MICROCONTROLLER BASED NUMERICAL RELAY

Paper submitted to the 4th National Conference on Advances in Energy Conversion Technologies

AECT 2011
AT

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal

BY
Ms. Vidyashree N A Mr. Naveen P 4KV07EE049 4KV08EE407
vidyashree347@gmail.com navaneeth89@gmail.com 7829254168 9738505214

Under the Guidance of Mr. Kusumadhara S Assistant Professor DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

K.V.G. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

SULLIA, D.K. 574 327, KARNATAKA

MICROCONTROLLER BASED NUMERICAL RELAY

Vidyashree NA1, Naveen P2
1

vidyashree347@gmail.com

navaneeth89@gmail.com This numerical using are interfaced and relay is

ABSTRACT
The s ys tem designed is priority that it and of any be supply well in should

implemented microcontroller. and buzzer of

AT89C51 to the

LCD, keyboard, ADC

properly

maintained

order to limit the number of outages that may occur. Associated power system networks with the themselves,

microcontroller. The LCD displa ys the condition Keyboard voltage current. is used to select different for overvoltage to the characteristics. of current and above The sensing

there are a number of ancillary systems to assist in meeting the requirements of safety, reliability and quality of supply. The most important of these are the protection systems which are installed to clear faults and limit any damage to electrical equipment. Protective relays initiate the isolation of faulted sections of the network in order to maintain supply elsewhere on the s ys tem. This then leads to an improved electricity service with better continuity and quality of suppl y. In this paper an attempt is made to demonstrate and the Very of a Definite Inverse numerical be Time Time rela y. by and scaled to the (D.T), Inverse Definite Minimum Time (I.D.M.T) characteristics the power

rela y charact eristics. The s ys tem works satisfactorily undervoltage mentioned according

relay

implementation

circuit is under progress.

1. INTRODUCTION
When devices On the on providing any supply of the to protective network a fault the or

following basic principles must appl y. occurrence condition, in order thus abnormal protection isolate the the of The

s ys tem must be capable of detecting it immediately affected service damage section, and to permitting the extent

rest of the power s yst em to remain in limiting other system

equipments.
must be

The voltage and current parameters of s ys tem can scaled using potential parameters to operate current are when transformers These inputs line the the

protection

sensitive

enough to operate when a fault occurs under minimum fault conditions, ye t be stable enough not to operate when its associated equipment is carrying the maximum rated current, which may be a short-time value. It must also be fast enough to operate in order to clear the

transformers.

numerical relay unit. The relay is made parameter exceeds the pickup value.

fault

from

the

s yst em

quickly

to

A wide variety of timecurrent characteristics is available for overcur rent rela ys . The name assigned to an overcurrent relay indicates its

minimize damage to system components and be reliable in operation [1]. While electromagnetic relays

time current characteristic as described below.

can still be found in some utilities, there is a tendency to replace these by microprocessor/microcontroller relays, complex particularly power in the systems. based more Also

2.1
A

Definite-Time
definite-time after a

Overcurrent
relay time

Relay
overcurrent predetermined operates

microcontroller can be used to perform all functions of a relay at lesser cost. It can measure electrical quantities, perform make comparisons,

when the current exceeds its pick-up value. The operating time is constant, irrespective of the magnitude of the current above the pick-up value, as shown in fig. 1. The desired definite operating time can be set with the help of an intentional time-delay provided in the relaying unit.

computations, and send tripping signals to circuit breaker. It can realize all sort of rela yi ng charact eristics, even irregular curves which cannot be realized by electromagnetic or static rela ys easil y. The inherent advantages of microcontroller relays are based its relays over in static flexibility

application due to their programmable approach. The type of relay characteristics to be used depends for upon the application. These characteristics are equally with applicable relay both voltages for and currents. The next section deals the characteristics overcurrent protection.

Fig 2. I.D.M.T Characteristics

Fig 1.Definite Time over current relay

2. TIME-CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS

2.2

Instantaneous

Overcurrent

Relay

An instantaneous relay operates in a definite time when the current exceeds its pick-up value. The operating time is constant, irrespective of the magnitude of the current. There is no intentional time dela y.

be used where an I.D.M.T relay fails to achieve good selectivity. Very inverse time-current for the rela ys are recommended there is a cases where

substantial reduction of fault current as the distance from the power source increases [2]. The next section explains the block diagram for the implementation of definite time, inverse definite minimum time and very inverse time

2.3

Inverse

Definite

Minimum (I.D.M.T)

Time Relay

Overcurrent

This t yp e of a rela y gives an inverse-time current characteristic at lower values of the fault current and definite-time characteristic at higher values of the fault current. The characteristic of an I.D.M.T is shown in fig. 2. The I.D.M.T relays are widely used for the protection of distribution lines.

characteristics considering the voltage parameter.

Fig 2. I.D.M.T Characteristics

2.4

Very

Inverse-Time
A very inverse-time

3. BLOCK DIAGRAM

Overcurrent Relay
overcurrent relay gives more inverse characteristics gives better than that of I.D.M.T the relay. The very inverse characteristic selectivity than I.D.M.T characteristic. Hence, it can

connected is used

through to

the

relay different

for

the

demonstration

purpose. select

The ke yb oa rd relay

characteristics among

definite time,

inverse definite minimum time and Fig 3. Block Diagram of Microcontroller based Numerical relay Unit
4. A L G O R I T H M S
The 8 be bit relay characteristic AT89C51. the The algorithms are implemented using Intel microcontroller obtained from For the input to the voltage sensing circuit can potential transformer. demonstration very inverse time characteristics.

4.1

Definite

Time

Overvoltage

Relay
1. Compare the input voltage with the preset overvoltage. 2. Introduce a definite delay.

purpose the voltage sensing circuit is supplied by the dimmer stat in which the output voltage can be varied from 0 to 250V. The voltage sensing circuit converts this AC supply into DC within the range of 0 to 5V. ADC0809 converts this analog input voltage in to digital. The clock signal for ADC is obtained from the microcontroller. The timer reload LCD of 0 of the microcontroller to generate to normal is the the or operated in mode 2 to utilize the auto functionality is voltage clock signal. A 20 characters 4 lines interfaced whether microcontroller displa ys the condition overvoltage/undervoltage. During

3. C o m p a r e
voltage

the with

current the

input preset

overvoltage. 4. If the overvoltage is detected, then operate the rela y, 5. Else repeat the above steps.

4.2

Inverse

Definite

Minimum

Time Overvoltage Relay

1. Compare the input voltage with the preset overvoltage.

abnormal voltages the microcontroller actuates the relay circuit. This relay can be made to operate the circuit breaker. A lamp load of 0 to 7A is

2. D e t e r m i n e t h e d e l a y f r o m l o o k u p
table. The delay is inversely proportional to the magnitude of

overvoltage,

but

definite current the

for input

higher values of input voltages.

3. C o m p a r e
voltage

the with

preset

Fig 4.(a) Development Board

overvoltage.

4. I f t h e o v e r v o l t a g e i s d e t e c t e d ,
then operate the rela y, 5. Else repeat the above steps.

A very inverse-time overvoltage relay gives more inverse characteristic than that of a I. D.M.T overvoltage rela y.

Fig 4.(b) Connecting cables 5. PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

LED, buzzer, LCD and keyboard are interfaced to the microcontroller one after the other. The output of the ADC is first tested by using an array of 8 LEDs and later the digital values corresponding to the analog inputs are displayed on the LCD as shown in fig5. Fig 6. Shows the connection of relay unit for undervoltage with I.D.M.T characteristics. The relay characteristic algorithms are implemented using on The developed by assembly 8051 various first language interfacings programs are

PHASES

microcontroller.

preparing a development board, which is shown in fig.4 (a). such a way that can microcontroller be It is developed port of the to connected any

any of the I/O device using connectors.

Fig 5. Testing the ADC

Fig 6. Testing the Relay Unit

Fig 7.(a) Parallel Port Programmer

6.

SOFTWARE TOOLS

DEVELOPMENT
language developed using

Assembly programs are

Keil Vision3 software. The hex files generated by this software are then written into the microcontrollers Fig. 7.(b) using parallel

port programmer. Fig. 7.(a) and shows the parallel software with it associated port programmer and environment respectively.

Fig 7.(b) Software Environment for programmi ng

be used to realize all sorts of relaying characteristics.

7.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The definite relay inverse unit tested is for definite experimentally time,

minimum time and very inversetime characteristics with under and overvoltages. The can of is same be current under characteristics The implementation circuit be

implemented for the overcurrent. sensing relay can

progress. Auto reclosing of the incorporated for overcurrent relay after a definite delay at different time intervals.

REFERENCES
1. P r o t e c t i o n
of Electricity Distribution Networks Juan M. Gers and Edward J. Holmes The Institution- 2nd Edition 2. Power S yst em Protection and Switch Gear by Badri Ram and D N Vishwakarma 3. The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded S yst ems Using Assembly and C by Muhammad Ali Mazidi.

8.

CONCLUSION
Unlike and static microcontroller of voltage or in electromagnetic relay based current by the units relay can the is be

very flexible. The pickup value easily Also changed these relay slight program. can

modification

perform multifunction at a lesser cost. It can measure electrical quantities, tripping make signals comparisons, to circuit perform computations, and send breaker. The same relay unit can