Riding the Iron Colt Annotated Bibliography

Senior Division Group Website Category Joyce Cao Nancy Li Anne Zlatow

Primary Sources

Acworth, W. M. The Elements of Railway Economics. Oxford: Clarendon, 1905. Print. This book was written by economics professor W. M. Acworth, who wrote several other railroad novels. This primary source provided us with detailed information about the economic perspective of railroads. Useful statistics regarding railroad expenditure in the beginning of the twentieth century were presented in the form of charts and tables.

Annual Report from the Union Pacific Railroad Company. Rep. N.p.: n.p., 1869. Web. 1 Jan. 2013. This primary source comprised of numerous statistics was a written report by the Union Pacific Railroad Company for the government. It was important to our research because it readily displayed the logistics of railroad construction.

Athearn, Robert G. Union Pacific Country,. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1971. Print. This book functioned as our general outline of the Transcontinental Railroad, along with its history. It provided us with primary newspaper articles and pictures of the time that effectively illustrate the development, history, and hardships that went into building the railroad.

"The Atlantic and Pacific Ship Railway." The Manufacturer and Builder Volume 18.12 (1886): 268-69. Cornell Library. Web. 1 Jan. 2013. This journal listed the economic benefits of faster transport of cargo across Mexico, due to the implementation of the Transcontinental Railroad. It included figures on distances and tonnage saved, as well as time and cost effectiveness, which helped us describe the benefits of the railways.

Beebe, Lucius Morris, and Charles Clegg. The Age of Steam; a Classic Album of American Railroading,. New York: Rinehart, 1957. Print. This album included many photos of the various railways used to create the first Transcontinental Railroad. It also included photographs of the development of railroads after the Transcontinental Railroad as well as various newspaper clippings that followed the progress of the Transcontinental Railroad. This source was useful for us because it provided an illustration of the times and many pictures to use on the site.

Beebe, Lucius Morris, and Charles Clegg. Hear the Train Blow; a Pictorial Epic of America in the Railroad Age. New York: Dutton, 1952. Print. This book was a pictorial of American railroads including the first Transcontinental Railroad. The pictures helped us see and imagine what happened along the railroads as well as provide us with visuals for the website.

Binkerd, Robert. Remedial Railroad Legislation: Report of the Transportation Committee, in Which the Committee on Legislation Concurs. New York: Printed by Order of the Board of Directors, The Cleveland Chamber of Commerce, 1919. Print. This book contained a collection of legislation and testimonies related to railroads during the early twentieth century. It was interesting to review the responses made by Senators in response to the statements of committee members.

Bonham, John Milton. Railway Secrecy and Trusts. New York: G.P. Putnam's, 1890. Print. This book was an attempt to reveal the evil doings of the railway trusts that were hidden from the public. It detailed the methods railway companies used to avoid the regulation of the Interstate Commerce Commission, as well as the corruption present in the management. This book ventured into territory that few other books from its era would venture into, which made its information valuable.

"The Chinaman on the Pacific Coast." The American Missionary Volume 45.6 (1891): 217-18. Cornell Library. Web. 1 Jan. 2013. In its attempt to Christianize pagan immigrants, this book described the life of Chinese immigrants residing on Americas West Coast. We found the realistic descriptions of Chinese labor on the Transcontinental Railroad the most useful.

Chalmers, David Mark. Neither Socialism nor Monopoly: Theodore Roosevelt and the Decision to Regulate the Railroads. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1976. Print. This book provided us with the various acts and legislations regarding the oppressive trusts of the time with regards to the new railroad system. This book was important to us for understanding how the railroad system acted and the effects it brought to America.

Clark, Ira G. Then Came the Railroads; the Century from Steam to Diesel in the Southwest. Norman: University of Oklahoma, 1958. Print. This book provided us with a history of the development of railroads in the Southwest. Because it was written fifty years ago, we found this book to be a more accurate portrayal of the growth of railroads, and the growth of towns that accompanied its spread.

Cochran, Thomas C. Railroad Leaders, 1845-1890; the Business Mind in Action. New York: Russell & Russell, 1965. Print. This book provided various business letters regarding the leading men of the Transcontinental Railroad. The letters were useful for understanding the economic implications of the railroad and its effects on government policy.

Construction Train on the Union Pacific Railroad. 1865. Photograph. Library of Congress. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Library of Congress. Web. 12 Jan. 2013.

A stopped construction train was the subject of this photograph. This primary source clearly demonstrated the negative effects that the railroad had on the environment with the lack of foliage in the picture.

COUNTY OF SANTA CLARA v. SOUTHERN PAC. R. CO. PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA v. CENTRAL PAC. R. CO. SAME v. SOUTHERN PAC. R. CO. 10 May 1886. Legal Information Institute. Cornell University Law School, n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2013. This court case dealt with issues of taxation on railroad properties. California tried to pass legislation that banned railroad companies from deducting their debts from taxes on their property. The court sided with the corporation--this was the first time the Supreme Court ruled that the 14th Amendment applied to corporations as well as people. It showed us how the government at the end of the 1800s was willing to side with the railway companies, which increased their power.

Crbutt, John. Directors of the Union Pacific Railroad on the 100th Meridian Approximately 250 Miles West of Omaha, Nebr. Terr. The Train in Background Awaits the Party of Eastern Capitalists, Newspapermen, and Other Prominent Figures Invited by the Railroad Executive. 1866. Photograph. National Archives. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. National Archives. Web. 12 Jan. 2013. This primary source showed well-dressed, seemingly affluent men posing before a sign designating their approximate location: 250 miles from Omaha, Nebraska. Behind them

was a train, which led us to infer that these men were among those who profited greatly from the railroad business.

Crbutt, John. End of the Track. Near Humboldt River Canyon, Nevada. 1868. Photograph. National Archives. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. National Archives. Web. 12 Jan. 2013. In this photograph, a haphazard campsite was set up by the railroad track near the mountains in Nevada. This primary source thus emphasized the less than ideal living conditions of those who followed the railroad.

Crbutt, John. Press Representatives Accompanying Excursion Party to a Point on 100th Meridian--275 Miles West of Omaha, Nebraska [Terr.]. 1866. Photograph. National Archives. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. National Archives. Web. 1 Jan. 2013. According to the caption accompanying this primary source, this photograph was intended for the publicity of the Union Pacific Railroad in 1866. It demonstrated the influence of the media at this time and the willingness of the railroad companies to manipulate it.

Delano, Jack. Cajon (vicinity), California. A Union Pacific Railroad Train Headed for San Bernardino. 1943. Photograph. Library of Congress. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Library of Congress. Web.

This photo showed a train traveling along the Transcontinental Railroad, which demonstrated the benefits the Railroad system brought to America. This image was useful in providing a visual representation of how the trains were effective and beneficial, and also the image provided a visual quality to our website.

Delano, Jack. San Bernardino, California. An Union Pacific Railroad Freight Car. 1943. Photograph. Library of Congress. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Library of Congress. Web. 12 Jan. 2013. This picture depicted a freight car used on the Transcontinental Railroad. It was useful to us because it presented an image of what the trains looked like and how other people in the time period would have perceived the trains. It was useful for the visual representation on our website.

"Excursionists on the Union Pacific Railroad -- The Car Works and Machine Shops in Omaha A Glimpse of Mormon Immigrants." The New York Times [New York] 23 July 1868: n. pag. The New York Times. Web. 12 Jan. 2013. This newspaper article provided a firsthand account of people watching the building of the Transcontinental Railroad. It successfully illustrated and brought to life the labor put into the railroad, which was useful to our understanding of the railroad's effects.

Farrington, S. Kip. Railroads of Today. New York: Coward-McCann, 1949. Print.

Farringtons book held a wealth of information, ranging from the functions of the electromotive, the development of the brake, to the growth of various railway companies such as the Southern Pacific Line and the Santa Fe Railway. Though the book was about railroads in the 1950s, it did an adequate job covering the history of railways from the late 1800s and early 1900s, which is the era weve focused on.

Fletcher, RV. Railroads in This Century: A Summary of the Facts and Figures with Charts. Washington, D.C.: Association of American Railroads, 1947. Print. The charts and statistics in this book were what we found the most useful. It was difficult otherwise to find specific data on the railroads nearly a hundred years ago. Since this was from the twentieth century, the statistics from the early 1900s were particularly more reliable.

Freeman, Daniel. "Homestead Application." Letter. 1 Jan. 1863. National Archives. National Archives, n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2013. This document was the initial proposal for the Homestead Act. The Act was very important in laying the foundation for the basis of the Transcontinental Railroad. Due to the Homestead Act, support for the completion of a Transcontinental Railroad was more viable and well-supported.

Freeman, Daniel. "Proof of Improvements." Letter. N.d. National Archives. National Archives, 21 June 1866. Web. 12 Jan. 2013. This document followed the passage of the Homestead Act and demonstrated that people were actually benefitting from the Act. The Act was important because it introduced the idea of expansion and helped facilitate the development of railroads.

Glover, Vernon J. The Railroad Collection. Vol. 1. Santa Fe, NM: Museum of New Mexico, 1977. Print. This book was the first volume in a chronological series about the railroad. The facts it contained illustrated the conditions under which the railroads came to exist as well as the profound effects they had. This primary source was therefore helpful in putting the times into perspective.

"The Great Pacific Railroad." The American Whig Review 10.19 (1849): 67-80. Cornell Library. Web. 1 Jan. 2013. This opinion piece provided us with a Whig view of the Transcontinental Railroad. Members of this party believed that the completion of such a railroad would expedite commerce between Asia and the United States. They advocated every form of commercial intercourse with the world, which meant that the railroad had to be built. Their pro-railroad opinions helped us see why Americans found the Transcontinental Railroad such a necessity.

Grodinsky, Julius. Transcontinental Railway Strategy, 1869-1893; a Study of Businessmen. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1962. Print. This book provided a detailed account of the business implications the railway system brought to America. It was very good at explaining the various economic impacts the railroad had, which was helpful to our understanding of the Transcontinental Railroad and how it changed America.

Houghton, Gillian. The Transcontinental Railroad: A Primary Source History of America's First Coast-To-Coast Railroad. N.p.: Rosen Group, 2002. Print. Primary Sources in American History Ser. This quick read provided us with main points about Transcontinental Railroad history which were accompanied by visual representations such as maps, illustrations, photographs, etc. It allowed us to better comprehend the complex legislation and events that occurred and served as a quick reference.

Joining the Tracks for the First Transcontinental Railroad, Promontory, Utah, Terr. 1869. Photograph. National Archives. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. National Archives. Web. 1 Jan. 2013.

This picture illustrated another view of the final connection in the creation of the Transcontinental Railroad. The image was useful for our website because it provided the idealistic image of the revolutionary completion of the railroad.

Kennan, George. Misrepresentation in Railroad Affairs. Garden City, NY: Country Life, 1916. Print. This book was comprised of Kennans corrections of errors in other publications concerning the railroad, such as author William Ripleys. It was helpful for us to determine the validity of other sources we used.

Lansing, Gerrit L. Relations between the Central Pacific Railroad Company and the United States Government: Summary of Facts. 1889. San Francisco: H.S. Crocker &, 1889. Print. This book was especially useful because of the reprinted land grants, correspondence between government officials and railway companies, and patents that it included. It was from this book that we were able to get a glimpse into the true relations between the company and the government. We could also see the legal aspects behind building the Central Pacific Railway.

Lardner, Dionysius. Railway Economy; a Treatise on the New Art of Transport, Its Management, Prospects and Relations. London: Taylor, Walton and Maberly, 1850. Print.

In this book, we found the chapters on improved transport most important. Though it is easy now to see the benefits of faster transport, it was interesting to see the viewpoint of someone from the 1850s who wanted a faster transportation system. This book provided us with some material considering the motivation behind building a transcontinental railroad.

Long, W. Rodney. Railway and Highway Transportation Abroad: A Study of Existing Relationships, Recent Competitive Measures and Coordination Policies. Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1935. Print. This book explored railway and highway transport services abroad. It thus conveniently juxtaposed various countries policies towards transportation systems for us to analyze. Numerous pictures were incorporated into this primary source so that we were better able to comprehend its complex subject matter.

Muir, John. Edward Henry Harriman. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page &, 1911. Print. This book by John Muir was a bibliography that depicted the life of a prominent railroad executive: Edward Henry Harriman. Although at times the subject of the book seemed elevated to a superior status, the author usually justified his reverent tone by outlining Harrimans major accomplishments throughout his life as well as the contributions he made to railroad history. Insight into Harrimans past was an interesting topic to read about.

"New Standard of Time." Sacramento Daily Record-Union. 24 Nov. 1883: 5. Chronicling America. Web. 6 Jan. 2013. This newspaper article from 1883 demonstrated the incredibly significant impact of the Transcontinental Railroad in regards to standardizing time. It also included a concise table at the end explaining the new system of railroad times. Elements of this primary source such as tone, syntax, and diction exemplified the difference between modern language and perspective versus that of over a century ago.

Schultz, J. Utah - Trains of Cars of the Union Pacific Railroad Snow-bound in a Drift near Ogden. 1872. Photograph. Library of Congress. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Library of Congress. Web. 1 Jan. 2013. This photo depicted another situation along the Transcontinental Railroad. These primary accounts along the railroad helped to provide us with a better illustration of the times during the Railroad development and were also useful for visual representation on the website.

"The Northern Pacific Railroad." The Manufacturer and Builder Volume 15.9 (1883): n. pag. Cornell Library. Web. 1 Jan. 2013. A section of this piece, titled War on the Railways, detailed the corporate struggle against the will of organized labor to lay down the Transcontinental Railroad. It provided

us with information on how the common laborer reacted to abuse by the railway companies - usually by joining unions and going on strike.

"Pacific Rail-Road." The United States Democratic Review 27.150 (1850): 536-41. Cornell Library. Web. 1 Jan. 2013. This journal presented an objective view of the arguments for and against building a transcontinental railroad. Railroad advocates claimed that it would facilitate commerce between Asia and America, while others found it a costly and unnecessary project. We found this piece helpful since it presented the rarer, against-railroad side of the argument.

"Pacific Railway Act (1862)." Our Documents. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Feb. 2013. We listed this government website as a primary source because of its inclusion of an interactive version of the original Pacific Railway Act of 1862 document. Reading an official document rather than its replication or a secondary source was much more appealing to us. Information came straight from the source that prompted the race between the railroad companies. In this way, what we observed could be taken as fact without necessarily questioning the sources validity.

Pearson, Henry Greenleaf. An American Railroad Builder, John Murray Forbes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911. Print.

This book was a biography of John Murray Forbes, who served as the president to numerous railway companies. This primary source was an ample resource for gaining insights into how railway companies functioned.

Photograph of Golden Spike Ceremony at Promontory, Utah. 1869. Photograph. Department of Agriculture. Office of the Secretary. Office of Information. National Archives. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. National Archives. Web. 12 Jan. 2013. This photo depicted the final connection of the two railroads to create what is known as the First Transcontinental Railroad. It was taken at the connection point in Promontory, Utah. This was an important aspect of our project because it illustrated the end of the railroad development, but the beginning for future economic and social effects.

Railroad Communication across the Continent, with an Account of the Central Pacific Railroad of California; a Description of the Route, the Progress and Character of the Work, Its Resources and Business Prospects, with the Foundation and Advantages of Its First Mortgage Bonds. New York, February, 1868. New York: Brown & Hewitt, Printers, 1868. Print. This book described how, due to the discovery of gold in the mines of the West Coast, it became evident that the country needed a railroad to join the commerce of the East and the West. This book was helpful especially because it was a primary source that detailed the process of building of the Central Pacific Railroad.

"Railroad Communication with the Pacific: Central Pacific Railroad." Galaxy (1866 - 1878) 0004.8 (1867): n. pag. Cornell Library. Web. 1 Jan. 2013. This journal article provided an account from the Transcontinental Railroads building time of a person who believed that the railroad was an important and necessary component for the American economy. It gave statistical references to how the Pacific Railroad would benefit America and demonstrated the possible effects the railroad would bring.

"Railroad Story Spoiled." The New York Times [New York] 23 Nov. 1880: n. pag. The New York Times. Web. 12 Jan. 2013. This article discussed the exciting possibility of a new alliance that would be forged between many railroad companiesthe most gigantic transcontinental combination yet. However, the story was denied by a railroad president, revealing the disappointment of the public. This article showed us the positive reception of the transcontinental railroad by the American public.

Railroad Victim. "Transcontinental Traffic." The New York Times [New York] 2 Feb. 1907: n. pag. The New York Times. Web. 26 Jan. 2013. This letter was sent in by an anonymous Railroad Victim, who complained of the New York Central Railroads insufficient management. His complaint showed us that railroads were sometimes carelessly run by their companies, at the expense of their passengers.

Riegel, Robert Edgar. The Story of the Western Railroads From 1852 Through the Reign of the Giants. Lincoln: University of Nebraska, 1926. Print. This primary source used a voice that inflamed our sense of patriotism as it described the immense progress of railroads in America starting in 1852. It showed the significance of westward expansion and the railroads role in expanding the U.S. The author did a laudable job of describing the hardships undertaken by railroad workers as well as the industrial, technological, and economic triumphs that were made by the end.

Ripley, William Zebina. Railway Problems; An Early History of Competition, Rates and Regulations. Boston: Ginn &, 1913. Print. The author, William Ripley, served as the Interstate Commerce Commissions special examiner on railroads at one point in his life. As a critic of corporate practices, his book detailed the labor strikes, high freight shipping rates, and rule-bending that plagued the railway companies. His book helped us understand the problems that underlay the good image of the railroads.

Sabin, Edwin L. Building the Pacific Railway. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1919. Print. This primary source included photographs primarily of railroad construction. It separately discussed the Central Pacific Railroad and the Union Pacific Railroad so that distinctions between them remained clear. This book also covered background information about the

Big Four and Theodore Judah while leading up to the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad.

"Southern Pacific Change." The New York Times [New York] 20 Jan. 1905: n. pag. The New York Times. Web. 12 Jan. 2013. About the Southern Pacifics change of course of its transcontinental railroad, this article describes the new routes the railroad would take. Reading this article was helpful to determine where these new railroad tracks would be laid, and consequently which areas would be affected by the commerce of the railroad.

Stanford, Leland. "Laying the Last Rail." Oakland Daily 12 May 1869: n. pag. Oakland Daily. Timothy Hughes Rare & Early Newspapers. Web. 12 Jan. 2013. This article was published soon after the completion of Americas first transcontinental railroad. The article reproduced the telegraphic report that was sent immediately to President U.S. Grant, and gave us insight to the monumental day that the last rail was laid.

"The Transcontinental Lines." The New York Times [New York] 10 Jan. 1884: n. pag. The New York Times. Web. 12 Jan. 2013. This article discussed the issues within the Transcontinental Association; some railways wanted to acquire smaller railways west of Chicago, while others disagreed with the

proposition. It highlighted the commercial greed of the railways in the 1800s, and showed us that the railroads seldom followed rules and continually wanted expansion.

United States. Homestead Act (1862). N.p.: n.p., 1862. National Archives. Web. This act was an important aspect for the creation of railroad systems because it laid the foundation for the development towards westward expansion. This act allowed us to more easily spread and thus further helped the Transcontinental Railroad development.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appt., v. UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD COMPANY Et Al. 19 Apr. 1912. Legal Information Institute. Cornell University Law School, n.d. Web. 1 Jan. 2013. This case was initiated to enforce the laws made by the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. In order to regulate the monopolies and big business holdings on the railroad, this case was necessary to continue the needed regulations on trusts and the growing economic implications of the railroads interstate commerce capabilities.

Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois. 25 Oct. 1886. Legal Information Institute. Cornell University Law School, n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2013. This Supreme Court Case was important in regulating the railroad systems. This case ended with states right to control interstate commerce quite limited, but indirectly

affected the railroad system because of the Transcontinental Railroads ability to now initiate commerce across the whole country.

Whitacre, Roger. Union Pacific Railroad Warehouse, 1711-1735 Nineteenth Street, Denver, Denver County. 1735. Photograph. Library of Congress. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Library of Congress. Web. This picture illustrated different views of the Union Pacific Railroad before any major tracks had been laid. These photographs were important in depicting how the railroad was built as well as the before and after aspects of the transportation system. It was useful for our website and provided visual representations.

Work on the Last Mile of the Pacific Railroad -- Mingling of European with Asiatic Laborers. 1869. Photograph. Harper's Magazine Co., 1857-1976. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Print. This photo depicted the Chinese immigrants that helped build the Transcontinental Railroad. Immigrants were an important component of the development and progress for the American Railroad system. Without them, there would have been a lack of labor resources.

Secondary Sources

Biography: Theodore Judah (1826-1863)." American Experience: TV's Most-watched History Series. PBS, n.d. Web. 3 Jan. 2013. This website article provided us with background information on Theodore Judah's life. It discussed the details of his struggle to obtain approval for his railroad plans. This secondary source was therefore useful in providing us with knowledge about the years that merely involved planning, and preceded actual transcontinental railroad construction.

Cadbury, Deborah. "The Transcontinental Railroad." Dreams of Iron and Steel: Seven Wonders of the Nineteenth Century, from the Building of the London Sewers to the Panama Canal. New York, NY: Fourth Estate, 2004. 153-91. Print. This book contained a chapter devoted to the Transcontinental Railroad. In this section, the author told the story of the railroad in chronological order and managed to tell it in a voice that kept our attention and avoided merely spewing facts. It was also one of several sources we found that acknowledged further reading and other primary/secondary sources, thus building a foundation of references to go off of.

Stover, John F. American Railroads. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago, 1997. Print.

Stover traced the history of the American railroads in this book. The most useful parts of the book described how railroads from the East Coast brought great economic effects to the Western half of the United States.

Trinkl, Alison. "The Railroads That Tamed the West." Modern Marvels. Prod. Bruce Nash. The History Channel. 4 Feb. 1996. Netflix. Netflix, Inc. Web. 30 Dec. 2013. This secondary source portrayed many of the most significant effects of the transcontinental railroad in a dramatized but historically accurate documentary. This film was full of relevant information about a variety of influences in regards to westward expansion. Its discussion ranged from religious aspects to environmental and cultural impacts of the railroad.