsely!Lhe!sense!lmplled!
by! kanL! ln! hls! concepLlon! of! 'crlLlque'! ln! hls! Lhree! CrlLlques,!
and! ln! whlch,! accordlng! Lo! one! auLhor! '! you! can'L! separaLe!
kanL's! esLabllshmenL! of! Lhe! acLual! condlLlons! of! our!
undersLandlng! from! hls! concern! Lo! elucldaLe! our! unavoldable!
drlve!Lo!always!push!beyond!Lhese!condlLlons.'!
!
karaLanl! hlghllghLs! Lhe! aforemenLloned! aspecL! of! kanLlan!
LhoughL! by! poslLlng! Lhe! dlscordances,! dlsclosed! by! kanL! "! and!
aLLrlbuLed! Lo! LhaL! whlch! comes! from! pushlng! Loo! far! ln! our!
quesL! for! knowledge! "! ln! Lhe! second! half! of! Lhe! llrsL! CrlLlque,!
as! Lhe! 'poslLlve! basls'! LhaL! he! seLs! up! ln! Lhe! flrsL! half! of! Lhe!
llrsL!CrlLlque.!
!
ln!oLher!words,!karaLanl!concelves!LranscrlLlque!as!a!shunLlng!
back! and! forLh,! a! Lransversal! of! perspecLlves! prompLed! by!
kanLs!reface!Lo!Lhe!flrsL!edlLlon!of!Lhe!llrsL!CrlLlque,!ln!whlch!
he!beglns!a!dlscusslon!of!Lhe!!pecullar!faLe"!of!human!reason,!
Lroubled! by! quesLlons! lL! cannoL! dlsmlss! ...! buL! also! cannoL!
answer",!Lhls!anLlnomy,!or!conLradlcLory!proposlLlon,!suggesLs!
Lhe! procedure! Lo! come,! a! procedure! ln! whlch! kanL! shuLLles!
back! and! forLh! beLween! Lhe! perspecLlves! of! Lhe! Lwo!
conLradlcLory! argumenLs,! esLabllshlng! whaL! he! calls! a! !
parallax"!beLween!Lhem.!
!
LA!D0#*!%(!M6#+#==#7OP!
!
'arallax',! from! Modern! lrench! 'parallaxe',! from! Creek!
'parallaxls',! from! 'parallasseln'! 'Lo! change',! from! 'para':!
'among'! and! 'allaseln':! 'Lo! exchange',! from! 'allos'! 'oLher':! an!
apparenL! change! ln! Lhe! dlrecLlon! of! an! ob[ecL,! caused! by! a!
change! ln! observaLlonal! poslLlon! LhaL! provldes! a! new! llne! of!
slghL.!ln!a!revlew!of!ko[ln!karaLanl's!!"#$%&"'(')*+,!Slavo[!Zlzek!
beglns! by! glvlng! an! example! of! a! parallax! vlew! "! one! such!
belng!Lhe!apparenL!change!ln!Lhe!case!of!'plg',!for!example,!as!
caused! by! a! change! ln! Lhe! observaLlonal! poslLlon! from! whlch!
Lhe! 'plg'! ls! vlewed.! ercelved! on! Lhe! one! hand! as! 'plg'! by! Lhe!
underprlvlleged! Saxon! farmers! who! dealL! ln! 'plgs',! or! 'pork'!
from! 'porque'! as! consumed! by! Lhe! normandy! soldlers,! who!
mosLly! consumed! Lhe! plgs! ralsed! by! Lhe! farmers.! Pe! wrlLes:!
'1hls!duallLy,!slgnallng!Lhe!gap!LhaL!separaLes!producLlon!from!
consumpLlon,!ls!a!case!of!whaL,!ln!hls!formldable!!"#$%&"'(')*+!
on! kanL! and! Marx,! ko[ln! karaLanl! refers! Lo! as! Lhe! 'parallax'!
dlmenslon.',! accordlng! Lo! whlch,! we! should! renounce! all!
aLLempLs!aL!reduclng!one!aspecL!of!an!anLlnomy!Lo!Lhe!oLher.!
!
Accordlng!Lo!karaLanl!karl!Marx!achleved!Lhls!parallax!vlew!ln!
hls!CrlLlque!of!ollLlcal!Lconomy"!("subLlLle!of!3#%!4#-'(#.),!ln!
relaLlon!Lo!Lhe!opposlLlon!beLween!classlcal!pollLlcal!economy!
(8lcardo's! labour! Lheory! of! value)! and! Lhe! neo"classlcal!
LradlLlon! (8alley's! reducLlon! of! value! Lo! a! purely! relaLlonal!
enLlLy),! by! LreaLlng! Lhls! opposlLlon! as! a! kanLlan! anLlnomy,!
whlch!ls!Lo!say:!value!has!Lo!orlglnaLe!boLh!ouLslde!clrculaLlon!
"!ln!producLlon!and!wlLhln!clrculaLlon.!
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!
!5'%! -"/6+&(! 5#%! 7++$! 0*$8+8! 9'(5! %*--/"(! 0"/:! (5+! ;*"/-+#$!
,/::'%%'/$<! !5'%! +=5'7'('/$! -"/>"#::+! #$8! #%%/&'#(+8!
-*7.'&#('/$%!#$8!&/::*$'&#('/$%!"+0.+&(!(5+!?'+9%!/$.@!/0!(5+!
#*(5/"%A! #$8! (5+! ,/::'%%'/$! &#$$/(! 7+! 5+.8! "+%-/$%'7.+! /"!
#$@! *%+! 95'&5! :#@7+! :#8+! /0! (5+! '$0/":#('/$! &/$(#'$+8!
5+"+'$<!
!
!"!#!$%&'()"*+(,-!0"!("0!
!
1he! !"! >! 614=%?"#*%-&! serles! ls! a! serles! of! LexLs! LhaL! provlde!
shorL! readlngs! whlch! lnLroduce! key! Lerms! and! ldeas! ln! Lhe!
debaLe! on! publlc"ness! and! conLemporary! culLure.! 1hese! are!
for!educaLlonal!and!culLural!use!only!and!lnLended!noL!for!re"
sale.! ! 1hese! are! produced! ln! con[uncLlon! wlLh! Lhe! exhlblLlon!
pro[ecL! re! :! publlc! aL! Lemple! bar! gallery! co"organlsed! by!
1emple! 8ar! Callery! and! SLudlos! Lhe! CraduaLe! School! of!
CreaLlve!ArLs!and!Medla!(CradCAM)!4
Lh
!lebruary!-!13
Lh
!March!
2010.!!
!
!"! #! ! $%&'()! ls! curaLed! by! uanlel! !ewesbury! and! feaLures!!
conLrlbuLlons! by! lgor! Crubl#! :! Cwen! PaLherley! :! eLer!
Llversldge! :! Alsllng! C'8elrn! :! nlna! ower! :! 8oberL! Anderson! :!
Mark! PackeLL! :! Sandra! !ohnsLon! :! 1he! 1hamesmead! Archlve! :!
uennls!McnulLy!:!Slmon!Shelkh!:!8oberL!orLer!:!Lelgh!lrench!:!
nell! Cray! :! uan! Shlpsldes! :! Seamus! nolan! :! uead! ubllc! :!
Amanda! 8alph! :! MA! ArL! ln! Lhe! ConLemporary! World! (nCAu)! :!
MA! ArL! ln! ubllc! (ulsLer)! :! B/.8! :! C#"'#$(! :! 1ech.know! :! Llnda!
uoyle! (C1v8)! :! LxperlenLlal! AesLheLlcs! :! LvenL:! raxls:! and!
oLhers.!
!
!"! #! $%&'()! colncldes! wlLh! Lhe! ma[or! flve! day! lnLernaLlonal!
conference!ArLs!8esearch:!ubllcs!and!urposes!aL!uublln!ClLy!
Councll's! new! Wood! Cuay! venue"! aL! Lhe! Clvlc! Cfflces! ln!
uublln's!clLy!cenLre,!and![usL!beslde!1emple!8ar.!CLher!shows!
colncldlng!wlLh!!"!#!$%&'()!and!Lhe!conference!lnclude!CrlLlque!
of! Archlval! 8eason! curaLed! by! Penk! Slager! aL! ! Lhe! 8PA,! and!
Sound! 8e:! Sound! by! Sarah! uunne! ,! curaLed! by! 8rlan! lay! aL!
8roadcasL!Callery.!
lor! more! lnformaLlon! on! all! of! Lhese! evenLs! see!
(EEEA'+#$?#9A%")!
!
...................................................!
WlLh! Lhe! supporL! of! Lhe! CulLure! rogramme! of! Lhe! Luropean!
unlon.!1hls!pro[ecL!ls!an!elemenL!wlLhln!Lhe!ArLlsL!as!ClLlzen"!
pro[ecL.! 1hls! ls! an! Lu! research! pro[ecL! ln! assoclaLlon! wlLh!
CradCAM.!
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