CARBON NANO TUBE FLOW SENSORS Direct generation of measurable voltages and currents is possible when a fluids flows

over a variety of solids even at the modest speed of a few meters per second. In case of gases underlying mechanism is an interesting interplay of Bernoulli's principle and the Seebeck effect: Pressure differences along streamlines give rise to temperature differences across the sample; these in turn produce the measured voltage. The electrical signal is quadratically dependent on the Mach number M and proportional to the Seebeck coefficient of the solids. This discovery was made by professor Ajay sood and his student Shankar Gosh of IISC Bangalore, they had previously discovered that the flow of liquids, even at low speeds ranging from 10-1 metre/second to 10-7 m/s (that is, over six orders of magnitude), through bundles of atomic-scale straw-like tubes of carbon known as nanotubes, generated tens of micro volts across the tubes in the direction of the flow of the liquid. Results of experiment done by Professor Sood and Ghosh show that gas flaw sensors and energy conversion devices can be constructed based on direct generation of electrical signals. The experiment was done on single wall carbon naontubes (SWNT).These effect is not confined to naotubes alone these are also observed in doped semiconductors and metals. The observed effect immediately suggests the following technology application, namely gas flow sensors to measure gas velocities from the electrical signal generated. Unlike the existing gas flow sensors, which are based on heat transfer mechanisms from an electrically heated sensor to the fluid, a device based on this newly discovered effect would be an active gas flow sensor that gives a direct electrical response to the gas flow. One of the possible applications can be in the field of aerodynamics; several local sensors could be mounted on the aircraft body or aerofoil to measure streamline velocities and the effect of drag forces. Energy conversion devices can be constructed based on direct generation of electrical signals i.e. if one is able to cascade millions these tubes electric energy can be produced. CONTENTS 1. 2. 3. 4. Introduction CNT structures and General properties CNT electronic properties Fluid flow through CNTs

4.1 Effect of Liquid Flow through Carbon Nanotubes 4.1.1 Verifications of Theoretical Predictions 4.1.2 Specifications of the materials and Instruments used 4.1.3 The Experiment 4.1.4 Observations and Inferences

4.2 4.3

Applications Effect of Gas flow through Carbon Nanotubes 4.3.1 Specifications of the materials and Instruments used 4.3.2 Experimental setup, observations and inferences

4.4 Applications 5. Conclusions 6. References

AMR SENSORS AND VEHICLE DETECTION

Anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) AMR is the property of a material in which a dependence of electrical resistance on the angle between the direction of electric current and orientation of magnetic field is observed. The effect is attributed to a larger probability of s-d scattering of electrons in the direction of magnetic field. The net effect is that the electrical resistance has maximum value when the direction of current is parallel to the applied magnetic field. AMR up to 50% has been observed in some ferromagnetic uranium compounds. In a semiconductor with a single carrier type, the

magnetoresistance is proportional to (1 + (B)2), where is the semiconductor mobility (units m2V1s1 or T 1) and B is the magnetic field (unitsteslas). Indium antimonide, an example of a high mobility semiconductor, could have an electron mobility above 4 m2V1s1 at 300 K. So in a 0.25 T field, for example the magnetoresistance increase would be 100%. To compensate for the non-linear characteristics and inability to detect the polarity of a magnetic field, a somewhat more complex structure is used for sensors. It consists of stripes of

aluminum or gold placed on a thin film of permalloy (a ferromagnetic material exhibiting the AMR effect) inclined at an angle of 45. This structure forces the current not to flow along the easy axes of thin film, but at an angle of 45. The dependence of resistance now has a permanent offset which is linear around the null point. Because of its appearance, this sensor type is called 'barber pole'. The AMR effect is used in a wide array of sensors for measurement of Earth's magnetic field (electronic compass), for electric current measuring (by measuring the magnetic field created around the conductor), for traffic detection and for linear position and angle sensing. The biggest AMR sensor manufacturers and Sensitec GmbH. are Honeywell, NXP Semiconductors,

BOILER SAFETY AND CONTROL

A modern control system will provide tight integration with the flame safety or burner management system to improve safety. Having access to field data, diagnostics, and alarms, coupled with modern electronic controls, can achieve the desired level of safety and security. Password security of configuration software also assures no unintended changes are made which could endanger your personnel or equipment The seminar will study the necessity of boiler control and safety, control operating costs, highlights of boiler control systems, plant and boiler master controls, combustion control, O2 trim control, furnace pressure control, boiler drum level (feed water control), boiler safety maintenance

In a few short years, boiler control technology has made dramatic advancements. Boiler controls have become smarter, leaping out of the dark ages and into an era of complex boiler operation. In fact, smart boiler controls have advanced beyond boiler operation and into related operations, such as the management of multiple boilers, boiler pump and system pump control, domestic hot water production and more. System control functions once only available via a remote control or Building Automation System (BAS) are now on board the boiler. First and foremost, advances in boiler control were made due to advances in combustion systems. One such combustion system, Negative/Regulation (Neg/Reg), operates using blower speed and matching gas flow to modulate the main burner across a broad input range. Soon, PID logic was employed to control the modulation of new combustion systems. PID combines proportional, integral and derivative logic into a set of directions for the boiler to operate.

FOUNDATION fieldbus Abstract Foundation Fieldbus is an all-digital, serial, two-way communications system that serves as the base-level network in a plant or factory automation environment. It is an open architecture, developed and administered by the Fieldbus Foundation. It's targeted for applications using basic and advanced regulatory control, and for much of screte control associated with those functions. Foundation fieldbus technology is mostly used in process industries, but nowadays it is being implemented in powerplants also. Two related implementations of FOUNDATION fieldbus have been introduced to meet different needs within the process automation environment. These two implementations use different physical media and communication speeds.

H1 works at 31.25 kbit/s and generally connects to field devices. It

provides communication and power over standard twisted-pair wiring. H1 is currently the most common implementation.

HSE (High-speed Ethernet) works at 100 Mbit/s and generally connects

input/output subsystems, host systems, linking devices, gateways, and field devices using standard Ethernet cabling. It doesn't currently provide power over the cable, although work is under way to address this. FOUNDATION fieldbus was originally intended as a replacement for the 4-20 mA standard, and today it coexists alongside other technologies such as Modbus, Profibus, and Industrial Ethernet. FOUNDATION fieldbus today enjoys a growing installed base in many heavy process applications such as refining, petrochemicals, power generation, and even food and beverage, pharmaceuticals, and nuclear applications. FOUNDATION fieldbus was developed over a period of many years by theInternational Society of Automation, or ISA, as SP50. In 1996 the first H1 (31.25 kbit/s) specifications were released. In 1999 the first HSE (High Speed Ethernet) specifications [1] were released. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard on field bus, including Foundation Fieldbus, is IEC 61158. Type 1 is Foundation Fieldbus H1, while Type 3 is Foundation Fieldbus HSE. A typical fieldbus segment consists of the following components.

H1 - fieldbus interface card FPS - Fieldbus Power Supply and Signal Conditioner PS - Bulk power (Vdc) to Fieldbus Power Supply T - Terminator And fieldbus devices, (e.g. transmitters, transducers, etc.)