EducatingYoungPeopleabouttheConstitution

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United States

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EducatingYoungPeopleabouttheConstitution

Representativesanddirecttaxesshallbe apportionedamongtheseveralstateswhich maybeincludedwithinthisunion, accordingtotheirrespectivenumbers, whichshallbedeterminedbyaddingtothe wholenumberoffreepersons,including thoseboundtoserviceforatermofyears, andexcludingIndiansnottaxed,threefifths ofallotherPersons.TheactualEnumeration shallbemadewithinthreeyearsafterthe firstmeetingoftheCongressoftheUnited States,andwithineverysubsequenttermof tenyears,insuchmannerastheyshallby lawdirect.ThenumberofRepresentatives shallnotexceedoneforeverythirty thousand,buteachstateshallhaveatleast oneRepresentative;anduntilsuch enumerationshallbemade,thestateof NewHampshireshallbeentitledtochuse three,Massachusettseight,RhodeIsland andProvidencePlantationsone, Connecticutfive,NewYorksix,NewJersey four,Pennsylvaniaeight,Delawareone, Marylandsix,Virginiaten,NorthCarolina five,SouthCarolinafive,andGeorgiathree. Whenvacancieshappeninthe Representationfromanystate,theexecutive authoritythereofshallissuewritsof electiontofillsuchvacancies. TheHouseofRepresentativesshallchoose theirspeakerandotherofficers;andshall havethesolepowerofimpeachment.

We the people
oftheUnitedStates,inordertoformamore perfectunion,establishjustice,insure domestictranquility,provideforthe commondefense,promotethegeneral welfare,andsecuretheblessingsofliberty toourselvesandourposterity,doordain andestablishthisConstitutionforthe UnitedStatesofAmerica.

Article 1
SECTION1.Alllegislativepowersherein grantedshallbevestedinaCongressofthe UnitedStates,whichshallconsistofa SenateandHouseofRepresentatives. SECTION2.TheHouseofRepresentatives shallbecomposedofmemberschosen everysecondyearbythepeopleofthe severalstates,andtheelectorsineachstate shallhavethequalificationsrequisitefor electorsofthemostnumerousbranchofthe statelegislature. NopersonshallbeaRepresentativewho shallnothaveattainedtotheageoftwenty fiveyears,andbeensevenyearsacitizenof theUnitedStates,andwhoshallnot,when elected,beaninhabitantofthatstatein whichheshallbechosen.

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TheSenateshallhavethesolepowertotry allimpeachments.Whensittingforthat purpose,theyshallbeonoathor affirmation.WhenthePresidentofthe UnitedStatesistried,theChiefJusticeshall preside:Andnopersonshallbeconvicted withouttheconcurrenceoftwothirdsofthe memberspresent. Judgmentincasesofimpeachmentshallnot extendfurtherthantoremovalfromoffice, anddisqualificationtoholdandenjoyany officeofhonor,trustorprofitunderthe UnitedStates:butthepartyconvictedshall neverthelessbeliableandsubjectto indictment,trial,judgmentand punishment,accordingtolaw. SECTION4.Thetimes,placesandmanner ofholdingelectionsforSenatorsand Representatives,shallbeprescribedineach statebythelegislaturethereof;butthe Congressmayatanytimebylawmakeor altersuchregulations,exceptastothe placesofchoosingSenators. TheCongressshallassembleatleastoncein everyyear,andsuchmeetingshallbeonthe firstMondayinDecember,unlesstheyshall bylawappointadifferentday.

SECTION3.TheSenateoftheUnited StatesshallbecomposedoftwoSenators fromeachstate,chosenbythelegislature thereof,forsixyears;andeachSenatorshall haveonevote. Immediatelyaftertheyshallbeassembled inconsequenceofthefirstelection,they shallbedividedasequallyasmaybeinto threeclasses.TheseatsoftheSenatorsofthe firstclassshallbevacatedattheexpiration ofthesecondyear,ofthesecondclassatthe expirationofthefourthyear,andthethird classattheexpirationofthesixthyear,so thatonethirdmaybechoseneverysecond year;andifvacancieshappenby resignation,orotherwise,duringtherecess ofthelegislatureofanystate,theexecutive thereofmaymaketemporaryappointments untilthenextmeetingofthelegislature, whichshallthenfillsuchvacancies. NopersonshallbeaSenatorwhoshallnot haveattainedtotheageofthirtyyears,and beennineyearsacitizenoftheUnited Statesandwhoshallnot,whenelected,be aninhabitantofthatstateforwhichheshall bechosen. TheVicePresidentoftheUnitedStatesshall bePresidentoftheSenate,butshallhaveno vote,unlesstheybeequallydivided. TheSenateshallchoosetheirotherofficers, andalsoaPresidentprotempore,inthe absenceoftheVicePresident,orwhenhe shallexercisetheofficeofPresidentofthe UnitedStates.

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returningfromthesame;andforany speechordebateineitherHouse,theyshall notbequestionedinanyotherplace. NoSenatororRepresentativeshall,during thetimeforwhichhewaselected,be appointedtoanycivilofficeunderthe authorityoftheUnitedStates,whichshall havebeencreated,ortheemoluments whereofshallhavebeenincreasedduring suchtime:andnopersonholdinganyoffice undertheUnitedStates,shallbeamember ofeitherHouseduringhiscontinuancein office. SECTION7.Allbillsforraisingrevenue shalloriginateintheHouseof Representatives;buttheSenatemay proposeorconcurwithamendmentsason otherBills. Everybillwhichshallhavepassedthe HouseofRepresentativesandtheSenate, shall,beforeitbecomealaw,bepresented tothePresidentoftheUnitedStates;ifhe approveheshallsignit,butifnotheshall returnit,withhisobjectionstothatHouse inwhichitshallhaveoriginated,whoshall entertheobjectionsatlargeontheirjournal, andproceedtoreconsiderit.Ifaftersuch reconsiderationtwothirdsofthatHouse shallagreetopassthebill,itshallbesent, togetherwiththeobjections,totheother House,bywhichitshalllikewisebe reconsidered,andifapprovedbytwothirds ofthatHouse,itshallbecomealaw.Butin allsuchcasesthevotesofbothHousesshall bedeterminedbyyeasandnays,andthe

SECTION5.EachHouseshallbethejudge oftheelections,returnsandqualificationsof itsownmembers,andamajorityofeach shallconstituteaquorumtodobusiness; butasmallernumbermayadjournfrom daytoday,andmaybeauthorizedto compeltheattendanceofabsentmembers, insuchmanner,andundersuchpenalties aseachHousemayprovide. EachHousemaydeterminetherulesofits proceedings,punishitsmembersfor disorderlybehavior,and,withthe concurrenceoftwothirds,expelamember. EachHouseshallkeepajournalofits proceedings,andfromtimetotimepublish thesame,exceptingsuchpartsasmayin theirjudgmentrequiresecrecy;andtheyeas andnaysofthemembersofeitherHouseon anyquestionshall,atthedesireofonefifth ofthosepresent,beenteredonthejournal. NeitherHouse,duringthesessionof Congress,shall,withouttheconsentofthe other,adjournformorethanthreedays,nor toanyotherplacethanthatinwhichthe twoHousesshallbesitting. SECTION6.TheSenatorsand Representativesshallreceivea compensationfortheirservices,tobe ascertainedbylaw,andpaidoutofthe treasuryoftheUnitedStates.Theyshallin allcases,excepttreason,felonyandbreach ofthepeace,beprivilegedfromarrest duringtheirattendanceatthesessionof theirrespectiveHouses,andingoingtoand

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Toestablishauniformruleof naturalization,anduniformlawsonthe subjectofbankruptciesthroughoutthe UnitedStates; Tocoinmoney,regulatethevaluethereof, andofforeigncoin,andfixthestandardof weightsandmeasures; Toprovideforthepunishmentof counterfeitingthesecuritiesandcurrent coinoftheUnitedStates; Toestablishpostofficesandpostroads; Topromotetheprogressofscienceand usefularts,bysecuringforlimitedtimesto authorsandinventorstheexclusiverightto theirrespectivewritingsanddiscoveries; Toconstitutetribunalsinferiortothe SupremeCourt; Todefineandpunishpiraciesandfelonies committedonthehighseas,andoffenses againstthelawofnations; Todeclarewar,grantlettersofmarqueand reprisal,andmakerulesconcerning capturesonlandandwater; Toraiseandsupportarmies,butno appropriationofmoneytothatuseshallbe foralongertermthantwoyears; Toprovideandmaintainanavy; Tomakerulesforthegovernmentand regulationofthelandandnavalforces;

namesofthepersonsvotingforandagainst thebillshallbeenteredonthejournalof eachHouserespectively.Ifanybillshallnot bereturnedbythePresidentwithinten days(Sundaysexcepted)afteritshallhave beenpresentedtohim,thesameshallbea law,inlikemannerasifhehadsignedit, unlesstheCongressbytheiradjournment preventitsreturn,inwhichcaseitshallnot bealaw. Everyorder,resolution,orvotetowhichthe concurrenceoftheSenateandHouseof Representativesmaybenecessary(except onaquestionofadjournment)shallbe presentedtothePresidentoftheUnited States;andbeforethesameshalltakeeffect, shallbeapprovedbyhim,orbeing disapprovedbyhim,shallberepassedby twothirdsoftheSenateandHouseof Representatives,accordingtotherulesand limitationsprescribedinthecaseofabill. SECTION8.TheCongressshallhave powertolayandcollecttaxes,duties, impostsandexcises,topaythedebtsand provideforthecommondefenseand generalwelfareoftheUnitedStates;butall duties,impostsandexcisesshallbeuniform throughouttheUnitedStates; Toborrowmoneyonthecreditofthe UnitedStates; Toregulatecommercewithforeignnations, andamongtheseveralstates,andwiththe Indiantribes;

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SECTION9.Themigrationorimportation ofsuchpersonsasanyofthestatesnow existingshallthinkpropertoadmit,shall notbeprohibitedbytheCongresspriorto theyearonethousandeighthundredand eight,butataxordutymaybeimposedon suchimportation,notexceedingtendollars foreachperson. Theprivilegeofthewritofhabeascorpus shallnotbesuspended,unlesswhenin casesofrebellionorinvasionthepublic safetymayrequireit. NobillofattainderorexpostfactoLaw shallbepassed. Nocapitation,orotherdirect,taxshallbe laid,unlessinproportiontothecensusor enumerationhereinbeforedirectedtobe taken. Notaxordutyshallbelaidonarticles exportedfromanystate. Nopreferenceshallbegivenbyany regulationofcommerceorrevenuetothe portsofonestateoverthoseofanother:nor shallvesselsboundto,orfrom,onestate,be obligedtoenter,clearorpaydutiesin another. Nomoneyshallbedrawnfromthe treasury,butinconsequenceof appropriationsmadebylaw;andaregular statementandaccountofreceiptsand expendituresofallpublicmoneyshallbe publishedfromtimetotime.

Toprovideforcallingforththemilitiato executethelawsoftheunion,suppress insurrectionsandrepelinvasions; Toprovidefororganizing,arming,and disciplining,themilitia,andforgoverning suchpartofthemasmaybeemployedin theserviceoftheUnitedStates,reservingto thestatesrespectively,theappointmentof theofficers,andtheauthorityoftrainingthe militiaaccordingtothediscipline prescribedbyCongress; Toexerciseexclusivelegislationinallcases whatsoever,oversuchDistrict(not exceedingtenmilessquare)asmay,by cessionofparticularstates,andthe acceptanceofCongress,becometheseatof thegovernmentoftheUnitedStates,andto exerciselikeauthorityoverallplaces purchasedbytheconsentofthelegislature ofthestateinwhichthesameshallbe,for theerectionofforts,magazines,arsenals, dockyards,andotherneedfulbuildings; And Tomakealllawswhichshallbenecessary andproperforcarryingintoexecutionthe foregoingpowers,andallotherpowers vestedbythisConstitutioninthe governmentoftheUnitedStates,orinany departmentorofficerthereof.

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Notitleofnobilityshallbegrantedbythe UnitedStates:andnopersonholdingany officeofprofitortrustunderthem,shall, withouttheconsentoftheCongress,accept ofanypresent,emolument,office,ortitle,of anykindwhatever,fromanyking,prince, orforeignstate. SECTION10.Nostateshallenterintoany treaty,alliance,orconfederation;grant lettersofmarqueandreprisal;coinmoney; emitbillsofcredit;makeanythingbutgold andsilvercoinatenderinpaymentof debts;passanybillofattainder,expost factolaw,orlawimpairingtheobligationof contracts,orgrantanytitleofnobility. Nostateshall,withouttheconsentofthe Congress,layanyimpostsordutieson importsorexports,exceptwhatmaybe absolutelynecessaryforexecutingits inspectionlaws:andthenetproduceofall dutiesandimposts,laidbyanystateon importsorexports,shallbefortheuseof thetreasuryoftheUnitedStates;andall suchlawsshallbesubjecttotherevision andcontroloftheCongress. Nostateshall,withouttheconsentof Congress,layanydutyoftonnage,keep troops,orshipsofwarintimeofpeace, enterintoanyagreementorcompactwith anotherstate,orwithaforeignpower,or engageinwar,unlessactuallyinvaded,or insuchimminentdangeraswillnotadmit ofdelay.

Article 11
SECTION1.Theexecutivepowershallbe vestedinaPresidentoftheUnitedStatesof America.Heshallholdhisofficeduringthe termoffouryears,and,togetherwiththe VicePresident,chosenforthesameterm,be elected,asfollows: Eachstateshallappoint,insuchmanneras theLegislaturethereofmaydirect,a numberofelectors,equaltothewhole numberofSenatorsandRepresentativesto whichtheStatemaybeentitledinthe Congress:butnoSenatororRepresentative, orpersonholdinganofficeoftrustorprofit undertheUnitedStates,shallbeappointed anelector. Theelectorsshallmeetintheirrespective states,andvotebyballotfortwopersons,of whomoneatleastshallnotbeaninhabitant ofthesamestatewiththemselves.Andthey shallmakealistofallthepersonsvotedfor, andofthenumberofvotesforeach;which listtheyshallsignandcertify,andtransmit sealedtotheseatofthegovernmentofthe UnitedStates,directedtothePresidentof theSenate.ThePresidentoftheSenate shall,inthepresenceoftheSenateand HouseofRepresentatives,openallthe certificates,andthevotesshallthenbe counted.Thepersonhavingthegreatest numberofvotesshallbethePresident,if suchnumberbeamajorityofthewhole numberofelectorsappointed;andifthere bemorethanonewhohavesuchmajority, andhaveanequalnumberofvotes,then

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death,resignationorinability,bothofthe PresidentandVicePresident,declaring whatofficershallthenactasPresident,and suchofficershallactaccordingly,untilthe disabilityberemoved,oraPresidentshall beelected. ThePresidentshall,atstatedtimes,receive forhisservices,acompensation,whichshall neitherbeincreasednordiminishedduring theperiodforwhichheshallhavebeen elected,andheshallnotreceivewithinthat periodanyotheremolumentfromthe UnitedStates,oranyofthem. Beforeheenterontheexecutionofhis office,heshalltakethefollowingoathor affirmation:Idosolemnlyswear(or affirm)thatIwillfaithfullyexecutethe officeofPresidentoftheUnitedStates,and willtothebestofmyability,preserve, protectanddefendtheConstitutionofthe UnitedStates.

theHouseofRepresentativesshall immediatelychoosebyballotoneofthem forPresident;andifnopersonhavea majority,thenfromthefivehighestonthe listthesaidHouseshallinlikemanner choosethePresident.Butinchoosingthe President,thevotesshallbetakenbyStates, therepresentationfromeachstatehaving onevote;Aquorumforthispurposeshall consistofamemberormembersfromtwo thirdsofthestates,andamajorityofallthe statesshallbenecessarytoachoice.In everycase,afterthechoiceofthePresident, thepersonhavingthegreatestnumberof votesoftheelectorsshallbetheVice President.Butifthereshouldremaintwoor morewhohaveequalvotes,theSenateshall choosefromthembyballottheVice President. TheCongressmaydeterminethetimeof choosingtheelectors,andthedayonwhich theyshallgivetheirvotes;whichdayshall bethesamethroughouttheUnitedStates. Nopersonexceptanaturalborncitizen,ora citizenoftheUnitedStates,atthetimeof theadoptionofthisConstitution,shallbe eligibletotheofficeofPresident;neither shallanypersonbeeligibletothatoffice whoshallnothaveattainedtotheageof thirtyfiveyears,andbeenfourteenYearsa residentwithintheUnitedStates. IncaseoftheremovalofthePresidentfrom office,orofhisdeath,resignation,or inabilitytodischargethepowersandduties ofthesaidoffice,thesameshalldevolveon theVicePresident,andtheCongressmay bylawprovideforthecaseofremoval,

SECTION2.ThePresidentshallbe commanderinchiefoftheArmyandNavy oftheUnitedStates,andofthemilitiaofthe severalstates,whencalledintotheactual serviceoftheUnitedStates;hemayrequire theopinion,inwriting,oftheprincipal officerineachoftheexecutivedepartments, uponanysubjectrelatingtothedutiesof theirrespectiveoffices,andheshallhave powertograntreprievesandpardonsfor offensesagainsttheUnitedStates,exceptin casesofimpeachment.

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SECTION4.ThePresident,VicePresident andallcivilofficersoftheUnitedStates, shallberemovedfromofficeon impeachmentfor,andconvictionof, treason,bribery,orotherhighcrimesand misdemeanors.

Heshallhavepower,byandwiththe adviceandconsentoftheSenate,tomake treaties,providedtwothirdsoftheSenators presentconcur;andheshallnominate,and byandwiththeadviceandconsentofthe Senate,shallappointambassadors,other publicministersandconsuls,judgesofthe SupremeCourt,andallotherofficersofthe UnitedStates,whoseappointmentsarenot hereinotherwiseprovidedfor,andwhich shallbeestablishedbylaw:butthe Congressmaybylawvesttheappointment ofsuchinferiorofficers,astheythink proper,inthePresidentalone,inthecourts oflaw,orintheheadsofdepartments. ThePresidentshallhavepowertofillupall vacanciesthatmayhappenduringthe recessoftheSenate,bygranting commissionswhichshallexpireattheend oftheirnextsession.

Article 111
SECTION1.Thejudicialpowerofthe UnitedStates,shallbevestedinone SupremeCourt,andinsuchinferiorcourts astheCongressmayfromtimetotime ordainandestablish.Thejudges,bothofthe supremeandinferiorcourts,shallholdtheir officesduringgoodbehaviour,andshall,at statedtimes,receivefortheirservices,a compensation,whichshallnotbe diminishedduringtheircontinuancein office.

SECTION3.Heshallfromtimetotime givetotheCongressinformationofthestate oftheunion,andrecommendtotheir considerationsuchmeasuresasheshall judgenecessaryandexpedient;hemay,on extraordinaryoccasions,conveneboth Houses,oreitherofthem,andincaseof disagreementbetweenthem,withrespectto thetimeofadjournment,hemayadjourn themtosuchtimeasheshallthinkproper; heshallreceiveambassadorsandother publicministers;heshalltakecarethatthe lawsbefaithfullyexecuted,andshall commissionalltheofficersoftheUnited States.

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SECTION3.TreasonagainsttheUnited States,shallconsistonlyinlevyingwar againstthem,orinadheringtotheir enemies,givingthemaidandcomfort.No personshallbeconvictedoftreasonunless onthetestimonyoftwowitnessestothe sameovertact,oronconfessioninopen court. TheCongressshallhavepowertodeclare thepunishmentoftreason,butnoattainder oftreasonshallworkcorruptionofblood, orforfeitureexceptduringthelifeofthe personattainted.

SECTION2.Thejudicialpowershall extendtoallcases,inlawandequity, arisingunderthisConstitution,thelawsof theUnitedStates,andtreatiesmade,or whichshallbemade,undertheirauthority; toallcasesaffectingambassadors,other publicministersandconsuls;toallcasesof admiraltyandmaritimejurisdiction;to controversiestowhichtheUnitedStates shallbeaparty;tocontroversiesbetween twoormorestates;betweenastateand citizensofanotherstate;betweencitizens ofdifferentstates;betweencitizensofthe samestateclaiminglandsundergrantsof differentstates,andbetweenastate,orthe citizensthereof,andforeignstates,citizens orsubjects. Inallcasesaffectingambassadors,other publicministersandconsuls,andthosein whichastateshallbeparty,theSupreme Courtshallhaveoriginaljurisdiction.Inall theothercasesbeforementioned,the SupremeCourtshallhaveappellate jurisdiction,bothastolawandfact,with suchexceptions,andundersuch regulationsastheCongressshallmake. Thetrialofallcrimes,exceptincasesof impeachment,shallbebyjury;andsuch trialshallbeheldinthestatewherethesaid crimesshallhavebeencommitted;but whennotcommittedwithinanystate,the trialshallbeatsuchplaceorplacesasthe Congressmaybylawhavedirected.

Article 1V
SECTION1.Fullfaithandcreditshallbe givenineachstatetothepublicacts, records,andjudicialproceedingsofevery otherstate.AndtheCongressmayby generallawsprescribethemannerinwhich suchacts,records,andproceedingsshallbe proved,andtheeffectthereof. SECTION2.Thecitizensofeachstateshall beentitledtoallprivilegesandimmunities ofcitizensintheseveralstates. Apersonchargedinanystatewithtreason, felony,orothercrime,whoshallfleefrom justice,andbefoundinanotherstate,shall ondemandoftheexecutiveauthorityofthe statefromwhichhefled,bedeliveredup,to beremovedtothestatehavingjurisdiction ofthecrime.

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Nopersonheldtoserviceorlaborinone state,underthelawsthereof,escapinginto another,shall,inconsequenceofanylawor regulationtherein,bedischargedfromsuch serviceorlabor,butshallbedeliveredup onclaimofthepartytowhomsuchservice orlabormaybedue. SECTION3.Newstatesmaybeadmitted bytheCongressintothisunion;butnonew statesshallbeformedorerectedwithinthe jurisdictionofanyotherstate;noranystate beformedbythejunctionoftwoormore states,orpartsofstates,withouttheconsent ofthelegislaturesofthestatesconcernedas wellasoftheCongress. TheCongressshallhavepowertodispose ofandmakeallneedfulrulesand regulationsrespectingtheterritoryorother propertybelongingtotheUnitedStates; andnothinginthisConstitutionshallbeso construedastoprejudiceanyclaimsofthe UnitedStates,orofanyparticularstate. SECTION4.TheUnitedStatesshall guaranteetoeverystateinthisuniona republicanformofgovernment,andshall protecteachofthemagainstinvasion;and onapplicationofthelegislature,orofthe executive(whenthelegislaturecannotbe convened)againstdomesticviolence.

Article V
TheCongress,whenevertwothirdsofboth housesshalldeemitnecessary,shall proposeamendmentstothisConstitution, or,ontheapplicationofthelegislaturesof twothirdsoftheseveralstates,shallcalla conventionforproposingamendments, which,ineithercase,shallbevalidtoall intentsandpurposes,aspartofthis Constitution,whenratifiedbythe legislaturesofthreefourthsoftheseveral states,orbyconventionsinthreefourths thereof,astheoneortheothermodeof ratificationmaybeproposedbythe Congress;providedthatnoamendment whichmaybemadepriortotheyearone thousandeighthundredandeightshallin anymanneraffectthefirstandfourth clausesintheninthsectionofthefirst article;andthatnostate,withoutits consent,shallbedeprivedofitsequal suffrageintheSenate.

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Article V 1
Alldebtscontractedandengagements enteredinto,beforetheadoptionofthis Constitution,shallbeasvalidagainstthe UnitedStatesunderthisConstitution,as undertheConfederation. ThisConstitution,andthelawsofthe UnitedStateswhichshallbemadein pursuancethereof;andalltreatiesmade,or whichshallbemade,undertheauthorityof theUnitedStates,shallbethesupremelaw oftheland;andthejudgesineverystate shallbeboundthereby,anythinginthe ConstitutionorlawsofanyStatetothe contrarynotwithstanding. TheSenatorsandRepresentativesbefore mentioned,andthemembersoftheseveral statelegislatures,andallexecutiveand judicialofficers,bothoftheUnitedStates andoftheseveralstates,shallbeboundby oathoraffirmation,tosupportthis Constitution;butnoreligioustestshallever berequiredasaqualificationtoanyoffice orpublictrustundertheUnitedStates.

Article V 11
Theratificationoftheconventionsofnine states,shallbesufficientforthe establishmentofthisConstitutionbetween thestatessoratifyingthesame. Doneinconventionbytheunanimous consentofthestatespresenttheseventeenth dayofSeptemberintheyearofourLord onethousandsevenhundredandeighty sevenandoftheindependenceofthe UnitedStatesofAmericathetwelfth.In witnesswhereofWehavehereunto subscribedourNames, G.WashingtonPresidt. anddeputyfromVirginia NEWHAMPSHIRE JohnLangdon NicholasGilman MASSACHUSETTS NathanielGorham RufusKing CONNECTICUT Wm:Saml.Johnson RogerSherman NEWYORK AlexanderHamilton

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NEWJERSEY Wil:Livingston DavidBrearly Wm.Paterson Jona:Dayton PENNSYLVANIA B.Franklin ThomasMifflin Robt.Morris Geo.Clymer Thos.FitzSimons JaredIngersoll JamesWilson GouvMorris DELAWARE Geo:Read GunningBedfordjun JohnDickinson RichardBassett Jaco:Broom MARYLAND JamesMcHenry DanofStThos.Jenifer DanlCarroll VIRGINIA JohnBlair JamesMadisonJr. NORTHCAROLINA Wm.Blount Richd.DobbsSpaight HuWilliamson

SOUTHCAROLINA J.Rutledge CharlesCotesworthPinckney CharlesPinckney PierceButler GEORGIA WilliamFew AbrBaldwin

TheConventionsofanumberoftheStates having,atthetimeofadoptingthe Constitution,expressedadesire,inorderto preventmisconstructionorabuseofits powers,thatfurtherdeclaratoryand restrictiveclausesshouldbeadded,andas extendingthegroundofpublicconfidence intheGovernmentwillbestinsurethe beneficentendsofitsinstitution; Resolved,bytheSenateandHouseof RepresentativesoftheUnitedStatesof America,inCongressassembled,twothirds ofbothHousesconcurring,thatthe followingarticlesbeproposedtothe LegislaturesoftheseveralStates,as amendmentstotheConstitutionofthe UnitedStates;alloranyofwhicharticles, whenratifiedbythreefourthsofthesaid Legislatures,tobevalidtoallintentsand purposesaspartofthesaidConstitution, namely:

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Amendment 1

Amendment 1V

Congressshallmakenolawrespectingan establishmentofreligion,orprohibitingthe freeexercisethereof;orabridgingthe freedomofspeech,orofthepress;orthe rightofthepeoplepeaceablytoassemble, andtopetitionthegovernmentforaredress ofgrievances.

Therightofthepeopletobesecureintheir persons,houses,papers,andeffects,against unreasonablesearchesandseizures,shall notbeviolated,andnowarrantsshallissue, butuponprobablecause,supportedbyoath oraffirmation,andparticularlydescribing theplacetobesearched,andthepersonsor thingstobeseized.

Amendment 11

Amendment V
Nopersonshallbeheldtoanswerfora capital,orotherwiseinfamouscrime,unless onapresentmentorindictmentofagrand jury,exceptincasesarisinginthelandor navalforces,orinthemilitia,whenin actualserviceintimeofwarorpublic danger;norshallanypersonbesubjectfor thesameoffensetobetwiceputinjeopardy oflifeorlimb;norshallbecompelledinany criminalcasetobeawitnessagainst himself,norbedeprivedoflife,liberty,or property,withoutdueprocessoflaw;nor shallprivatepropertybetakenforpublic use,withoutjustcompensation.

Awellregulatedmilitia,beingnecessaryto thesecurityofafreestate,therightofthe peopletokeepandbeararms,shallnotbe infringed.

Amendment 111

Nosoldiershall,intimeofpeacebe quarteredinanyhouse,withouttheconsent oftheowner,norintimeofwar,butina mannertobeprescribedbylaw.

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Amendment V 1

Amendment 1X

Inallcriminalprosecutions,theaccused shallenjoytherighttoaspeedyandpublic trial,byanimpartialjuryofthestateand districtwhereinthecrimeshallhavebeen committed,whichdistrictshallhavebeen previouslyascertainedbylaw,andtobe informedofthenatureandcauseofthe accusation;tobeconfrontedwiththe witnessesagainsthim;tohavecompulsory processforobtainingwitnessesinhisfavor, andtohavetheassistanceofcounselforhis defense.

TheenumerationintheConstitution,of certainrights,shallnotbeconstruedto denyordisparageothersretainedbythe people.

Amendment X

ThepowersnotdelegatedtotheUnited StatesbytheConstitution,norprohibited byittothestates,arereservedtothestates respectively,ortothepeople.

Amendment V 11

Amendment X1

PassedbyCongressMarch4,1794.RatifiedFebruary7,1795.

Insuitsatcommonlaw,wherethevaluein controversyshallexceedtwentydollars,the rightoftrialbyjuryshallbepreserved,and nofacttriedbyajury,shallbeotherwise reexaminedinanycourtoftheUnited States,thanaccordingtotherulesofthe commonlaw.

ThejudicialpoweroftheUnitedStates shallnotbeconstruedtoextendtoany suitinlaworequity,commencedor prosecutedagainstoneoftheUnited Statesbycitizensofanotherstate,orby citizensorsubjectsofanyforeignstate.

Amendment V 111

Excessivebailshallnotberequired,nor excessivefinesimposed,norcrueland unusualpunishmentsinflicted.

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thevotesshallbetakenbystates,the representationfromeachstatehaving onevote;aquorumforthispurpose shallconsistofamemberormembers fromtwothirdsofthestates,anda majorityofallthestatesshallbe necessarytoachoice.AndiftheHouse ofRepresentativesshallnotchoosea Presidentwhenevertherightofchoice shalldevolveuponthem,beforethe fourthdayofMarchnextfollowing, thentheVicePresidentshallactas President,asinthecaseofthedeathor otherconstitutionaldisabilityofthe President.Thepersonhavingthe greatestnumberofvotesasVice President,shallbetheVicePresident,if suchnumberbeamajorityofthewhole numberofelectorsappointed,andifno personhaveamajority,thenfromthe twohighestnumbersonthelist,the SenateshallchoosetheVicePresident;a quorumforthepurposeshallconsistof twothirdsofthewholenumberof Senators,andamajorityofthewhole numbershallbenecessarytoachoice. Butnopersonconstitutionallyineligible totheofficeofPresidentshallbeeligible tothatofVicePresidentoftheUnited States.

Amendment X11
PassedbyCongressDecember9,1803.RatifiedJune15,1804.

Theelectorsshallmeetintheir respectivestatesandvotebyballotfor PresidentandVicePresident,oneof whom,atleast,shallnotbean inhabitantofthesamestatewith themselves;theyshallnameintheir ballotsthepersonvotedforas President,andindistinctballotsthe personvotedforasVicePresident,and theyshallmakedistinctlistsofall personsvotedforasPresident,andof allpersonsvotedforasVicePresident, andofthenumberofvotesforeach, whichliststheyshallsignandcertify, andtransmitsealedtotheseatofthe governmentoftheUnitedStates, directedtothePresidentoftheSenate; ThePresidentoftheSenateshall,inthe presenceoftheSenateandHouseof Representatives,openallthecertificates andthevotesshallthenbecounted;the personhavingthegreatestnumberof votesforPresident,shallbethe President,ifsuchnumberbeamajority ofthewholenumberofelectors appointed;andifnopersonhavesuch majority,thenfromthepersonshaving thehighestnumbersnotexceedingthree onthelistofthosevotedforas President,theHouseofRepresentatives shallchooseimmediately,byballot,the President.ButinchoosingthePresident,

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Section2.Representativesshallbe apportionedamongtheseveralstates accordingtotheirrespectivenumbers, countingthewholenumberofpersons ineachstate,excludingIndiansnot taxed.Butwhentherighttovoteatany electionforthechoiceofelectorsfor PresidentandVicePresidentofthe UnitedStates,Representativesin Congress,theexecutiveandjudicial officersofastate,orthemembersofthe legislaturethereof,isdeniedtoanyof themaleinhabitantsofsuchstate,being twentyoneyearsofage,andcitizensof theUnitedStates,orinanyway abridged,exceptforparticipationin rebellion,orothercrime,thebasisof representationthereinshallbereduced intheproportionwhichthenumberof suchmalecitizensshallbeartothe wholenumberofmalecitizenstwenty oneyearsofageinsuchstate.

Amendment X111
PassedbyCongressJanuary31,1865. RatifiedDecember6,1865.

Section1.Neitherslaverynor involuntaryservitude,exceptasa punishmentforcrimewhereoftheparty shallhavebeendulyconvicted,shall existwithintheUnitedStates,orany placesubjecttotheirjurisdiction. Section2.Congressshallhavepowerto enforcethisarticlebyappropriate legislation.

Amendment X1V
PassedbyCongressJune13,1866.RatifiedJuly9,1868.

Section1.Allpersonsbornor naturalizedintheUnitedStates,and subjecttothejurisdictionthereof,are citizensoftheUnitedStatesandofthe statewhereintheyreside.Nostateshall makeorenforceanylawwhichshall abridgetheprivilegesorimmunitiesof citizensoftheUnitedStates;norshall anystatedepriveanypersonoflife, liberty,orproperty,withoutdueprocess oflaw;nordenytoanypersonwithinits jurisdictiontheequalprotectionofthe laws.

EducatingYoungPeopleabouttheConstitution

Section3.NopersonshallbeaSenator orRepresentativeinCongress,orelector ofPresidentandVicePresident,orhold anyoffice,civilormilitary,underthe UnitedStates,orunderanystate,who, havingpreviouslytakenanoath,asa memberofCongress,orasanofficerof theUnitedStates,orasamemberofany statelegislature,orasanexecutiveor judicialofficerofanystate,tosupport theConstitutionoftheUnitedStates, shallhaveengagedininsurrectionor rebellionagainstthesame,orgivenaid orcomforttotheenemiesthereof.But Congressmaybyavoteoftwothirdsof eachHouse,removesuchdisability. Section4.Thevalidityofthepublic debtoftheUnitedStates,authorizedby law,includingdebtsincurredfor paymentofpensionsandbountiesfor servicesinsuppressinginsurrectionor rebellion,shallnotbequestioned.But neithertheUnitedStatesnoranystate shallassumeorpayanydebtor obligationincurredinaidof insurrectionorrebellionagainstthe UnitedStates,oranyclaimfortheloss oremancipationofanyslave;butall suchdebts,obligationsandclaimsshall beheldillegalandvoid. Section5.TheCongressshallhave powertoenforce,byappropriate legislation,theprovisionsofthisarticle.

Amendment XV
PassedbyCongressFebruary26,1869. RatifiedFebruary3,1870.

Section1.Therightofcitizensofthe UnitedStatestovoteshallnotbedenied orabridgedbytheUnitedStatesorby anystateonaccountofrace,color,or previousconditionofservitude. Section2.TheCongressshallhave powertoenforcethisarticleby appropriatelegislation.

Amendment XV 1
PassedbyCongressJuly2,1909.RatifiedFebruary3,1913.

TheCongressshallhavepowertolay andcollecttaxesonincomes,from whateversourcederived,without apportionmentamongtheseveralstates, andwithoutregardtoanycensusof enumeration.

EducatingYoungPeopleabouttheConstitution

Amendment XV 11
PassedbyCongressMay13,1912.RatifiedApril8,1913.

Amendment XV 111
PassedbyCongressDecember18,1917.RatifiedJanuary 16,1919.Repealedbythe21stAmendment,December5,1933.

TheSenateoftheUnitedStatesshallbe composedoftwoSenatorsfromeach state,electedbythepeoplethereof,for sixyears;andeachSenatorshallhave onevote.Theelectorsineachstateshall havethequalificationsrequisitefor electorsofthemostnumerousbranchof thestatelegislatures. Whenvacancieshappeninthe representationofanystateintheSenate, theexecutiveauthorityofsuchstate shallissuewritsofelectiontofillsuch vacancies:Provided,thatthelegislature ofanystatemayempowertheexecutive thereoftomaketemporary appointmentsuntilthepeoplefillthe vacanciesbyelectionasthelegislature maydirect. Thisamendmentshallnotbeso construedastoaffecttheelectionor termofanySenatorchosenbeforeit becomesvalidaspartofthe Constitution.

Section1.Afteroneyearfromthe ratificationofthisarticlethe manufacture,sale,ortransportationof intoxicatingliquorswithin,the importationthereofinto,orthe exportationthereoffromtheUnited Statesandallterritorysubjecttothe jurisdictionthereofforbeverage purposesisherebyprohibited. Section2.TheCongressandtheseveral statesshallhaveconcurrentpowerto enforcethisarticlebyappropriate legislation. Section3.Thisarticleshallbe inoperativeunlessitshallhavebeen ratifiedasanamendmenttothe Constitutionbythelegislaturesofthe severalstates,asprovidedinthe Constitution,withinsevenyearsfrom thedateofthesubmissionhereoftothe statesbytheCongress.

EducatingYoungPeopleabouttheConstitution

Section3.If,atthetimefixedforthe beginningofthetermofthePresident, thePresidentelectshallhavedied,the VicePresidentelectshallbecome President.IfaPresidentshallnothave beenchosenbeforethetimefixedforthe beginningofhisterm,orifthePresident electshallhavefailedtoqualify,then theVicePresidentelectshallactas PresidentuntilaPresidentshallhave qualified;andtheCongressmaybylaw provideforthecasewhereinneithera PresidentelectnoraVicePresidentelect shallhavequalified,declaringwhoshall thenactasPresident,orthemannerin whichonewhoistoactshallbe selected,andsuchpersonshallact accordinglyuntilaPresidentorVice Presidentshallhavequalified. Section4.TheCongressmaybylaw provideforthecaseofthedeathofany ofthepersonsfromwhomtheHouseof RepresentativesmaychooseaPresident whenevertherightofchoiceshallhave devolveduponthem,andforthecaseof thedeathofanyofthepersonsfrom whomtheSenatemaychooseaVice Presidentwhenevertherightofchoice shallhavedevolveduponthem. Section5.Sections1and2shalltake effectonthe15thdayofOctober followingtheratificationofthisarticle.

Amendment X1X
PassedbyCongressJune4,1919.RatifiedAugust18,1920.

TherightofcitizensoftheUnitedStates tovoteshallnotbedeniedorabridged bytheUnitedStatesorbyanystateon accountofsex. Congressshallhavepowertoenforce thisarticlebyappropriatelegislation.

Amendment XX
PassedbyCongressMarch2,1932.RatifiedJanuary23,1933.

Section1.ThetermsofthePresident andVicePresidentshallendatnoonon the20thdayofJanuary,andtheterms ofSenatorsandRepresentativesatnoon onthe3rddayofJanuary,oftheyears inwhichsuchtermswouldhaveended ifthisarticlehadnotbeenratified;and thetermsoftheirsuccessorsshallthen begin. Section2.TheCongressshallassemble atleastonceineveryyear,andsuch meetingshallbeginatnoononthe3d dayofJanuary,unlesstheyshallbylaw appointadifferentday.

EducatingYoungPeopleabouttheConstitution

Section6.Thisarticleshallbe inoperativeunlessitshallhavebeen ratifiedasanamendmenttothe Constitutionbythelegislaturesofthree fourthsoftheseveralstateswithin sevenyearsfromthedateofits submission.

Amendment XX11
PassedbyCongressMarch21,1947. RatifiedFebruary27,1951.

Amendment XX1
PassedbyCongressFebruary20,1933. RatifiedDecember5,1933.

Section1.Theeighteentharticleof amendmenttotheConstitutionofthe UnitedStatesisherebyrepealed. Section2.Thetransportationor importationintoanystate,territory,or possessionoftheUnitedStatesfor deliveryorusethereinofintoxicating liquors,inviolationofthelawsthereof, isherebyprohibited. Section3.Thisarticleshallbe inoperativeunlessitshallhavebeen ratifiedasanamendmenttothe Constitutionbyconventionsinthe severalstates,asprovidedinthe Constitution,withinsevenyearsfrom thedateofthesubmissionhereoftothe statesbytheCongress.

Section1.Nopersonshallbeelectedto theofficeofthePresidentmorethan twice,andnopersonwhohasheldthe officeofPresident,oractedasPresident, formorethantwoyearsofatermto whichsomeotherpersonwaselected Presidentshallbeelectedtotheofficeof thePresidentmorethanonce.Butthis articleshallnotapplytoanyperson holdingtheofficeofPresidentwhenthis articlewasproposedbytheCongress, andshallnotpreventanypersonwho maybeholdingtheofficeofPresident, oractingasPresident,duringtheterm withinwhichthisarticlebecomes operativefromholdingtheofficeof PresidentoractingasPresidentduring theremainderofsuchterm. Section2.Thisarticleshallbe inoperativeunlessitshallhavebeen ratifiedasanamendmenttothe Constitutionbythelegislaturesofthree fourthsoftheseveralstateswithin sevenyearsfromthedateofits submissiontothestatesbythe Congress.

EducatingYoungPeopleabouttheConstitution

Amendment XX111
PassedbyCongressJune16,1960.RatifiedMarch29,1961.

Amendment XX1V
PassedbyCongressAugust27,1962. RatifiedJanuary23,1964.

Section1.TheDistrictconstitutingthe seatofgovernmentoftheUnitedStates shallappointinsuchmannerasthe Congressmaydirect: AnumberofelectorsofPresidentand VicePresidentequaltothewhole numberofSenatorsandRepresentatives inCongresstowhichtheDistrictwould beentitledifitwereastate,butinno eventmorethantheleastpopulous state;theyshallbeinadditiontothose appointedbythestates,buttheyshall beconsidered,forthepurposesofthe electionofPresidentandVicePresident, tobeelectorsappointedbyastate;and theyshallmeetintheDistrictand performsuchdutiesasprovidedbythe twelftharticleofamendment. Section2.TheCongressshallhave powertoenforcethisarticleby appropriatelegislation.

Section1.Therightofcitizensofthe UnitedStatestovoteinanyprimaryor otherelectionforPresidentorVice President,forelectorsforPresidentor VicePresident,orforSenatoror RepresentativeinCongress,shallnotbe deniedorabridgedbytheUnitedStates oranystatebyreasonoffailuretopay anypolltaxorothertax. Section2.TheCongressshallhave powertoenforcethisarticleby appropriatelegislation.

Amendment XXV
PassedbyCongressJuly6,1965.RatifiedFebruary10,1967.

Section1.Incaseoftheremovalofthe Presidentfromofficeorofhisdeathor resignation,theVicePresidentshall becomePresident. Section2.Wheneverthereisavacancy intheofficeoftheVicePresident,the PresidentshallnominateaVice Presidentwhoshalltakeofficeupon confirmationbyamajorityvoteofboth HousesofCongress.

EducatingYoungPeopleabouttheConstitution

Thereafter,whenthePresident transmitstothePresidentprotempore oftheSenateandtheSpeakerofthe HouseofRepresentativeshiswritten declarationthatnoinabilityexists,he shallresumethepowersanddutiesof hisofficeunlesstheVicePresidentanda majorityofeithertheprincipalofficers oftheexecutivedepartmentorofsuch otherbodyasCongressmaybylaw provide,transmitwithinfourdaysto thePresidentprotemporeoftheSenate andtheSpeakeroftheHouseof Representativestheirwritten declarationthatthePresidentisunable todischargethepowersanddutiesof hisoffice.ThereuponCongressshall decidetheissue,assemblingwithin fortyeighthoursforthatpurposeifnot insession.IftheCongress,within twentyonedaysafterreceiptofthe latterwrittendeclaration,or,ifCongress isnotinsession,withintwentyone daysafterCongressisrequiredto assemble,determinesbytwothirdsvote ofbothHousesthatthePresidentis unabletodischargethepowersand dutiesofhisoffice,theVicePresident shallcontinuetodischargethesameas ActingPresident;otherwise,the Presidentshallresumethepowersand dutiesofhisoffice.

Section3.WheneverthePresident transmitstothePresidentprotempore oftheSenateandtheSpeakerofthe HouseofRepresentativeshiswritten declarationthatheisunableto dischargethepowersanddutiesofhis office,anduntilhetransmitstothema writtendeclarationtothecontrary,such powersanddutiesshallbedischarged bytheVicePresidentasActing President. Section4.WhenevertheVicePresident andamajorityofeithertheprincipal officersoftheexecutivedepartmentsor ofsuchotherbodyasCongressmayby lawprovide,transmittothePresident protemporeoftheSenateandthe SpeakeroftheHouseofRepresentatives theirwrittendeclarationthatthe Presidentisunabletodischargethe powersanddutiesofhisoffice,theVice Presidentshallimmediatelyassumethe powersanddutiesoftheofficeas ActingPresident.

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Amendment XXV 1
PassedbyCongressMarch23,1971.RatifiedJuly1,1971.

Section1.Therightofcitizensofthe UnitedStates,whoare18yearsofageor older,tovote,shallnotbedeniedor abridgedbytheUnitedStatesorany stateonaccountofage. Section2.TheCongressshallhavethe powertoenforcethisarticleby appropriatelegislation.

Amendment XXV 11
OriginallyproposedSept.25,1789.RatifiedMay7,1992.

Nolawvaryingthecompensationfor theservicesoftheSenatorsand Representativesshalltakeeffectuntilan electionofRepresentativesshallhave intervened.