Tablacontenido

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Contents
Preface to Second Edition .............................................................................
xi
Preface to First Edition ................................................................................
xiii
1. Introduction ..............................................................................................
1.1
1.1 Air Conditioning....................................................................................................
1.1
1.2 Comfort and Processing Air Conditioning Systems ............................................
1.2
1.3 Classification of Air Conditioning Systems According to Construction

and Operating Characteristics..........................................................................
1.3
1.4 Central Hydronic Air Conditioning Systems ........................................................
1.6
1.5 Distribution of Systems Usage ..........................................................................
1.10
1.6 Historical Development......................................................................................
1.11
1.7 Potentials and Challenges.................................................................................
1.13
1.8 Air Conditioning Project Development ..............................................................
1.16
1.9 Design for Air Conditioning System...................................................................
1.18
1.10 Design Documents ..........................................................................................
1.21
1.11 Codes and Standards......................................................................................
1.23
1.12 Computer-Aided Design and Drafting (CADD) ...............................................
1.25
References...............................................................................................................
1.26
2. Psychrometrics ........................................................................................
2.1
2.1 Psychrometrics ....................................................................................................
2.1
2.2 Daltons Law and the Gibbs-Dalton Law .............................................................
2.3
2.3 Air Temperature...................................................................................................
2.4
2.4 Humidity ...............................................................................................................
2.7
2.5 Properties of Moist Air .........................................................................................
2.8
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Copyright 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies
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Contents
2.11
2.7 Sling and Aspiration Psychrometers .................................................................
2.14
2.8 Humidity Measurements....................................................................................
2.16
2.9 Psychrometric Charts ........................................................................................
2.19
2.10 Determination of Thermodynamic Properties on Psychrometric Charts ........
2.22
References...............................................................................................................
2.25
3. Heat and Moisture Transfer Through Building Envelope .....................
3.1
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2.6 Thermodynamic Wet-Bulb Temperature and the Wet-Bulb

Temperature ...................................................................................................
3.1 Building Envelope ................................................................................................
3.2
3.2 Heat-Transfer Fundamentals ..............................................................................
3.2
3.3 Heat-Transfer Coefficients...................................................................................
3.8
3.4 Moisture Transfer...............................................................................................
3.11
3.5 Condensation in Buildings .................................................................................
3.17
3.6 Thermal Insulation .............................................................................................
3.18
3.7 Solar Angles.......................................................................................................
3.22
3.8 Solar Radiation ..................................................................................................
3.25
3.9 Fenestration .......................................................................................................
3.29
3.10 Heat Admitted Through Windows ...................................................................
3.32
3.11 Shading of Glass .............................................................................................
3.40
3.12 Heat Exchange Between the Outer Building Surface and Its
Surroundings ..................................................................................................
3.46
3.13 Compliance with ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1999 for Building

Envelope .........................................................................................................
3.48
3.14 Energy-Efficient and Cost Effective Measures for Building Envelope ............
3.50
References...............................................................................................................
3.51
4. Indoor and Outdoor Design Conditions .................................................
4.1
4.1 Indoor Design Conditions ....................................................................................
4.1
4.2 Heat Exchange Between Human Body and Indoor Environment ......................
4.2
4.3 Metabolic Rate and Sensible Heat Losses from Human Body...........................
4.4
4.4 Evaporative Heat Losses.....................................................................................
4.7
4.5 Mean Radiant Temperature and Effective Temperature ....................................
4.9

4.6 Factors Affecting Thermal Comfort ...................................................................
4.14
4.7 Thermal Comfort................................................................................................
4.15
4.8 Indoor Air Temperature and Air Movements.....................................................
4.20
4.9 Humidity .............................................................................................................
4.23
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4.10 Sick Building Syndrome and Indoor Air Quality ..............................................
4.27
4.11 Air Cleanliness .................................................................................................
4.31
4.12 Sound Level .....................................................................................................
4.32
4.13 Space Pressure Differential.............................................................................
4.37
4.14 Outdoor Design Conditions .............................................................................
4.38
References...............................................................................................................
4.42
5. Energy Management and Control Systems............................................
5.1
5.1 Automatic Control System and Historical Development .....................................
5.2
5.2 Control Loop and Control Methods .....................................................................
5.5
5.3 Control Modes .....................................................................................................
5.9
5.4 Sensors and Transducers .................................................................................
5.16
5.5 Controllers..........................................................................................................
5.21
5.6 Water Control Valves and Valve Actuators.......................................................
5.26
5.7 Dampers and Damper Actuators.......................................................................
5.32
5.8 System Architecture...........................................................................................
5.38
5.9 Interoperabiliity and Open Protocol BACnet .....................................................
5.41
5.10 Control Logic and Artificial Intelligence ...........................................................
5.45
5.11 Programming for DDC Systems......................................................................
5.53
5.12 Tuning DDC Units............................................................................................
5.55
5.13 Factors Affecting Control Processes...............................................................
5.56
5.14 Functional Controls..........................................................................................
5.58
5.15 Fault Detection and Diagnostics......................................................................
5.61
5.16 Controls in ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1999 ..........................................
5.66
References...............................................................................................................
5.67
6. Load Calculations.....................................................................................
6.1
6.1 Space Load Characteristics.................................................................................

6.2
6.2 Cooling Load and Coil Load Calculations ...........................................................
6.6
6.3 Historical Development of Cooling Load Calculations ......................................
6.11
6.4 MethodologyHeat Balance.............................................................................
6.12
6.5 MethodologyTransfer Function......................................................................
6.14
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6.6 Detailed Calculation Procedures for TFM .........................................................
6.16
6.7 Detailed Calculation Procedure Using CLTD/SCL/CLF Method ......................
6.26
6.8 Cooling Coil Load ..............................................................................................
6.32
6.9 Cooling Load Calculation by Finite Difference Method.....................................
6.34
6.10 Heating Load ...................................................................................................
6.39
6.11 Load Calculation Software ..............................................................................
6.42
References...............................................................................................................
6.49
7. Water Systems..........................................................................................
7.1
7.1 Fundamentals ......................................................................................................
7.2
7.2 Water Piping ........................................................................................................
7.7
7.3 Valves, Pipe Fittings, and Accessories .............................................................
7.16
7.4 Water System Pressurization and the Presence of Air.....................................
7.19
7.5 Corrosion and Deposits in Water System .........................................................
7.25
7.6 Closed Water System Characteristics...............................................................
7.27
7.7 Centrifugal Pumps .............................................................................................
7.30
7.8 Pump-Piping Systems .......................................................................................
7.34
7.9 Operating Characteristics of Chilled Water System..........................................
7.38
7.10 Plant-Through-Building Loop...........................................................................
7.40
7.11 Plant-Building Loop..........................................................................................
7.43
7.12 Plant-Distributed Pumping...............................................................................
7.52
7.13 Campus-Type Water Systems ........................................................................
7.53
7.14 Computer-Aided Piping Design and Drafting ..................................................
7.58
References...............................................................................................................
7.60
8. Heating Systems, Furnaces, and Boilers ...............................................
8.1
8.1 Heating Systems..................................................................................................
8.1
8.2 Warm Air Furnaces..............................................................................................
8.3

8.3 Hot Water Boilers.................................................................................................
8.9
8.4 Electric Furnaces, Heaters, and Boilers............................................................
8.15
8.5 Low-Pressure Ducted Warm Air Heating Systems ...........................................
8.17
8.6 Ducted Warm Air Heating Systems...................................................................
8.22
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8.7 Hot Water Heating Systems Using Finned-Tube Heaters ................................
8.23
8.8 Hydronic Radiant Floor-Panel Heating Systems ..............................................
8.27
8.9 Infrared Heating .................................................................................................
8.31
References...............................................................................................................
8.35
9. Refrigerants, Refrigeration Cycles, and Refrigeration Systems ..........
9.1
9.1 Refrigeration and Refrigeration Systems ............................................................
9.2
9.2 Refrigerants .........................................................................................................
9.3
9.3 Properties and Characteristics of Refrigerants ...................................................
9.5
9.4 Phaseout of Ozone Depletion Refrigerants ......................................................
9.7
9.5 Classification of Refrigerants.............................................................................
9.13
9.6 Refrigeration Processes and Refrigeration Cycles ...........................................
9.16
9.7 Graphical and Analytical Evaluation of Refrigeration........................................
9.17
9.8 Carnot Refrigeration Cycle ................................................................................
9.19
9.9 Coefficient of Performance of Refrigeration Cycle............................................
9.21
9.10 Single-Stage Ideal Vapor Compression Cycle................................................
9.22
9.11 Subcooling and Superheating .........................................................................
9.26
9.12 Multistage Vapor Compression Systems ........................................................
9.29
9.13 Two-Stage Compound System with a Flash Cooler.......................................
9.31
9.14 Three-Stage Compound System with a Two-Stage Flash Cooler .................
9.35
9.15 Two-Stage Compound System with a Vertical Intercooler .............................
9.38
9.16 Cascade Systems............................................................................................
9.40
9.17 Air Expansion Refrigeration Cycles.................................................................
9.45
9.18 Refrigeration SystemsClassifications and Developments ..........................
9.49
9.19 Refrigeration Compressors .............................................................................
9.51
9.20 Performance of Compressors .........................................................................
9.53
9.21 Safety Requirements and Machinery Room ...................................................
9.56
References...............................................................................................................
9.59

Contents
10. Refrigeration Systems: Components .................................................
10.1
10.2
10.2 DX CoilsWet Coils........................................................................................
10.3
10.3 Flooded Liquid Cooler .....................................................................................
10.2
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10.1 Evaporators......................................................................................................
10.4 Direct-Expansion Liquid Cooler and Liquid Overfeed Cooler.......................
10.18
10.5 Condensation and Condensers.....................................................................
10.20
10.6 Water-Cooled Condensers............................................................................
10.22
10.7 Air-Cooled Condensers .................................................................................
10.26
10.8 Evaporative Condensers ...............................................................................
10.30
10.9 Cooling Towers..............................................................................................
10.34
10.10 Thermal Analysis of Cooling Towers...........................................................
10.36
10.11 Cooling Tower Performance........................................................................
10.40
10.12 Part-Load Operation and Optimum Control ................................................
10.43
10.13 Operating Considerations for Cooling Towers............................................
10.46
10.14 Heat Rejection Systems ..............................................................................
10.48
10.15 Refrigerant Flow Control Devices ...............................................................
10.51
References.............................................................................................................
10.58
11. Refrigeration Systems: Reciprocating, Rotary, Scroll, and

Screw .....................................................................................................
11.1
11.1 Reciprocating Refrigeration Systems..............................................................
11.2
11.2 Reciprocating Compressors ............................................................................
11.5
11.3 Reciprocating Refrigeration System Components and Accessories..............
11.5
11.4 Refrigerant Piping ..........................................................................................
11.12
11.5 Capacity and Safety Controls........................................................................
11.24
11.6 Performance of Reciprocating Compressor, Evaporator, and

Condenser ....................................................................................................
11.29
11.7 System Balance.............................................................................................
11.34
11.8 Operating Characteristics of Air-Cooled, Direct-Expansion

Reciprocating Refrigeration System.............................................................
11.36
11.9 Rotary Refrigeration Systems .......................................................................
11.42
11.10 Scroll Refrigeration Systems .......................................................................
11.43

Contents
11.50
References.............................................................................................................
11.56
12. Heat Pumps, Heat Recovery, Gas Cooling, and Cogeneration

Systems .................................................................................................
12.1
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11.11 Screw Refrigeration Systems ......................................................................
12.1 Basics of Heat Pump and Heat Recovery.......................................................
12.1
12.2 Air-Source Heat Pump Systems .....................................................................
12.5
12.3 Groundwater Heat Pump Systems................................................................
12.13
12.4 Ground-Coupled and Surface Water Heat Pump Systems ..........................
12.17
12.5 Air-to-Air Heat Recovery................................................................................
12.19
12.6 Gas Cooling and Cogeneration .....................................................................
12.25
References.............................................................................................................
12.29
13. Refrigeration Systems: Centrifugal ....................................................
13.1
13.1 Centrifugal Vapor Compression Refrigeration Systems .................................
13.1
13.2 Water-Cooled Centrifugal Chiller.....................................................................
13.7
13.3 Centrifugal Chillers Incorporating Heat Recovery...........................................
13.9
13.4 Automatic Brush Cleaning for Condensers...................................................
13.13
13.5 Centrifugal Compressor Performance Map ..................................................
13.15
13.6 Capacity Control of Centrifugal Chillers ........................................................
13.19
13.7 Centrifugal Chiller Controls............................................................................
13.22
13.8 Operating Characteristics of Centrifugal Chillers ..........................................
13.24
13.9 Part-Load Operation of Centrifugal Chiller ....................................................
13.25
13.10 Free Refrigeration........................................................................................
13.31
13.11 Operation of Multiple-Chiller Plant...............................................................
13.33
References.............................................................................................................
13.36
14. Refrigeration Systems: Absorption ....................................................
14.1
14.1 Absorption Systems.........................................................................................
14.1
14.2 Properties of Aqueous Lithium-Bromide Solution ...........................................
14.3
14.3 Double-Effect, Direct-Fired Absorption Chillers ..............................................
14.6
14.4 Performance of Double-Effect, Direct-Fired Absorption Chiller ....................
14.11
14.5 Absorption Chiller Controls............................................................................
14.16

14.6 Operating Characteristics and Design Considerations .................................
14.18
14.7 Absorption Chiller-Heaters ............................................................................
14.20
14.8 Absorption Heat Pumps.................................................................................
14.22
14.9 Absorption Heat Transformer ........................................................................
14.24
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References.............................................................................................................
14.26
15. Air Systems: ComponentsFans, Coils, Filters, and

Humidifiers ............................................................................................
15.1
15.1 Fan Fundamentals...........................................................................................
15.2
15.2 Centrifugal Fans ..............................................................................................
15.7
15.3 Axial Fans ......................................................................................................
15.14
15.4 Fan Capacity Modulation...............................................................................
15.20
15.5 Fan Surge and Stall .......................................................................................
15.24
15.6 Fan Construction and Arrangements ............................................................
15.25
15.7 Fan Selection.................................................................................................
15.29
15.8 Coil Characteristics........................................................................................
15.32
15.9 Sensible Cooling and Sensible Heating CoilsDry Coils ............................
15.39
15.10 Water Cooling CoilsDry-Wet Coils...........................................................
15.48
15.11 Coil Accessories, Condensate Control, and Freeze-Up Protection ...........
15.56
15.12 Air Cleaning, Rating, and Assessments......................................................
15.60
15.13 Test Methods for Air Filters .........................................................................
15.62
15.14 Air Filters......................................................................................................
15.65
15.15 Electronic Air Cleaners ................................................................................
15.69
15.16 Activated Carbon Adsorbers .......................................................................
15.70
15.17 Selection of Air Filters..................................................................................
15.71
15.18 Humidification and Humidifiers....................................................................
15.72
15.19 Steam and Heating Element Humidifiers ....................................................
15.73
15.20 Atomizing and Wetted Element Humidifiers................................................
15.76
15.21 Air Washers .................................................................................................
15.79
15.22 Characteristics of Atomizing and Wetted Element Humidifiers ..................
15.82
15.23 Selection of Humidifiers and Design ...........................................................
15.83
References.............................................................................................................
15.85

Contents
16.1
16.1 Air-Handling Units............................................................................................
16.1
16.2 Main Components ...........................................................................................
16.4
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16. Air Systems: EquipmentAir-Handling Units and Packaged

Units .......................................................................................................
16.3 Selection of Air-Handling Units........................................................................
16.9
16.4 Packaged Units..............................................................................................
16.12
16.5 Performance and Selection of Packaged Units ............................................
16.17
16.6 Fan Room ......................................................................................................
16.24
References.............................................................................................................
16.28
17. Air Systems: Air Duct Design..............................................................
17.1
17.1 Basics of Airflow in Ducts ................................................................................
17.2
17.2 Characteristics of Airflow in Ducts...................................................................
17.8
17.3 Duct Construction ..........................................................................................
17.12
17.4 Duct Heat Gain, Heat Loss, and Duct Insulation ..........................................
17.19
17.5 Frictional Losses............................................................................................
17.22
17.6 Dynamic Losses ............................................................................................
17.31
17.7 Flow Resistance ............................................................................................
17.38
17.8 Principles and Considerations in Air Duct Design ........................................
17.43
17.9 Air Duct Design Procedure and Duct Layout ................................................
17.51
17.10 Duct Sizing Methods....................................................................................
17.53
17.11 Duct Systems with Certain Pressure Losses in Branch Takeoffs ..............
17.56
17.12 Duct Systems with Negligible Pressure Loss at Branch Ducts ..................
17.66
17.13 Requirements of Exhaust Duct Systems for a Minimum Velocity ..............
17.72
17.14 Computer-Aided Duct Design and Drafting.................................................
17.72
17.15 Duct Liner and Duct Cleaning .....................................................................
17.74
17.16 Pressure and Airflow Measurements ..........................................................
17.75
References.............................................................................................................
17.78
18. Air Systems: Space Air Diffusion .......................................................
18.1
18.1 Principles of Space Air Diffusion .....................................................................
18.2
18.2 Air Jets .............................................................................................................
18.5

18.3 Supply Outlets and Return Inlets...................................................................
18.11
18.4 Mixing Flow ....................................................................................................
18.20
18.5 Cold Air Distribution .......................................................................................
18.28
18.6 Design Procedure of Mixing Flow Air Diffusion System................................
18.31
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18.7 Displacement Flow and Unidirectional Flow .................................................
18.38
18.8 Stratified Displacement Flow.........................................................................
18.42
18.9 Projecting FlowSpot Cooling/Heating ........................................................
18.44
18.10 Upward Flow Underfloor Air Distribution .....................................................
18.48
18.11 Computational Fluid Dynamics....................................................................
18.51
References.............................................................................................................
18.54
19. Sound Control ......................................................................................
19.1
19.1 Sound Control and Sound Paths.....................................................................
19.1
19.2 Fan, Compressor, Pump, and Airflow Noise...................................................
19.4
19.3 Sound Attenuation Along Duct-Borne Path.....................................................
19.6
19.4 Silencers ........................................................................................................
19.12
19.5 Fiberglass in HVAC&R Systems ...................................................................
19.17
19.6 Radiated Noise and Transmission Losses....................................................
19.18
19.7 Relationship Between Room Sound Power Level and Room Sound
Pressure Level..............................................................................................
19.23
19.8 Noise Control for a Typical Air System .........................................................
19.25
19.9 Rooftop Packaged Units................................................................................
19.29
References.............................................................................................................
19.32
20. Air Systems: Basics and Constant-Volume Systems .......................
20.1
20.1 Air System Basics............................................................................................
20.2
20.2 Building Leakage Area and Building Tightness ..............................................
20.5
20.3 Space Pressurization.......................................................................................
20.7
20.4 Infiltration and Exfiltration ..............................................................................
20.14
20.5 Fan-Duct Systems .........................................................................................
20.14
20.6 System Effect.................................................................................................
20.17
20.7 Combination of Fan-Duct Systems ...............................................................
20.24

20.8 Modulation of the Fan-Duct System..............................................................
20.31
20.9 Classification of Air Systems .........................................................................
20.39
20.10 Constant-Volume Systems..........................................................................
20.40
20.11 Air Conditioning Processes .........................................................................
20.41
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20.12 Space Conditioning and Sensible Cooling and Heating Processes...........
20.43
20.13 Humidifying Processes ................................................................................
20.45
20.14 Cooling and Dehumidifying Process ...........................................................
20.47
20.15 Adiabatic Mixing and Bypass Mixing Processes.........................................
20.50
20.16 Single-Zone, Constant-Volume SystemsCooling Mode Operation ........
20.53
20.17 Supply Volume Flow Rate ...........................................................................
20.59
20.18 Determination of the Supply Air Condition ..................................................
20.62
20.19 Constant-Volume Single-Zone SystemsHeating Mode Operation .........
20.69
20.20 Constant-Volume Multizone System with Reheat.......................................
20.74
References.............................................................................................................
20.79
21. Air Systems: Variable-Air-Volume Systems.......................................
21.1
21.1 System Characteristics of Variable-Air-Volume Systems...............................
21.2
21.2 Single-Zone VAV Systems ..............................................................................
21.3
21.3 VAV Cooling, VAV Reheat, and Perimeter Heating VAV Systems ..............
21.18
21.4 Dual-Duct VAV Systems ...............................................................................
21.33
21.5 Fan-Powered VAV Systems..........................................................................
21.44
21.6 Comparison Between Various VAV Systems ...............................................
21.56
References.............................................................................................................
21.56
22. Air Systems: VAV SystemsFan Combination, System

Pressure, and Smoke Control..............................................................
22.1
22.1 Return and Exhaust Systems..........................................................................
22.2
22.2 Fan Combinations and Operating Modes .......................................................
22.4
22.3 System Pressure Diagram ..............................................................................
22.5
22.4 Supply Fan and Exhaust Fan Combination ....................................................
22.8
22.5 Supply Fan and Relief Fan Combination ......................................................
22.14
22.6 Supply Fan and Return Fan Combination.....................................................
22.18

Contents
22.21
22.8 Pressure Flow Characteristics.......................................................................
22.22
22.9 Smoke Control and Fire Safety .....................................................................
22.24
22.10 Effect of Automatic Sprinkler on Fire Protection .........................................
22.27
22.11 Smoke Control in Atria.................................................................................
22.28
22.12 Stairwell Pressurization and Zone Smoke Control .....................................
22.29
References.............................................................................................................
22.38
23. Air Systems: Minimum Ventilation and VAV System Controls ........
23.1
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22.7 Comparison of Three Fan Combination Systems.........................................
23.23
24.1 IAQ Problems ..................................................................................................
24.1
24.2 Ventilation, Dilution of Concentration of Contaminants ..................................
24.2
24.3 Eliminating Microbial Growth...........................................................................
24.4
24.4 Filters to Remove Contaminants .....................................................................
24.6
24.5 Removing Gaseous Contaminants by Adsorbers and Chemisorbers............
24.8
24.6 Maintenance to Guarantee IAQ.....................................................................
24.12
24.7 Space Pressurization Control........................................................................
24.13
23.1 Minimum Ventilation Control ...........................................................................
23.2
23.2 CO<sub>2</sub>-Based Demand-Controlled Ventilation..............................
23.5
23.3 Mixed Plenum Pressure Controls..................................................................
23.12
23.4 Outdoor Air Injection Fan, Direct Measurement, and Fan Tracking
Systems ........................................................................................................
23.14
23.5 Conference Rooms........................................................................................
23.16
23.6 Space Pressurization and Return Volume Flow Controls.............................
23.16
23.7 Discharge Air Temperature Controls.............................................................
23.18
23.8 Duct Static Pressure and Fan Controls.........................................................
23.9 Functional Controls for VAV Systems ...........................................................
23.26
23.10 Recommendations and Interaction Between Controls ...............................
23.28
23.11 Sequence of Operations of a VAV Reheat System with Minimum

Ventilation, Discharge Air Temperature, and Duct Static Pressure
ControlsCase Study ..................................................................................
23.30
References.............................................................................................................
23.35
24. Improving Indoor Air Quality...............................................................
24.1

Contents
24.8 Legal Responsibility for IAQ Cases...............................................................
24.13
References.............................................................................................................
24.15
25. Energy Management and Global Warming.........................................
25.1
25.1
25.2 Global Warming ...............................................................................................
25.3
25.3 Energy Efficiency .............................................................................................
25.5
25.4 Energy Conservation Measures....................................................................
25.10
25.5 Case Study: Energy Conservation Measures for an Office ..........................
25.12
25.6 Relationship Between HVAC&R System Characteristics and Energy

Use................................................................................................................
25.12
25.7 Electricity Deregulation..................................................................................
25.14
25.8 System Simulation .........................................................................................
25.17
25.9 Energy Simulation of a Centrifugal Chiller Using Physical Modeling ...........
25.19
25.10 Energy Simulation Software DOE-2.1E ......................................................
25.25
25.11 ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1999 Energy Cost Budget Method .........
25.28
References.............................................................................................................
25.28
26. Air Conditioning Systems: System Classification, Selection,

and Individual Systems ........................................................................
26.1
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25.1 Energy Efficiency and Unit Energy Rate Reduction .......................................
26.1 Classification of Air Conditioning Systems......................................................
26.1
26.2 Air Conditioning System, Subsystem, and Main Components

Selection .........................................................................................................
26.3
26.3 Individual Air Conditioning Systems................................................................
26.8
26.4 Room Air Conditioning Systems......................................................................
26.9
26.5 Packaged Terminal Air Conditioning Systems..............................................
26.13
References.............................................................................................................
26.15
27. Air Conditioning Systems: Evaporative Cooling Systems and

Evaporative Coolers .............................................................................
27.1
27.1 Evaporative Cooling and Evaporative Cooling Systems ................................
27.1
27.2 Direct Evaporative Cooling and Direct Evaporative Coolers ..........................
27.2
27.3 Indirect Evaporative Cooling and Indirect Evaporative Coolers .....................
27.6

Contents
27.13
27.5 Add-On Evaporative Coolers.........................................................................
27.18
27.6 Design Considerations ..................................................................................
27.24
References.............................................................................................................
27.26
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27.4 Indirect-Direct Two-Stage Evaporative Cooling Systems.............................
28. Air Conditioning Systems: Space Conditioning Systems ................
28.1
28.1 Space Air Conditioning Systems .....................................................................
28.1
28.2 Fan-Coil Systems and Fan-Coil Units .............................................................
28.3
28.3 Four-Pipe Fan-Coil Systems ...........................................................................
28.9
28.4 Two-Pipe Fan-Coil Systems..........................................................................
28.20
28.5 Water-Source Heat Pump Systems ..............................................................
28.24
28.6 Panel Heating and Cooling............................................................................
28.33
References.............................................................................................................
28.33
29. Air Conditioning Systems: Packaged Systems and DesiccantBased Systems .....................................................................................
29.1
29.1 Packaged Systems..........................................................................................
29.2
29.2 Single-Zone Constant-Volume Packaged Systems........................................
29.4
29.3 Single-Zone VAV Packaged Systems.............................................................
29.7
29.4 Compliance with Standard 90.11999 Through Simplified Approach

Option for Small and Medium HVAC&R Systems .........................................
29.8
29.5 VAV Cooling Packaged Systems ....................................................................
29.9
29.6 VAV Reheat Packaged Systems...................................................................
29.12
29.7 Perimeter-Heating VAV Packaged Systems.................................................
29.18
29.8 Fan-Powered VAV Packaged Systems ........................................................
29.18
29.9 Desiccant-Based Air Conditioning Systems..................................................
29.22
29.10 Case Study: A Desiccant-Based Air Conditioning System for a

Supermarket .................................................................................................
29.27
29.11 Case Study: A Desiccant-Based Air Conditioning System for Retail

Stores............................................................................................................
29.31
29.12 Case Study: A Desiccant-Based Air Conditioning System for

Operating Rooms .........................................................................................
29.32
29.13 Applications of Desiccant-Based Air Conditioning Systems.......................
29.34

Contents
References.............................................................................................................
29.35
30. Air Conditioning Systems: Central Systems and Clean-Room

Systems .................................................................................................
30.1
30.2
30.2 Floor-by-Floor Central Systems Versus Central Systems Using Air

Systems Serving Many Floors........................................................................
30.2
30.3 Controls and Operating Characteristics of Central Systems ..........................
30.4
30.4 Types of VAV Central Systems .......................................................................
30.7
30.5 Single-Zone VAV Central Systems .................................................................
30.7
30.6 VAV Cooling Central Systems, VAV Reheat Central Systems, and
Perimeter-Heating VAV Central Systems ......................................................
30.9
30.7 Dual-Duct VAV Central Systems...................................................................
30.10
30.8 Fan-Powered VAV Central Systems .............................................................
30.11
30.9 Clean-Room Systems....................................................................................
30.14
30.10 Case Study: Clean-Room Systems for Semiconductor IntegratedCircuit Fabrication.........................................................................................
30.16
References.............................................................................................................
30.24
31. Air Conditioning Systems: Thermal Storage Systems......................
31.1
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30.1 Central Systems ..............................................................................................
31.1 Thermal Storage Systems...............................................................................
31.1
31.2 Ice-on-Coil, Internal-Melt Ice Storage Systems ..............................................
31.6
31.3 Ice-on-Coil, External-Melt Ice Storage Systems ...........................................
31.10
31.4 Encapsulated Ice Storage Systems ..............................................................
31.13
31.5 Ice-Harvesting Ice Storage Systems.............................................................
31.15
31.6 Comparison of Various Ice Storage Systems ...............................................
31.17
31.7 Stratified Chilled Water Storage Systems .....................................................
31.18
31.8 Case Study: A Stratified Chilled Water Storage System ..............................
31.23
References.............................................................................................................
31.28
32. Commissioning and Maintenance.......................................................
32.1
32.1 HVAC&R Commissioning................................................................................
32.1
32.2 HVAC&R Maintenance....................................................................................
32.5

Contents
32.6
Appendix A: Nomenclature and Abbreviations ........................................
A.1
Appendix B: Psychrometric Chart, Tables of Properties, and I-P

Units to SI Units Conversion.................................................................
B.1
Index ...............................................................................................................
I.1
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References...............................................................................................................


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Preface to Second Edition .............................................................................

Preface to First Edition ................................................................................

1.1 Air Conditioning....................................................................................................

1.2 Comfort and Processing Air Conditioning Systems ............................................

1.3 Classification of Air Conditioning Systems According to Construction

1.4 Central Hydronic Air Conditioning Systems ........................................................

1.5 Distribution of Systems Usage ..........................................................................

1.6 Historical Development......................................................................................

1.7 Potentials and Challenges.................................................................................

1.8 Air Conditioning Project Development ..............................................................

1.9 Design for Air Conditioning System...................................................................

1.10 Design Documents ..........................................................................................

1.11 Codes and Standards......................................................................................

1.12 Computer-Aided Design and Drafting (CADD) ...............................................

2.1 Psychrometrics ....................................................................................................

2.2 Daltons Law and the Gibbs-Dalton Law .............................................................

2.3 Air Temperature...................................................................................................

2.4 Humidity ...............................................................................................................

2.5 Properties of Moist Air .........................................................................................

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2.7 Sling and Aspiration Psychrometers .................................................................

2.8 Humidity Measurements....................................................................................

2.9 Psychrometric Charts ........................................................................................

2.10 Determination of Thermodynamic Properties on Psychrometric Charts ........

3. Heat and Moisture Transfer Through Building Envelope .....................

2.6 Thermodynamic Wet-Bulb Temperature and the Wet-Bulb

3.1 Building Envelope ................................................................................................

3.2 Heat-Transfer Fundamentals ..............................................................................

3.3 Heat-Transfer Coefficients...................................................................................

3.4 Moisture Transfer...............................................................................................

3.5 Condensation in Buildings .................................................................................

3.6 Thermal Insulation .............................................................................................

3.7 Solar Angles.......................................................................................................

3.8 Solar Radiation ..................................................................................................

3.9 Fenestration .......................................................................................................

3.10 Heat Admitted Through Windows ...................................................................

3.11 Shading of Glass .............................................................................................

3.13 Compliance with ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1999 for Building

4. Indoor and Outdoor Design Conditions .................................................

4.1 Indoor Design Conditions ....................................................................................

4.4 Evaporative Heat Losses.....................................................................................

4.5 Mean Radiant Temperature and Effective Temperature ....................................

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4.6 Factors Affecting Thermal Comfort ...................................................................

4.7 Thermal Comfort................................................................................................

4.8 Indoor Air Temperature and Air Movements.....................................................

4.9 Humidity .............................................................................................................

4.10 Sick Building Syndrome and Indoor Air Quality ..............................................

4.11 Air Cleanliness .................................................................................................

4.12 Sound Level .....................................................................................................

4.13 Space Pressure Differential.............................................................................

4.14 Outdoor Design Conditions .............................................................................

5. Energy Management and Control Systems............................................

5.1 Automatic Control System and Historical Development .....................................

5.2 Control Loop and Control Methods .....................................................................

5.3 Control Modes .....................................................................................................

5.4 Sensors and Transducers .................................................................................

5.6 Water Control Valves and Valve Actuators.......................................................

5.7 Dampers and Damper Actuators.......................................................................

5.8 System Architecture...........................................................................................