UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST Recto, Manila

SOTTO, Kimberly Jane M. TTh 10:30 12:00pm CAS 502

Emilio Aguinaldo (1869 - 1964) The president of the first Philippine republic (1899). He started as a member of the Magdalo Chapter of the Katipunan in Cavite, then was elected president of the revolutionary government at the Tejeros Convention on March 22,1897, and, later, Biak-na-Bato Republic. He proclaime d Philippine independence at Kawit on June 12, 1898.

September 3, 2012

Manuel L. Quezon (1878-1944) The first Filipino president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines under American rule. He was president of the Philippines from 1935 to 1944. For advocating Filipino-language amendments to the 1935 Constitution, he is known as the "Father of the National Language."

Jose P. Laurel (1891 - 1939) President of the Second Republic from 1943 to 1945. He had been secretary of the interior (1923), senator (1925 - 1931), delegate to the Constitutional Convention (1934), and chief justice during the commonwealth. When World War II broke out, he was instructed by Quezon to stay in Manila and deal with the Japanese to soften the blow of enemy occupation.

Sergio Osmea, Sr. (1878 - 1961) The first Filipino national leader under the American regime as speaker of the Philippine assembly and the second president of the Philippines (1944-1946).

Manuel Roxas (1892 - 1948) The last president of the Philippine Commonwealth and the first president of the republic (1946 - 1948).

Elpidio Quirino (1890-1956) President of the Philippines from 1948 to 1953. As vice president during Manuel Roxas's term, he was also secretary of foreign affairs. He became president when Roxas died in 1948. He was elected president in his own right in 1949.

Ramon Magsaysay (1907 - 1957) President of the Philippines from 1953 to 1957. He had been President Quirino's secretary of defense who was instrumental is suppressing the HUK rebellion. As president, he persuaded Congress to pass the Agricultural Tenancy Act (1954). Diosdado Macapagal (1910 - 1997) President of the Republic of the Philippines from 1961 to 1965. He asked Congress to pass the Agricultural Land Reform Code, which abolished share tenancy and installed a leasehold system in its place. Corazon Cojuangco Aquino (1933 - 2010) President of the Philippines from 1986 to 1992. With Salvador Laurel as running mate, she led the opposition that overthrew the authoritarian government of Marcos, who went into exile after the successful People's Power revolution of 1986. She first established a revolutionary government under the Freedom Constitution, later replaced by the Constitution of 1987, which served as the basis for reestablishing democracy. Joseph Estrada (1937 - ) President of the Philippines from 1998 to 2001. During his term in office, he was arrested and stood trial at a congressional impeachment hearing on charges of accepting bribes and corruption. While this trial was aborted when the senators voted 11 to 10 not to open incriminating evidence against him, he was ousted from power anyway as a peaceful People's Power II revolution arose and called for his resignation.

Carlos P. Garcia (1896 - 1971) President of the Philippines from 1957 to 1961. Remembered for his Filipino First Policy. He was among the founders of the Association for Southeast Asia (1963), the precursor of the Association for Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Ferdinand Marcos (1917 - 1989) President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. Declared martial law on September 21, 1972. After the People Power revolution in February 1986, he was ousted from power and lived in exile in Honolulu, Hawaii. Fidel V. Ramos (1928 - ) President of the Philippines from 1992 to 1997. As head of the Constabulary under President Marcos, he was instrumental in helping to design and implement martial law. Together with General Ponce Enrile and the RAM, he defected from the government in 1986 and joined the People's Power revolution that ousted Marcos from power.

Gloria MacapagalArroyo (1947 - ) She served as vice president under President Estrada and became president when he was forced to step down for malfeasance, through the People's Power II revolution. PGMA has confronted some of the same obstacles as did her father, President Diosdado Macapagal, when he tried to clean up corruption in government.