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Engineering Mechanics

Chapter 12 Kinetics of Particles: Newtons Second Law

Contents

Introduction Newtons second law of motion

Linear momentum of a particle. Rate of change of linear

momentum

Equations of motion

Dynamic equilibrium
Angular momentum of a particle. Rate of change of angular momentum

Equations of motion in terms of radial and transverse components

12.1 Introduction

Newtons second law is used in dynamics to analyze the motion of particles.

The mass of the particle is defined as the ratio of the magnitudes of the resultant force and of the acceleration.
The linear momentum of a particle is L = mv The angular momentum of a particle about a point O is Ho = r x mv

12.2 Newtons second law of motion

If the resultant force acting on a particle is not zero, the particle will have an acceleration proportional to the magnitude of the resultant and in the direction of this resultant force.

1 1

2 2

3 3

= constant = mass

F = ma

SF = ma

12.3 Linear momentum of a particle. Rate of change of linear momentum

linear momentum or momentum of the particle is

L = mV

12.5 Equations of motion

SF = ma

Rectangular Components.

S( Fx i Fy j Fz k ) m(a x i a y j a z k ) SFx ma x

SFy ma y

SFz ma z

Tangential and Normal Components.

= =

12.6 Dynamic equilibrium SF ma = 0

where ma is an inertia vector.

Friction Impending slip Slip

Springs

F = m sN F = mkN

Fs = kd = k (L - L0)

where mk = kinetic friction coefficient ms = static friction coefficient

Sample Problem 12.1

The crate is sliding down an incline. Its initial position and initial speed are 1.5 m and 8 m/s, respectively. Determine the acceleration of the crate and the force in the spring when the crate first stops.

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SF = ma
SFx: mg sinq F Fs = max SFy: mg cosq N = may Fs = kd = k (x - L0) F = mkN y = 0 = constant, ay = 0 SFy: mg cosq N = 0, N = mg cosq F = mkN = mkmg cosq SFx: mg sinq mkmg cosq k (x - L0) = max ________________ (1) when the crate first stops v = 0; v2 = v02 + 2ax(x-x0) _____________ (2) Solve for ax and x

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Sample Problem 12.2

The bob of a 2-m pendulum describes an arc of a circle in a vertical plane. If the tension in the cord is 2.5 times the weight of the bob for the position shown, find the velocity and the acceleration of the bob in that position.

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Sample Problem 12.3

A race car moves at a constant speed v along a banked turn on the track shown. Let the bank angle and turn radius of curvature be those of the Talladega Superspeedway in East Aboga, Alabama, which means that r is 350 m and the turn bank angle is 33o. For this turn, determine the maximum value of v such that the car does not slide. Assume that the static friction coefficient between the car and track is ms = 0.9.

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12.7 Angular momentum of a particle. Rate of change of angular momentum

The moment of the vector mv about O is called the moment of momentum, or the angular momentum Ho

Ho = ro x mv

Ho = rmv sin f = rmvq = mr2

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12.7 Angular momentum of a particle. Rate of change of angular momentum

= m + = m + = =

Newtons second law states that the sum of the moments about O of the forces acting on the particle is equal to the rate of change of the moment of momentum, or angular momentum, of the particle about O.

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12.8 Equations of motion in terms of radial and transverse components

= = 2 + + 2

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Sample Problem 12.4

A block B of mass m can slide freely on a frictionless arm OA which rotates in a horizontal plane at a constant rate . Knowing that B is released at a distance ro from O, express as a function of r, (a) the component vr of the velocity of B along OA, (b) the magnitude of the horizontal force F exerted on B by the arm OA.

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Sample Problem 12.5

A small sphere is at rest at the top of a frictionless semicylindrical surface. The sphere is given as light nudge to the right so that it slides along the surface. Determine the angle q at which the sphere separates form the surface.

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Sample Problem 12.6

Consider a disk of mass m at one end of a linear elastic spring, the other end of which is pinned. The disk is free to move in the smooth horizontal plane. Determine and when r = 0.35 m, q = 0 rad, = 0.35 m/s, = 0.5 rad/s, the unstretched length of the spring is 0.25 m, and the ratio of spring constant and the mass of the disk, k/m, is 5 s-2.

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Sample Problem 12.7

A child was playing on a merrygo-round as shown in the figure. In walking over the platform while spinning, not only did he feel thrown radially outward but also he felt thrown sideways. Investigate this motion, and determine the forces required to walk radially at a constant rate vo on a platform of radius r, while spinning at constant angular rate wo.